Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [34] It is just the same as in hunting. When dogs that are untrained and unruly catch no scent and do not pick up the trail, they mislead others by barking and behaving as if they knew and saw, and many, chiefly the most foolish, follow those dogs that bark at random,

  [35] τούτων δ᾽ αἱ μὲν ἄφθογγοι καὶ σιωπῶσαι μόναι αὐταὶ ἐξαπατῶνται, αἱ δὲ προπετέσταται καὶ ἀνοητόταται μιμούμεναι τὰς πρώτας θορυβοῦσι καὶ φιλοτιμοῦνται ἄλλας ἐξαπατᾶν, τοιοῦτον εὕροις ἂν καὶ περὶ τοὺσκαλουμένους σοφιστάς πολὺν ὄχλον ἐνίοτε συνεπόμενον ἀνθρώπων ἠλιθίων: καὶ γνώσῃ ὅτι οὐδὲν διαφέρει σοφιστὴς ἄνθρωπος εὐνούχου ἀκολάστου.

  [35] and of this pack those which make no outcry and keep silent are merely deceived themselves, but the most impetuous and foolish dogs, imitating the first ones, raise a din and strive to deceive others. Around the so-called sophists, likewise, you will sometimes find such a great accompanying throng of simpletons, and you will discover that your sophist does not differ one whit from a lecherous eunuch.”

  [36] καὶ ὃς ἀκούσας ἐθαύμασε κατὰ τί τὸν σοφιστὴν εὐνούχῳ παρέβαλεν, καὶ ἤρετο αὐτόν. ὅτι, εἶπε, τῶν εὐνούχων φασὶν οἱ ἀσελγέστατοι ἄνδρες εἶναι καὶ ἐρᾶν τῶν γυναικῶν, καὶσυγκαθεύδουσιν αὐταῖς καὶ ἐνοχλοῦσι, γίγνεται δ᾽ οὐδὲν πλέον, οὐδ᾽

  [36] On hearing this, Alexander wondered what his reason was for likening the sophist to a eunuch and asked him. “Because,” came the reply, “the most wanton eunuchs, protesting their virility and their passion for women, lie with them and annoy them, and yet nothing comes of it, not even if they stay with them night and day.

  [37] ἂν τάς τε νύκτας καὶ τὰς ἡμέρας συνῶσιν αὐταῖς. καὶ παρὰ τοῖς σοφισταῖς οὖν πολλοὺς εὑρήσεις γηράσκοντας ἀμαθεῖς, πλανωμένους ἐν τοῖς λόγοις πολὺ κάκιον ἢ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα φησὶν Ὅμηρος ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ, καὶ πρότερον εἰς ᾄδου ἂν ἀφίκοιτο, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος,

  [37] So too in the schools the sophists you will find many growing old in their ignorance, wandering about in their discussions far more helplessly than Homer says Odysseus ever did upon the deep, and any one of them might sooner find his way to Hades as that hero did than become a good man by talking and listening.

  [38] ἢ γένοιτο ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς λέγων τε καὶ ἀκούων. καὶ σύ, ἐπείπερ οὕτω πέφυκας, ἐὰν τύχῃς ἐπισταμένου ἀνδρός, ἱκανή σοί ἐστι μία ἡμέρα πρὸς τὸ συνιδεῖν τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ τὴν τέχνην, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔτι δεήσῃ ποικίλων σοφισμάτων ἢ λόγων: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ τύχῃς διδασκάλου τοῦ Διὸς ἢ ἄλλου τοιούτου, ταχὺ καὶ σαφῶς φράζοντος ἃ δεῖ ποιεῖν,οὐδέν σοι πλέον, οὐδὲ ἂν ὅλον κατατρίψῃς τὸν βίον ἀγρυπνῶν τε καὶ ἀσιτῶν παρὰ τοῖς κακοδαίμοσι σοφισταῖς.

  [38] And you, since you have been born with the right nature, if you come upon a man of understanding, will find a single day sufficient to get a grasp of his subject and art, and you will no longer have any need of subtle claptrap and discussions. But if you are not so fortunate as to have a disciple of Zeus or one like Zeus for your teacher to tell you forthwith and clearly what your duty is, then nothing comes of it for you, even if you waste your whole life in sleepless study and fasting in the schools of the miserable sophists.

  [39] τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἐγὼ λέγω νῦν, ἀλλ᾽ Ὅμηρος ἐμοῦ πρότερος. ἢ οὐκ ἔμπειρος εἶ τῶν Ὁμήρου ἐπῶν; ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος μέγιστον ἐφρόνει, ὅτι ἠπίστατο μὲν τὸ ἕτερον ποίημα ὅλον, τὴν Ἰλιάδα, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τῆς Ὀδυσσείας.[p. 63] θαυμάσας οὖν ἔφη, Καὶ ποῦ διείλεκται περὶ τούτων Ὅμηρος; ἐκεῖ,

  [39] I am not the first man to say this, but Homer said it before me. Or are you not acquainted with the Homeric poems?”

  Now Alexander prided himself very greatly on knowing by right the whole of the one poem, the Iliad, and much of the Odyssey likewise. And so he said in surprise, “Pray, where has Homer discoursed about these things?” “In the passage,” came the reply, “where he calls Minos the consort of Zeus.

  [40] ἔφη, ὅπου τὸν Μίνω λέγει τοῦ Διὸς ὀαριστήν. ἢ οὐ τὸ ὀαρίζειν ὁμιλεῖν ἐστιν; οὐκοῦν ὁμιλητὴν τοῦ Διός φησιν αὐτὸν εἶναι, ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ ἔφη μαθητήν. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ὑπὲρ ἄλλων αὐτὸν οἴει μανθάνειν τε καὶ ὁμιλεῖν τῷ Διὶ πραγμάτων ἢ τῶν δικαίων καὶ βασιλικῶν; ἐπεί τοι καὶ λέγεται δικαιότατος ὁ Μίνως πάντων γενέσθαι.

  [40] Or does not ‘to consort’ mean ‘to associate’? Well then, he says that he was an associate of Zeus, which would virtually be calling him his disciple. Now do you imagine that he associated with Zeus as a pupil with any other object than to learn justice and the duties of a king? For mark you, Minos is said to have been the most righteous man in the world.

  [41] πάλιν δὲ ὅταν λέγῃ διοτρεφεῖς τοὺς βασιλέας καὶ διιφίλους, ἄλλο τι οἴει λέγειν αὐτὸν τὴν τροφὴν ταύτην, ἢ ἣν ἔφη εἶναι διδασκαλίαν καὶ μαθητείαν; ἢ σὺ οἴει λέγειν αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς τοὺς βασιλέας τρέφεσθαι ὥσπερ ὑπὸ τίτθης γάλακτι καὶ οἴνῳ καὶ σιτίοις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐπιστήμῃ καὶ

  [41] Once more, when he says that kings are ‘nurtured of Zeus’ and ‘dear unto Zeus,’ do you think that he means any other nurture than the teaching and instruction which I called divine? Or do you believe that he means that kings are nourished by Zeus as by a nurse, on milk and wine and various foods, and not on knowledge and truth?

  [42] ἀληθείᾳ; ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ φιλίαν οὐκ ἄλλην ἢ τὸ ταὐτὰ βούλεσθαι καὶ διανοεῖσθαι, ὁμόνοιάν τινα οὖσαν; οὕτως γὰρ δήπου καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δοκοῦσιν οἱ φίλοι πάντων μάλιστα ὁμονοεῖν καὶ μὴ διαφέρεσθαι περὶ μηδενός.

  [42] And in the same way he means that friendship also is nothing else than identity of wish and of purpose, that is, a kind of likemindedness. For this, I presume, is the view of the world too: that friends are most truly likeminded and are at variance in nothing.

  [43] ὃς ἂν οὖν τῷ Διὶ φίλος ᾖ καὶ ὁμονοῇ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον, ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως ἀδίκου τινὸς ἐπιθυμήσει πράγματος ἢ πονηρόν τι καὶ αἰσχρὸν διανοηθήσεται; αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο ἔοικε δηλοῦν καὶ ὅταν ἐγκωμιάζων τινὰ λέγῃ τῶν βασιλέων ῾ποιμένα λαῶν᾽.

  [43] Can anyone, therefore, who is a friend of Zeus and is likeminded with him by any possibility conceive any unrighteous desire or design what is wicked and disgraceful? Homer seems to answer this very question clearly also when in commending some king he calls him a ‘shepherd of peoples.’

  [44] τοῦ γὰρ ποιμένος οὐκ ἄλλο �
�ι ἔργον ἢ πρόνοια καὶ σωτηρία καὶ φυλακὴ προβάτων. καίτοι ἐνίοτε πολλὰ πρόβατα ἐλαύνει μάγειρος εἷς ὠνησάμενος ὥστε κατακόπτειν οὐ μὰ Δία καὶ σφάττειν καὶ δέρειν. ἀλλὰ πλεῖστον διαφέρει μαγειρική τε καὶ ποιμενική, σχεδὸν ὅσον βασιλεία τε καὶ τυραννίς.

  [44] For the shepherd’s business is simply to oversee, guard, and protect flocks, not, by heavens, to slaughter, butcher, and skin them. It is true that at times a shepherd, like a butcher, buys and drives off many sheep; but there is a world of difference between the functions of butcher and shepherd, practically the same as between monarchy and tyranny.

  [45] ὅτε γοῦν Ξέρξης καὶ Δαρεῖος ἄνωθεν ἐκ Σούσων ἤλαυνον πολὺν ὄχλον Περσῶν τε καὶ Μήδων καὶ Σακῶν καὶ Ἀράβων καὶ Αἰγυπτίων δεῦρο εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπολούμενον, πότερον βασιλικὸν ἢ μαγειρικὸν ἔπραττον ἔργον λείαν ἐλαύνοντες κατακοπησομένην;

  [45] For instance, when Xerxes and Darius marched down from Susa driving a mighty host of Persians, Medes, Sacae, Arabs, and Egyptians into our land of Greece to their destruction, were they functioning as kings or as butchers in driving this booty for future slaughter?”

  [46] καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος, Σοί, ἔφη, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐ δοκεῖ βασιλεὺς εἶναι οὐδὲ ὁ μέγας βασιλεύς; καὶ ὁ Διογένης μειδιάσας, Οὐ μᾶλλον, εἶπεν, ὦ Ἀλέξανδρε, ἢ ὁ σμικρὸς δάκτυλος. οὐδ᾽ ἄρα [p. 64]

  [46] And Alexander said: “Apparently you do not hold even the Great King to be a king, do you?” And Diogenes with a smile replied, “No more, Alexander, than I do my little finger.” “But shall I not be a great king,” Alexander asked, “when once I have overthrown him?” “Yes, but not for that reason,” replied Diogenes;

  [47] ἐγώ, ἔφη, καταλύσας ἐκεῖνον μέγας βασιλεὺς ἔσομαι; οἰ τούτου γε ἕνεκα, εἶπεν ὁ Διογένης. οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν παίδων ὁ νικήσας, ὅταν παίζωσιν, ὡς αὐτοί φασι, βασιλέας, τῷ ὄντι βασιλεύς ἐστιν. οἱ μέντοι παῖδες ἴσασιν ὅτι ὁ νενικηκὼς καὶ λεγόμενος βασιλεὺς σκυτοτόμου υἱός ἐστιν ἢ τέκτονος, καὶ δεῖ μανθάνειν αὐτὸν τὴν τοῦπατρὸς τέχνην: ὁ δὲ ἀποδρὰς παίζει μεθ᾽ ἑτέρων, καὶ τότε μάλιστα οἴεται σπουδάζειν ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ δοῦλος καταλιπὼν τὸν δεσπότην.

  [47] “for not even when boys play the game to which the boys themselves give the name ‘kings’ is the winner really a king. The boys, anyhow, know that the winner who has the title of ‘king’ is only the son of a shoemaker or a carpenter — and he ought to be learning his father’s trade, but he has played truant and is now playing with the other boys, and he fancies that now of all times he is engaged in a serious business —

  [48] ἴσως οὖν καὶ ὑμεῖς τοιοῦτόν τι ποιεῖτε, ἑκάτερος ὑμῶν παῖδας ἔχοντες τοὺς συμφιλονικοῦντας, ὁ μὲν Πέρσας καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν, σὺ δὲ Μακεδόνας τε καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Ἕλληνας2καὶ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνοι τῇ σφαίρᾳ στοχάζονται ἀλλήλων, ὁ δὲ πληγεὶς ἥττηται, καὶ σὺ νῦν Δαρείου στοχάζῃ καὶ σοῦ ἐκεῖνος, καὶ τυχὸν ἂν πλήξαις τε καὶ ἐκβάλοις αὐτόν: ἐπισκοπώτερος γὰρ εἶναί μοι δοκεῖς.

  [48] and sometimes the ‘king’ is even a slave who has deserted his master. Now perhaps you kings are also doing something like that: each of you has playmates — the eager followers on his side — he his Persians and the other peoples of Asia, and you your Macedonians and the other Greeks. And just as those boys try to hit one another with the ball, and the one who is hit loses, so you now are aiming at Darius and he at you, and perhaps you may hit him and put him out; for I think you are the better shot.

  [49] ἔπειτα οἱ μετ᾽ ἐκείνου πρότερον ὄντες μετὰ σοῦ ἔσονται καὶ ὑποκύψουσι, καὶ σὺ ὀνομασθήσῃ βασιλεὺς ἁπάντων. ὁ οὖν Ἀλέξανδροσπάλιν ἐλυπεῖτο καὶ ἤχθετο. οὐδὲ γὰρ ζῆν ἐβούλετο, εἰ μὴ βασιλεὺς εἴη τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας καὶ τῆς Λιβύης καὶ εἴ πού τίς ἐστι νῆσος ἐν τῷ Ὠκεανῷ κειμένη.

  [49] Then, those who were on his side at first will be on yours and will do you obeisance, and you will be styled king over all.”

  Now Alexander was again hurt and vexed, for he did not care to live at all unless he might be king of Europe, Asia, Libya, and of any islands which might lie in the ocean.

  [50] ἐπεπόνθει γὰρ τοὐναντίον ἤ φησιν Ὅμηρος τὸν Ἀχιλλέα νεκρὸν πεπονθέναι. ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ ἔλεγεν ὅτι ζῶν βούλοιτο θητεύειν

  ἀνδρὶ παρ᾽ ἀκλήρῳ, ᾧ μὴ βίοτος πολὺς εἴη,

  ἢ πᾶσιν νεκύεσσι καταφθιμένοισιν ἀνάσσειν:

  ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος δοκεῖ μοι ἑλέσθαι ἂν καὶ τοῦ τρίτου μέρους τῶν νεκρῶν ἄρχειν ἀποθανὼν ἢ ζῆν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον θεὸς γενόμενος,

  [50] His state of mind, you see, was the opposite of what Homer says was that of Achilles’ ghost. For that hero said that he preferred to live in bondage to

  Some man of mean estate, who makes scant cheer,

  Rather than reign o’er all who have gone down

  To death.”

  But Alexander, I doubt not, would have chosen to die and govern even a third part of the dead rather than become merely a god and live for ever — unless, of course, he became king over the other gods.

  [51] μόνον εἰ μὴ βασιλεὺς γένοιτο τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν. μόνου δ᾽ ἴσωσοὐκ ἂν ὑπερεῖδε τοῦ Διός, ὅτι βασιλέα καλοῦσιν αὐτὸν οἱ ἄνθρωποι: ὅθεν καὶ ἐκόλαζεν αὐτὸν ὁ Διογένης πάντα τρόπον. ἔφη οὖν, ὦ Διόγενες, σὺ μέν μοι παίζειν δοκεῖς: ἐγὼ δὲ ἂν Δαρεῖον [p. 65] ἕλω καὶ ἔτι τὸν Ἰνδῶν βασιλέα, οὐδέν με κωλύσει τῶν πώποτε βασιλέων μέγιστον εἶναι. τί γὰρ ἐμοὶ λοιπόν ἐστι κρατήσαντι Βαβυλῶνος καὶ Σούσων καὶ Ἐκβατάνων καὶ τῶν ἐν Ἰνδοῖς πραγμάτων;

  [51] Perhaps, too, Zeus is the only one for whom he would have shown no contempt, and that because men call him king. This is the reason why Diogenes was bent on reproving him thoroughly.

  The king replied, “Diogenes, you seem to be joking. If I capture Darius and the hand of the Indians to boot, there will be nothing to prevent my being the greatest king that ever lived. For what is left for me when I have once become master of Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana, and the Empire of the Indies?”

  [52] καὶ ὃς ὁρῶν αὐτὸν φλεγόμενον ὑπὸ τῆς φιλοτιμίας κἀκεῖ τῇ ψυχῇ ὅλον τεταμένον καὶ φερόμενον, ὥσπερ αἱ γέρανοι, ὅποι ἂν ὁρμήσωσιν,

  [52] And the other, observing that he was aflame with ambition and that with all his heart he was bei
ng borne at full stretch in that direction, just as the cranes when flying stretch themselves out in whatever direction they are speeding, exclaimed,

  [53] ἀποτείνασαι ἑαυτὰς πέτονται, Ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲν ἕξεις, ἔφη, πλέον οὐδενὸς οὐδὲ τῷ ὄντι βασιλεύσεις ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἔχεις ταύτης διανοίας, οὐδὲ ἂν ὑπερβαλλόμενος τὸ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι τεῖχος οὕτως ἕλῃς τὴν πόλιν, ἀλλὰ μὴ διορύττων ἔξωθεν καὶ ὑπορύττων, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐν Σούσοις καὶ τὸ ἐν Βάκτροις, οὐδ᾽ ἂν Κῦρον μιμησάμενος κατὰ τὸν ποταμὸν εἰσρυῇς, ὥσπερ ὕδρος, οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἑτέραν προσλάβῃς

  [53] “Nay, in the state of mind in which you are, you will have not one whit more than anyone else, nor will you really be a king, no, not even if you leap over the walls of Babylon and capture the city in that way, instead of breaking through the walls from without or sapping them from beneath, 54º nor even if you imitate Cyrus and glide in like a water-snake by the river-route, and in the same way get inside the walls of Susa and Bactra, no, not even though you swim across the ocean and annex another continent greater than Asia.”

  [55] μείζω τῆς Ἀσίας ἤπειρον, τὸν Ὠκεανὸν διανηξάμενος. καὶ τίς, εἶπεν, ἔτι μοι καταλείπεται πολέμιος, ἐὰν ἕλω τούτους οὓς εἶπον; ὁ πάντων, ἔφη, δυσμαχώτατος, οὐ περσίζων, οὐ μηδίζων τῇ φωνῇ, καθάπερ οἶμαι Δαρεῖος, ἀλλὰ μακεδονίζων τε καὶ ἑλληνίζων. καὶ ὃς ἐταράχθη τε καὶ ἠγωνίασεν μή τινα ἐπίσταιτο ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ ἢ ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι παρασκευαζόμενον ὡς πολεμήσοντα καὶ ἤρετο,