1946–47 pre-partition 2, 15, 72
1949–50, East Pakistan 90, 171
1960 anti-Bengali, Assam 322
1961, Jabalpur 37
1963–64, East Pakistan 344
1967, Ranchi 430
1969, Ahmedabad 429
1978, Dalit and Upper caste clashes, Marathwada 531
1979, Assam 551
1980s Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat 559
1984, Bhiwandi 559
1984, anti-Sikh 567–8, 571
2002, Godhra, Gujarat 681, 682
2013, Uttar Pradesh 738
Ayodhya movement 638
Bhagalpur, Bihar 592
Tamil Nadu, anti-Hindi 392
Ritambara, Sadhvi 622
Roberts, Andrew 32
Robinson, Joan 204
Rolland, Romain 159
Rommel, Erwin 340
Roop Kunwar, 581
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 152, 210, 401
Rosenthal, A. M. 517
Rourkela 208, 371, 484
Rowlatt Act 228
Roy, Renuka 112
rupee see Indian rupee
Russell, Richard B. 338–40
Russell, R. T., 88
Russia 62, 133, 150, 152, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 166, 168, 202, 210, 218, 290, 292, 295, 335, 495, 655. see also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution 105, 290–1
Rustomji, K. F. 695
Saamna (newspaper) 625
Sabarkantha 681
Sabarmati ashram 184
sadhus (Hindu holy men) 411, 429, 580–1, 606
Sadiq, G. M. 252, 344, 409
Saeed, Hafiz Mohammed 643, 705
Sainath, P. 666
St. Louis Post Dispatch 154
Sakhlawliana 404
Sakhrie, T. 260, 269–70
Salauddin, Syed 610
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 174
salt tax xxiii
Samachar 498
Samajwadi Party 620, 631, 649, 737, 773, 776
Samant, Datta 546
Samsung 662
Samudragupta 138
Samyukta Karnataka movement 180
Samyukta Maharashtra movement 177, 180, 188, 191–4
Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad 188, 189, 190, 193
Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti 193, 282, 318, 427
Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) 425–6, 429, 447, 601
San, Aung 299
Sangh Parivar 612, 627, 639, 640, 642, 708, 737. see also Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh
Sanghvi, Vir 594
Sangrur 573
Sanskrit 117, 118, 540, 640
Santhanam, K. 110
Sanyal, Kanu 420, 421
Sarabhai, Mridula 93, 100
Saraswati 762
Sarkar, Sir Jadunath 91
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Programme to Educate All) 667
Satara district 512
sati 581
Saturday Review (weekly) 490
Satya Samachar (newspaper) 510
Satyanarayana, Vempatapu 421–2
Satyavan 233
Saudi Arabia 161
Savitri 233
Sayeed, Mufti Mohammed 609–10, 679, 749
Sayeed, Rubaiya 609–10
Scheduled Caste Federation 135, 232, 375
Scheduled Castes (Untouchables) 137, 232, 235, 372–81, 434, 518, 528, 530, 533, 543, 567, 585, 601, 619, 628–9, 710, 747
education 372–3
employment profiles 629
and the general elections 1952 144
and the general election 1977 521
government jobs373, 602
reservation for 373, 633
social mobility 371–4, 531, 631
vote bank 374
see also affirmative action; Dalits; Harijans; Untouchables
Scheduled Tribes 263, 434, 601, 619, 710, 745
government jobs 602
reservation for 374, 530, 633
see also adivasis; tribals
Schiller, Friedrich 359
schools 192, 213, 284, 289–92, 295, 370, 372, 373, 376, 379, 426, 465, 526, 540, 561, 640, 646, 667–8, 686, 717. see also education; madrasas
Schram, Stuart 301
Schumacher, E. F. 492
science 212–13
Scott, Reverend Michael 320, 387, 405, 412–3
Se La 332, 333
secessionist movements, secessionists xxiv–xxv, 262, 282, 328, 351, 389, 405, 409, 472, 526, 573, 645, 755, 765. see also specific movements
secularism 71, 80–1, 99, 147, 192, 223–4, 239, 244, 346, 354, 356, 358, 369–70, 380, 428, 431, 437, 463, 543–4, 606, 626, 753
seed 214–5, 400, 407, 440
Seed Corporation of India 400
Segal, Ronald 412
self-immolation 581, 603, 701
Seminar (journal) 328, 498
Sen, Amartya 684
Sen, Sukumar 131–2, 142, 145, 147, 280, 758
Senate 155
Senate Armed Forces Committee 338
Sepoy Mutiny (First War of Indian Independence) xx, 126, 279
September 11, 2001, United States of America 678, 706
service sector 646
Seshadri, H. V. 622
sex ratio 468–9, 726–7
sex workers 469
sex-determination tests 726
Shah, Amit, 739
Shah, J. C. 524
Shah Bano case 575, 576, 577–8, 640
Shah Commission 524–5, 533, 538
Shah Jahan 255, 364
Shahdol 142
shaheed jathas (martyrdom squads) 557
Shakespeare, William 119, 223
Shamsuddin (khadim) 364–5
Shanghai 508
Shankar, Ravi 545–6
Shankaracharya 76–7, 228, 679
Shankar’s Weekly 136
Shanmukham Chetty, R. K. 6
Sharif, Nawaz 655, 656, 676–7
Shastras 226–9, 230, 236
Shastri, Lal Bahadur 322, 341, 342, 346, 397, 433, 438, 529, 609, 650, 771
and the 1965 Pakistani invasion of Kashmir 397–9
agricultural reforms of 399–400
and atomic weapons 389
and Ayub Khan 397
death 400–1, 402
dislike of war 398
and Kashmir 344, 351–2, 398, 399, 400
and a national language 390, 392, 393
secularism 398–9
sworn in as Prime Minister 386
Shaw, George Bernard 22, 165
Shekhar, Chandra 434–5, 482–3, 614
Shenoy, B. R. 218–20
Sher Shah Suri 151
Shetkari Sanghatana 585
Shillong 7
Shillong Accord 54852
Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee 181
Shiv Sena 427, 623–4, 626, 641–2, 652, 654, 776
Shivaji 92, 134, 177 427
Shivaji Park, Bombay 98–9
Shivarudrappa, G. S. 501
Shourie, Arun 623
Shudras 619. see also backward castes; caste system
shudras (customary law) 226, 619
Shukla, V. C. 509
Sikh Gurus 43
Sikh Suba (Sikh state) 318–9,
Sikhs xxvii, 9, 181–2, 318–19, 398, 399, 596, 610, 647, 751, 765
and caste 182, 698–9
and Chandigarh 427
and the civil code 225, 238
demand for separate state 318, 406
Delhi pogrom (1984) 567–8, 571, 587, 682, 731
and the 1952 general election 136, 137, 138
Hindu-Sikh conflict 553–8, 562–8, 571, 573, 587
Hinduization 558
and the Hindus 182
language 181–2
and the Muslims 14–15, 182
and the Naga 548
and Partition and Independence 6, 11–15, 17–21, 32, 43, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, 70–1, 79, 80, 83–8, 93, 181
peasants 182, 211, 587, 657
and ‘princely India�
� 59, 64, 67, 69, 71
refugees83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 93, 173, 361, 366
see also Akali Dal
Sikkim 405, 420, 480
Simla 30, 259, 462
Simla Agreement 463
Sindh, Sindhis 48–9, 89–90, 93, 173, 177, 178, 327, 363, 365, 396, 502
Singapore 728
Singh, Amrik 564
Singh, Arun 575
Singh, Baba Gurcharan 556
Singh, Baba Nihal 699
Singh, Baldev 31
Singh, Beant 566, 647
Singh, Brigadier Rajinder 66
Singh, Charan 518. 522, 528, 532, 534–6, 546, 607
Singh, Dara 642
Singh, Darbara 556
Singh, General Harbaksh 332
Singh, Govind Narain 426
Singh, Jaipal 114, 262–4, 266
Singh, Janak 63
Singh, Jyoti 727–8
Singh, Kalyan 621, 632 (under K)
Singh, Khushwant 430, 445, 506, 648
Singh, Lieutenant General Umrao 329
Singh, Manmohan 615–7, 684–5, 702–4, 707, 710–1, 723–5, 729, 731, 740, 743
Singh, Master Tara xxxii, 181, 286, 318–9
Singh, Pratap 89
Singh, R. K. Dorendra 552
Singh, Rajendra 641
Singh, Ramnarayan 229
Singh, Ranjit 86
Singh, Sant Fateh 318
Singh, Satwant 566
Singh, Shubeg 562, 564
Singh, Swaran 345, 453–4, 487, 505
Singh, Tarlok 85–6, 100
Singh, Vishwanath Pratap 544, 582, 592, 594, 602, 605–6, 607, 609, 614, 618, 747
Singh, Zail 555, 556
Singhal, Ashok 637
Sinha, Justice Jag Mohan Lal 484
Sinhala 589–90, 755
Sinkiang 60, 167, 170, 300, 317
Sinkiang–Tibet highway 300, 316
Sita 233
Sitapur 377
Sitaram, Swami 183, 184, 185
Sitaramayya, Pattabhi 180
Sivaraman, B. 400
Sixth Schedule 272
Slocum, Harvey 212
slums 89, 507–9, 512, 572, 625, 665–8
Smith, W. C. 369
SNDP 284
Snow, Edgar 317, 334–5
social mobility 372
socialism 61, 138, 198, 222, 285, 287–8, 290, 296, 327, 431, 433–4, 437, 466, 494, 504–5, 522, 543, 544, 546, 548, 703
Socialist International 51620
Socialist Party 130, 134, 139, 174, 193, 294, 324, 518, 535
software industry xxix, 659–60, 662, 666, 674, 691–3, 702, 763
Somnath temple, Gujarat 49, 129–30, 605, 640
Soni, Ambika 508
Sopore 699
Soren, Shibu 547
South Africa 133, 320
South Calcutta Refugee Rehabilitation Committee 92
South Korea 616–7
Southeast Asia 150
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 157
Southern, R. W. 775
Soviet Union 60, 73, 96, 101, 149–50, 176, 201, 207, 285, 290, 300, 374, 398, 420, 481, 546, 570, 591, 614, 616, 751
and China 337–8, 453–4
economic system 159, 202, 205, 210, 218
fall of 67
and India 156–7, 158–63, 453–5, 459, 523
and the Indo-China war 334
and Kashmir 400–1
language 755
see also Russia
Spain xxi, 65, 149, 395, 767
Spectator (magazine) 515
sport 319, 439, 647, 760
Spratt, Philip 256, 257
squatter colonies xxvi, 88, 91, 92, 371, 510
Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana 284
Sri Lanka 418, 558, 589–90, 595, 667, 755–6, 759, 767
Sridharan, E. 662
Srikakulam district 421
Srinagar jail 250
Srinagar, Kashmir 62–3, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68–9, 70, 74, 76, 77, 160, 245, 247, 250–4, 256, 344, 345, 347, 350, 370–1, 410, 610, 644, 655–6, 678, 700, 715–16, 749
Srinagar–Leh highway 656
Srinivas, M. N. 601
Srinivasan, P. 418
Srinivasan, T. N. 674
Sriramulu, Potti 184–5, 195, 197, 393
Stalin, Joseph 167, 265, 285, 313, 755
‘Standstill Agreement’ 1947 53, 63, 171
starvation 322, 412, 584, 665, 671, 676
state xxxi, 493, 750, 764, 771, 775
censorship 770
and the Constitution 109–10, 120
economic intervention 201, 202–9, 206, 210, 218, 221–2, 296
and land access 216–17, 217, 772
justic system, rule of law 223–6, 228–9, 231, 234, 781, 783
lingustic reorganization 177–86, 187, 188–97, 754–5. See also States Reorganization Commission
rights 109–10, 120, 740theocratic 77, 99, 239
State Department 40, 154–5, 242
state politics 679, 743
See also princely India States Reorganization Commission (SRC) 186, 190, 191, 192, 195, 273, 318, 619–20, 712
Statesman, The (newspaper) 17, 87, 244, 498
steel 132, 160, 206–9, 212, 361, 371, 434, 540, 552, 559, 568, 670, 764
Stephens, Ian 244–5
sterilization, compulsory 510–13, 520
Stevenson, Adlai 249, 250, 252, 394
Strachey, Sir John xx–xxii, 763
Stracheyans xxiii
Straw, Jack 626
strikes 174, 185, 291–2, 390–1, 421, 426, 456, 496, 500, 542, 552, 698, 712
Student Federation of India 462
student protests 96, 244, 390, 410, 413, 426, 449, 474–7, 529, 531, 603, 712, 727
Students Islamic Movement of India 612
Subbaroyan, Mohan 152
Subbaroyan, Parvathi 152
Subbulakshmi, M. S. 545
Subramaniam, C. 399–400, 407, 440
Sudan 380
Sudarshan, K. S. 622
Suez Canal 162
suffrage xxviii, 61, 108, 131, 145, 146, 183, 285
see also elections; general elections
Suharto, General 770
Suhrawardy, H. S. 360–1
suicide bombers 647, 678
suicide rates 603, 666
Sukarno, President 161, 441
Sultana, Ruksana 508
Sultanpur 512
Sun (New York newspaper) 570
Sundarji, General 562, 596
Sunday (Calcutta weekly) 595, 626, 773
Sunday Times (newspaper) 73, 342, 490
Supreme Court, Delhi 107, 245, 291, 319, 393, 430, 436, 439, 470–1, 475, 485–9, 495, 524, 537, 575–8, 603, 608–9, 618–9, 621, 640, 667, 679, 724, 728–9, 739, 773, 778–81
Surendran, C.P. 724
Surge (magazine) 505–6, 511
Sutlej River 171, 210, 211
swadeshi (self-reliance) 206
Swaminathan, M. S. 400
Swaraj, Sushma, 689, 725
Swatantra (newspaper) 15, 76
Swatantra Party 296, 297, 324, 328, 348, 351, 408–9, 416, 424, 425, 436, 437, 444, 506
Switzerland 45, 64, 116, 220, 320
Swu, Isak 387, 428, 548, 648
Sydney Morning Herald (newspaper) 412, 503
Symonds, Richard 82
Syria 161
Tagore, Rabindranath 497, 500, 502, 517
Taiwan 157
Taj Mahal 7, 337, 363, 364, 677
Talhan shrine 699
Tamil xxvii, 117, 178, 191, 295, 385, 419, 427, 663, 754–5
Tamil film industry 418
Tamil Nadu 77, 322, 385, 484, 496, 521, 526–8, 538, 560, 589, 591, 601, 607–9, 614, 631, 635, 651, 666–8, 673, 696–7, 725, 738, 744, 768, 771, 764–5
Tamils 77, 105, 136, 177, 183–4, 188, 197, 327, 385, 390–3, 400, 424, 434, 497, 548–9, 558, 589–90, 608, 755, 759, 765
Tandon, Purushottamdas 118, 127, 129–30, 131, 438
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br /> Tarkunde, V. M. 611–12
Tashkent Agreement 400
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay 213
Tata, J. R. D. 186, 500
Tata Motors 690
Tata, Ratan 690–1
Tatas 688–91
Tawang 169, 170, 316, 329–33
Tawang monastery 299, 3302
taxation xx, xxiii, 65, 86, 108, 110, 200, 205, 296, 438, 491, 509, 583
Taylor, A. J. P. 492
Taylor, Don xxiv
TCS 659
tea 169, 420, 551
Teen Murti House 281, 350, 352, 354, 357, 359, 386, 566–7
Tehri dam 666
Telengana region 52, 95, 135, 216, 421, 422, 426
television xxx, 506, 566, 567, 575, 581–2, 593, 658, 662–4, 667, 706, 717, 718, 720, 723, 733, 749, 763
Telugu xxvii, 51, 96, 117, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183–5, 191, 427, 549–50
Telugu Desam 549–50, 565, 591, 774
Tendulkar, D. G. 18, 20
Tennessee Valley Authority 210
Terai 216
terrorism 3, 19, 558, 562, 564–5, 586–8, 611, 614, 644, 647, 648, 654, 677–8, 699, 700, 701, 705–7, 749, 759
textile workers 546, 559
Tezpur 265, 299, 333
Thackeray, Balasaheb 427, 625, 654, 776
Thackeray, Udhav 776
Thakkar, A. V. 115
Thakur, Karpoori 529
Thakurdas, Sir Purushottamdas 186, 190
Thakurs 249, 735
Thant, U. 396
Thapar, General P. N. 336
Thapar, Romesh 460, 595
Thatcher, Margaret 504, 546
theatre 284, 538, 754
Thevar, Muthuramalinga 697
Thevars 635, 696–7
Thimayya, General K. S. 69, 305, 307, 328
Thomas, St 283
Thought (journal) 48, 435, 443
Tibet 60, 142, 150, 329, 420, 593
armed Khampa uprising 1958 299, 330
and China 165–70, 299–303, 304, 310, 311, 313, 316–17, 324, 330, 335
Tibetan refugees xxvi, 302–3
Tikait, Mahindra Singh 585
Tilak, Lokmanya xxii, 192
Time (magazine) 78, 125, 152, 154, 458–9, 503, 626
Times of India (newspaper) 143, 196, 311, 460, 497–8
Times, The (newspaper) 54, 414, 491–2, 504, 514–5, 517, 626
Tiruppur 391
Tithwal 74
Tokyo 121
Tommy Hilfiger 661
Tories 53
totalitarianism 303
tourism 59, 78, 249, 250, 256, 409, 644–5, 647, 699, 748
trade unions 284, 288, 408, 427, 469, 478, 481, 490, 516, 522, 539, 546, 568, 591, 629
trade wars, Indo-Pakistani 1949–51 172
Travancore, Maharajas of 284
Travancore 44–6, 47, 57, 77, 177, 181
Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Co-operation between the Republic of India and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 454, 457
tribals xxxii, 114–16, 136, 142, 258–75, 403, 406, 411, 421, 426, 540, 547–8, 553, 586–7, 640, 646, 708, 737, 742, 768, 783
Christian missionaries 642
displacement 693
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