by Parag Khanna
failure of democracy in, 302
financial reform in, 184
Rohingya genocide in, 122–23
see also Burma
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 51
Nanjing, 42, 49
Napoleon I, emperor of the French, 1
nationalism, 11, 20, 22, 49–50, 52–55, 77, 118, 137, 138–39, 222, 312, 329, 337, 352
Natufian people, 28
natural gas, see oil and gas
natural gas production, 175–76
Nazism, 200
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 52, 55
Neolithic Revolution, 28
neomercantilism, 20, 22, 158
Nepal, 46, 119–20, 333
Nestorian Christianity, 36, 70
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 97, 98, 100
Netflix, 348
New Deal, 287
New Delhi, 245
Ng, Andrew, 199
NGOs, 313
Nigeria, 265
Nisbett, Richard, 357
Nixon, Richard, 56, 101
Nobel Prize, 48, 221, 249, 323, 353–54
nomadic cultures, 76
Non-Aligned Movement, 55
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty, 61
North America:
Asian trade with, 13, 14, 207
as coherent regional system, 7
energy self-sufficiency of, 175, 272
internal trade in, 152
see also Canada; Mexico; United States
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 7
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2, 57, 92, 116
Northeast Asia, 141
India and, 154–55
internal trade in, 152
manufacturing in, 153
North Korea, 55, 61
aggressiveness of, 63
China and, 143
cyber surveillance by, 142
nuclear and chemical weapons program of, 142
Russia and, 143
South Korea and, 142
US and, 142–43
Obama, Barack, 18, 82, 229, 240
oil and gas:
Asian imports of, 9, 62, 82–83, 84–85, 96, 102, 106, 107–8, 152, 175, 176, 207
Gulf states’ exports of, 62, 74, 100–103, 176
Iranian exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176
Iraqi exports of, 55, 96
OPEC embargo on, 57
price of, 61
Russian exports of, 82–83, 84, 87–88, 175, 176
Saudi exports of, 58, 87–88, 102, 103
US exports of, 16, 207
West Asian exports of, 9, 23, 57, 62, 152
Okakura Tenshin, 48
oligarchies, 294–95
Olympic Games, 245
Oman, East Asia and, 104
ONE Championship (MMA series), 341
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 57
Operation Mekong (film), 123
opium, 47, 123
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 241
Oslo Accords, 59
Osman I, Ottoman Sultan, 41
Ottoman Empire, 40–41, 43, 45, 46–47, 48, 73, 91
partitioning of, 49–50
religious tolerance in, 70–71
Out of Eden Walk, 4
Overseas Private Investment Company (OPEC), 111
Pacific Alliance, 272
Pacific Islands, 181–82
US territories in, 48
Pacific Rim, see East Asia
Pakistan, 52–53, 58, 62, 72, 95, 102, 105
AI research in, 200
Asianization of, 81, 113–18
as Central Asia’s conduit to Arabian Sea, 113–14
China and, 20, 114–16, 117–18
corruption in, 161
failure of democracy in, 302
finance industry in, 168–69
foreign investment in, 115
GDP per capita in, 184
India and, 55, 61–62, 117–18
intra-Asian migration from, 334
logistics industry in, 185
as market for Western products and services, 207
US and, 114–15
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), 307
Palestine, Palestinians, 49, 54, 99
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 59
Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 59, 62, 97, 100
Pan-Asianism, 48, 351–52
paper, invention of, 72
Paris climate agreement, 178, 240
Paris Peace Conference (1918), 49
Park Chung-hee, 56
Park Geun-hye, 313
parliamentary democracy, 295
Parthians, 33, 76
Pawar, Rajendra, 205
Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 50
peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, 169
People’s Action Party (PAP), Singapore, 294
People’s Bank of China (PBOC), 110, 188
Pepper (robot), 134
per capita income, 5, 150, 183, 186
Persia, Persian Empire, 29, 30, 42, 45, 47, 50, 68, 75
see also Iran
Persian Gulf War, 61, 101, 217
Peru:
Asian immigrants in, 275, 276
Asian trade with, 272
Peshawar, 32
Peter I, Tsar of Russia, 45, 90
pharmaceutical companies, 209–10
Philippines, 61, 157, 165
alternative energy programs in, 180
Asian migrants in, 333
China and, 123–24
Christianity in, 74
in Cold War era, 53–54
eco-tourism in, 340
foreign investment in, 124
illiberal policies of, 306
inclusive policies in, 304
as market for Western products and services, 207
Muslims in, 71
privatization in, 170
technocracy in, 304–5
urban development in, 190
US acquisition of, 48
US and, 123–24
philosophy, Asian vs. Western, 357–58
Phoenicians, 29
Pinker, Steven, 284
plague (Black Death), 40
Plato, 37, 286, 291, 300
Poland, 249
pollution, 176–78, 181
Polo, Marco, 40
Pol Pot, 56, 70
populism, 283–84, 296
democracy hijacked by, 3
Portugal, 44
poverty, 183, 184, 318
prisons, 308
private equity, 171–72
privatization, 169–70
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, 249
public goods, global, 321–22
Punjab, 33, 47
purchasing power parity (PPP):
of Asia, 2, 9, 10, 63, 184
global, 10
Putin, Vladimir, 84, 85–86, 87, 89, 241, 310
oligarchic regime of, 310–11
Qajars, 47
Qara Khitai, 39
Qatar, 100, 101, 247
gas exports of, 175
Russia and, 88
Qichao, Liang, 351
Qin Dynasty, 31–32
Qing Dynasty, 44–45, 47, 48, 69, 76
Qin Shi Huang, 31
Quah, Danny, 320
racism, 329
Rajgir, 31
Rakuten, 133
R&D, in Asia, 197, 210, 211, 227
Rashid al-Din, 40
Rashidun Caliphate, 36
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) movement, 313
Rason, 143
Ray, Satyajit, 349
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 8, 9
religious tolerance, 40, 70–71, 75
renewable energy, see alternative energy
renminbi, 165, 188, 243, 264
as currency for intra-Asia trade, 102, 103, 110, 157
retail sector:
in Asia, 172, 184–85, 189, 200,
210–11
in US, 228
Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 50, 54
ride-sharing industry, 174–75
Rio Branco Institute, 277
Riot Games, 209
robotics, 134, 193, 196–97
Roma, 256
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 353
Rome, ancient, 33
fall of, 35, 36, 39
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 287
Rosen, Dan, 156
Rudd, Kevin, 12
rule of law, 281, 282, 292, 312
blurred line between abuse of power and, 319
economic performance and, 309–10
Rumi, 39, 220
Rushdie, Salman, 256
Russia, modern, 3, 11, 15, 40, 140
arms exports of, 86, 87
Asian territory of, 82
China and, 19–20, 82–83, 84–85
Crimea annexed by, 83
ethnic and cultural diversity of, 89
Europe and, 83–84, 85, 89
European territory of, 82
expansionism of, 240
grain exports of, 90
India and, 86–87
Iran and, 87
Israel and, 88
Japan and, 82, 86–87
Latin American investments of, 275
North Korea and, 143
oil and gas exports of, 82–83, 84, 87–88, 175, 176
Qatar and, 88
re-Asianization of, 81–91
Saudi Arabia and, 87–88
Southeast Asia and, 87
Southwest Asia and, 87
stability preferred over democratic ideals in, 310
Syria and, 11, 83, 87, 88
Turkey and, 88, 92–93
2016 US election and, 83, 320
Ukraine invaded by, 83
Western sanctions against, 83, 86, 240–41
West’s divided policies toward, 83–84
see also Soviet Union
Russia, prerevolutionary:
Bolshevik Revolution in, 49
in era of European imperialism, 45, 47, 48
Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), 88
Rwanda, 268
Ryukyu Kingdom, 44
Safavid Empire, 106
Saint Petersburg, 82, 90
Salesforce, 331
Salman, king of Saudi Arabia, 103
Salopek, Paul, 4–5
Samarkand, 32
Samsung, 159, 195, 211
Sanskrit, 69, 253
Sassanian Empire, 36
Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), 256
Saudi Arabia, 11, 50, 54, 57, 71–72, 101, 134, 251
alternative energy programs in, 179
Asia investments by, 104
bond offerings by, 165
Chinese arms sales to, 101
economic diversification in, 190
Indian migrants in, 334
Iran and, 95–96, 100, 105–6
oil exports of, 58, 87–88, 102, 103
privatization in, 170
Public Investment Fund (PIF) of, 164
Russia and, 87–88
technocracy in, 312
Saudi Aramco, 102, 103, 104, 168
Saudi-Iraqi Coordination Council, 96
Schmidt, Eric, 200
Schröder, Gerhard, 83
sciences:
Asian achievements in, 354–55
Asian fusion of spirituality with, 355
Scythians, 29, 30, 76
SEA Group, 167, 189, 209
sea levels, rising, 181–82
security systems, in Asia, 137–44
self-determination, 22
Seljuks, 38, 39, 44, 76
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 3, 62, 113, 220, 231
service sector growth, 191, 192
sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, 314–15
shadow economies, 203
Shah Jahan, 41
shale oil energy revolution, 13, 175, 272
Shanghai, 42, 114
art scene in, 342
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), 60, 84, 86, 92, 106, 108, 117
Shanghai-Tehran railway, 106
Shankar, Ravi, 332
Sharp, 132
Shi’a Muslims, 36, 41, 58, 95, 106, 312
Shintoism, 31, 34, 69
Shōtoku, prince of Japan, 35
Siam, 45–46
Siberia, 82
Siddiqi, Lutfey, 163
Siemens, 242, 246
Sikhs, 47
Sikkim, 186
Silicon Valley, 172, 199, 219, 287
Silk Road Fund, 110
Silk Roads, 24, 32, 33, 35, 40, 68, 69, 76, 81, 106, 239, 329
modern versions of, 1, 75, 84, 92, 97, 103, 108–13, 122, 244, 246, 252
as weakened by European voyages of discovery, 44
Silk Way Rally, 81
Simpfendorfer, Ben, 96–97
Sina Weibo, 314
Singapore, 22, 46, 53, 56, 74, 121, 156, 187, 212, 268, 334
American expats in, 234
art scene in, 342
civil liberties in, 297
civil service in, 292–93
in Cold War era, 54
data collection in, 295–96
democracy in, 288–89, 290
diversified economy of, 290
education in, 294
ethnic and cultural diversity of, 288, 297–98, 337
gun and drug laws of, 306
Japan and, 50–51, 133
Latin America investments of, 277
as libertarian nanny state, 289
as melting pot, 24
as model for other Asian countries, 299, 331
multiracial families in, 337–38
parliamentary system of, 295
policy corrections in, 291
public trust in government in, 291
technocratic government of, 287–99
technological innovation in, 195
Singapore Cooperation Program, 299
Singh, Shailendra, 174
Sino-Australian Free Trade Industrial Park, 129
Sino Israel Technology Innovation fund, 99
Sistema, 90
Slovakia, 256
Slumdog Millionaire (film), 348
social media, 208–9, 314
censorship of, 320
SoftBank, 112, 134, 171, 174, 179, 193
Sogdian peoples, 32, 33, 67
solar panel industry, 242, 272–73
Song Dynasty, 38–39, 42, 73
South Asia:
early history of, 35
economic growth of, 9
failure of democracy in, 302
low-level workers from, 334–35
Muslims in, 70–71
oil and gas imports of, 152
poverty in, 183, 184
religious and ethnic diversity in, 70
South China Sea, 60, 84, 125, 130
Chinese assertiveness in, 19, 60, 84, 123, 124, 128, 137
Southeast Asia, 29, 50, 52, 208
Africa and, 264
Asianization of, 81
China and, 122, 154
Chinese migration in, 333
in Cold War era, 52, 53–54
cross-border integration of, 121–27
digital integration in, 187–89
economic growth in, 63, 148
energy investments of, 102
European colonization of, 45–46, 67
failures of democracy in, 302–3
foreign investment in, 9, 121, 148, 154, 250
Gulf states trade with, 102
India and, 154–55
Indianization of, 34
Indian migrants in, 334
internal trade in, 152
Japan and, 50–51, 133, 153–54, 156
low-level workers from, 334–35
manufacturing in, 133, 148, 153–54
Muslims in, 38–39, 43, 70–71, 121
1997 financial crisis in, 121
opium produc
ts in, 123
in post–Cold War era, 61
religious and ethnic diversity of, 43, 46, 70, 121
Russia and, 87
South Korea and, 153–54
tourism in, 122
US and, 125
see also Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 53
South Korea, 14, 16, 55, 56, 60, 61, 63, 104, 275
Asian migrants in, 336–37
automation in, 193
capitalism in, 159
cashless economy in, 189
China and, 141–42
civil society in, 313
corruption in, 161
economic growth of, 158
film industry in, 348
global branding of, 331
Gulf states and, 102
Japan and, 141–42
multiethnic families in, 336
North Korea and, 142
Southeast Asia and, 153–54
technological innovation in, 195, 197
US and, 52, 142–43
Vietnam and, 154
Southwest Asia, 54
in Cold War era, 54
Russia and, 87
use of term, 6
sovereign debt, 165–66
Soviet Union, 49, 300
Afghanistan invaded by, 58, 59
Africa and, 261
in clashes with China, 56
in Cold War, see Cold War
collapse of, 13, 14, 58, 59, 82, 283
Germany’s invasion of, 50
Spain, transpacific trade of, 44, 74
Spanish-American War, 2, 48
Sri Lanka, 105, 334
Srivijaya Kingdom, 34, 35, 38, 39, 70
State Department, US, Asia and, 143–44
steel production, 109, 176, 272–73
Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 12
stock markets, Asia, 167–68
Straits Times, 290
Suez Canal, 102
Suez Canal Economic Zone, 99
Suharto, 61
Sui Dynasty, 37
Sukarno, 53
Sumatra, 38, 45, 70
Sumer, 28, 29
Sunni Muslims, 11, 36, 38, 57, 95, 312
Sun Tzu, 31
Sun Yat-sen, 48, 49
Sweden, Syrian refugees in, 255–56
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 49
Syngman Rhee, 55
Syria, 11, 16, 49, 54, 62, 94
civil war in, 63, 95, 255
Iran and, 106
Russia and, 11, 83, 87, 88
Syrian refugees, 218
systems, global, 7
systems, regional:
Asia as, 5, 6–7, 15
conflict and, 11
Europe as, 7
North America as, 7
in world order, 13–14
Tagore, Rabindranath, 48, 351, 353
Taipei, art scene in, 342
Taiping Rebellion, 47
Taiwan, 52, 56, 61
China and, 141
civil society in, 313
Tajikistan, 59, 108–9, 182
Talas, Battle of, 36, 37, 77, 117
Tale of Genji, The (Murasaki), 353
Taliban, 62, 68, 116–17, 139
Tan, Anthony, 175
Tan, Yinglan, 173
Tang Dynasty, 36–38, 69, 70, 72, 75, 117, 137
Taoism, 182
Tao of Physics, The (Capra), 220
