The Future Is Asian

by Parag Khanna

  12 Cheng Li and Lucy Xu, “The Rise of State-Owned Enterprise Executives in China’s Provincial Leadership,” Brookings Institution, Feb. 22, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-rise-of-state-owned-enterprise-executives-in-chinas-provincial-leadership/; Cheng Li and Lucy Xu, “Chinese Think Tanks: A New ‘Revolving Door’ for Elite Recruitment,” Brookings Institution, Feb. 10, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/chinese-think-tanks-a-new-revolving-door-for-elite-recruitment/; David J. Bulman, “Governing for Growth and the Resilience of the Chinese Communist Party,” Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, April 2016, http://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/261226_ash_bulman_web.pdf?m=1461352909.

  13 Jessica Teets, “Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: The Rise of Consultative Authoritarianism in China,” China Quarterly, March 2013.

  14 Sebastian Heilmann and Matthias Stepan, eds., China’s Core Executive: Leadership Styles, Structures and Processes Under Xi Jinping, Mercator Institute for China Studies, June 2016, https://www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/MPOC_ChinasCoreExecutive.pdf.

  15 Eric X. Li, “Why Xi’s Lifting of Term Limits is a Good Thing,” Washington Post, April 2, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theworldpost/wp/2018/04/02/xi-term-limits/?utm_term=.8b093d3d5c96.

  16 Daniel Bell, The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy (Princeton University Press, 2015).

  17 According to the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), most Asian countries made steady improvements in measures of state capacity between 2010 and 2016, with the most improvement reported in China, Indonesia, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Iran, Kazakhstan, and the UAE. The worst backsliding was seen in Turkey and Malaysia.

  18 Edmund Malesky, “Sincere Preference by Default: An Alternative Theory of Public Support for Party Labels in Single-Party Regimes,” Presentation at Yale-NUS College, Singapore, November 22, 2017.

  19 Tonia E. Ries, David M. Bersoff, et al., 2018 Edelman Trust Barometer, Edelman, 2018, p. 6.

  20 Tatyana Stanovaya, “Rotating the Elite: The Kremlin’s New Personnel Policy,” Carnegie Moscow Center, Jan. 30, 2018, http://carnegie.ru/2018/01/30/rotating-elite-kremlin-s-new-personnel-policy-pub-75379.

  21 Neil Buckley, “Once-Repressive Uzbekistan Begins a Post-Karimov Opening,” Financial Times, Feb. 12, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/6c37419c-0cbf-11e8-8eb7-42f857ea9f09.

  22 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2017, https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271339.pdf.

  23 Danny Quah, “When Open Societies Fail,” Global Policy Journal, Nov. 7, 2017, https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/07/11/2017/when-open-societies-fail.

  10. Asia Goes Global: The Fusion of Civilizations

  1 Hyuk-Rae Kim and Ingyu Oh, “Migration and Multicultural Contention in East Asia,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37, no. 10 (2011): 1563–81.

  2 In 2017, the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission recommended that Chinese journalists be reclassified as foreign agents and required to register as such.

  3 Jonathan McClory, “The Soft Power 30: Global Ranking of Soft Power,” Portland Communications and USC Center on Public Diplomacy, 2017, https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2017-Web-1.pdf.

  4 Kai-Ping Huang and Bridget Welsh, “Trends in Soft Power in East Asia: Distance, Diversity and Drivers,” Global Asia 12, no. 1 (2017): 112–17.

  5 Indians also make up 22 percent of Kuwait’s population, 20 percent of Oman’s and Bahrain’s populations, and 16 percent of Qatar’s population.

  6 Jung-Mee Hwang, “Local Citizenship and Policy Agenda for ‘Foreign Residents’ in East Asia,” in Multicultural Challenges and Sustainable Democracy in Europe and East Asia, ed. Nam-Kook Kim (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 129–52.

  7 Katharine H. S. Moon, “South Korea’s Demographic Changes and Their Potential Impact,” East Asia Policy Paper no. 6, Brookings Institution, October 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/South-Koreas-demographic-changes-and-their-political-impact.pdf.

  8 It should be noted, however, that many Chinese women marrying Korean men are ethnically Korean, known as the Chosonjok/Chaoxianzu (Korean tribe). What began as a government-led strategy in 1992 to import Chosonjok women from China has expanded rapidly into moneymaking “marriage tours” by licensed matchmakers and unlicensed traveling marriage brokers.

  9 Mark J. Hudson and Mami Aoyama, “Views of Japanese Ethnic Identity Amongst Undergraduates in Hokkaido,” The Asia-Pacific Journal 4, no. 5 (2006).

  10 Heidi Østbø Haugen, “Destination China: The Country Adjusts to Its New Migration Reality,” Migration Policy Institute, March 4, 2015, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/destination-china-country-adjusts-its-new-migration-reality.

  11 Arabs report the highest levels of racist sentiment in the world as expressed by people’s responses to questions such as whether they would accept as a neighbor someone from another religious or ethnic group. See Roberto Foa, “Creating an Inclusive Society: Evidence from Social Indicators and Trends,” presention at the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Expert Group Meeting, 2015.

  12 UN World Tourism Organization, UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, vol. 15, March 2017, http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom17_02_mar_excerpt_.pdf.

  13 Hindi-language Bollywood films make up less than half of India’s total output of 2,000 films per year. India’s highest-grossing film of all time comes from its Telugu-language productions (“Tollywood”), Baahubali (parts I and II).

  14 R. Viswanathan, “India and Latin America: A New Perception and a New Partnership,” Elcano Royal Institute, July 22, 2014, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/182336/ARI37-2014-Viswanathan-India-Latin-America-new-perception-new-partnership.pdf.

  15 Notably, Western periodicals devoted to “Asia” have historically covered the full geographic spectrum of the region, not just East Asia. Most prominently, the British Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society has been publishing articles on the literature and arts of cultures from Arabia to Southeast Asia since 1834. The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, part of the University of Leiden, has since 1851 been assembling anthropological materials on Indonesia especially and continues to be an important stop for regional researchers. The first US publication covering the wider Asian geography was titled Asia, the journal of the American Asiatic Association. From the 1920s to the 1940s, it provided glossy reportage on and coverage of European imperial machinations, as well as US entreaties to the region as the United States’ presence across the Pacific grew stronger after the defeat of Spain in the Philippines in 1898.

  Epilogue: Asia’s Global Future

  1 Henry Kissinger, World Order (New York: Penguin Press, 2014).

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