Japan Story

by Christopher Harding

  6 HAUNTING THE ORIENT

  On Saitō Mokichi, see Amy Heinrich, Fragments of Rainbows: the Life and Poetry of Saitō Mokichi, 1882–1953 (Columbia University Press, 1983). On Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, see Seiji M. Lippit, Topographies of Japanese Modernism (Columbia University Press, 2012); Kevin M. Doak, ‘The Last Word? Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s “The Man from the West” ’, in Monumenta Nipponica, 66:2 (2011); Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Kevin M. Doak and J. Scott Matthews, ‘ “The Man from the West” and “The Man from the West: the Sequel” ’, Monumenta Nipponica, 66:2 (2011); Rebecca Suter, ‘Grand Demons and Little Devils: Akutagawa’s Kirishitan mono as a Mirror of Modernity’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 39:1 (2013); Murakami Haruki, ‘Akutagawa Ryūnosuke: Downfall of the Chosen’, in Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Rashomon and Seventeen Other Stories, translated by Jay Rubin (Penguin Classics, 2006); G. H. Healey, ‘Introduction’, in Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Kappa, translated by Geoffrey Bownas (Peter Owen Publishers, 1970). On Hayashi Fumiko, see Hayashi Fumiko, Hōrōki [‘Diary of a Vagabond’] (1927); William O. Gardner, Advertising Tower: Japanese Modernism and Modernity in the 1920s (Harvard University Press, 2006). On the development of Tokyo’s infrastructure and culture, see Elise Tipton, Modern Japan: a Social and Political History, 3rd edn (Routledge, 2015); Steven J. Ericson, The Sound of the Whistle: Railroads and the State in Meiji Japan (Harvard University Press, 1996); Hiromu Nagahara, Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and its Discontents (Harvard University Press, 2017); Alisa Freedman, Tokyo in Transit: Japanese Culture on the Rails and Road (Stanford University Press, 2010); E. Taylor Atkins, Blue Nippon: Authenticating Jazz in Japan (Duke University Press, 2011); Miriam Silverberg, Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times (University of California Press, 2009); Christine R. Yano, ‘Defining the Modern Nation in Japanese Popular Song’, in Sharon Minichiello (ed.), Japan’s Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900–1930 (University of Hawaii Press, 1998); Barbara Molony, ‘Activism Among Women in the Taisho Cotton Textile Industry’, in Gail Lee Bernstein (ed.), Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945 (University of California Press, 1991); Gail Lee Bernstein, ‘Women in the Silk-Reeling Industry in Nineteenth-Century Japan’, in Gail Lee Bernstein and Haruhiro Fukui (eds), Japan and the World: Essays on Japanese History and Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 1988); Chiyoko Kawakami, ‘The Metropolitan Uncanny in the Works of Izumi Kyōka’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 59:2 (1999); Michael Crandol, ‘Nightmares from the Past: “Kaiki Eiga” and the Dawn of Japanese Horror Cinema’, PhD thesis (University of Minnesota, 2015). On the politics of the period, see Richard Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Restoration, 1868–2000 (C. Hurst Publishers, London, 2001); William Craig, The Fall of Japan: the Final Weeks of World War II in the Pacific (reissued edn, Open Road Media, 2017); Haruhiro Fukui, Party in Power: Japanese Liberal Democrats and Policy-Making (Australian National University Press, 1970); William R. Nester, The Foundations of Japanese Power: Continuities, Changes, Challenges (Palgrave Macmillan, 1990); Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Harvard University Press, 2002); Peter Duus, ‘Yoshino Sakuzō: the Christian as Political Critic’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 4:2 (1978); Bernard Silberman, ‘The Political Theory and Program of Yoshino Sakuzō’, Journal of Modern History, 31:4 (1959). For insights into Japan’s activities during the Great War, I am grateful for the advice of Ian Gow. On Edogawa Ranpo and crime fiction, see Edogawa Ranpo, ‘Ningen Isu’ [‘The Human Chair’], in Kuraku magazine, 1925; Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese Tales of Mystery & Imagination (Tuttle Publishing, Vermont, 1956; translations by James B. Harris); Mark Silver, Purloined Letters: Cultural Borrowing and Japanese Crime Literature, 1868–1937 (University of Hawaii Press, 2008). ‘As the night grew late’ appears in Saitō Mokichi’s collection Tomoshibi [‘Lamplight’], reproduced in Amy Vladeck Heinrich, Fragments of Rainbows: the Life and Poetry of Saitō Mokichi (Columbia University Press, 1983). ‘Dancing to jazz’ appears in Taylor Atkins, Blue Nippon. ‘My family was poor’ appears in Linda K. Menton, The Rise of Modern Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2003). ‘A girl in the hotel’ is from Edogawa Ranpo, ‘Ningen Isu’ (author’s translation). ‘Opposite me’, ‘I have no conscience’ and ‘I don’t have the strength’ come from Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, ‘Spinning Gears’, in Akutagawa, Rashomon and Seventeen Other Stories. ‘Which modernity’, ‘Foxes’ and ‘Christ’s life’ come from Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, ‘The Man from the West’, translated by Kevin M. Doak and J. Scott Matthews, in Akutagawa, Doak and Matthews, ‘ “The Man from the West” and “The Man from the West: the Sequel” ’.

  7 GREAT ESCAPES

  The details of Kosawa Heisaku’s practice and correspondence are drawn from the private archives of the Kosawa family, accessed by the author, along with interviews with former clients of Kosawa, conducted by the author. Also see Kosawa Heisaku, ‘Zaiaku Ishiki no Nisshu: Ajase Konpurekkusu’ [‘Two Kinds of Guilt Feeling: the Ajase Complex’], in Gonryō magazine (1931); Kosawa Heisaku, Seishin Bunsekigaku: Rikai no Tame ni [‘Understanding Psychoanalysis’] (Hiyoshi Byōin Seishin Bunsekigaku Kenkyūshitsu Shuppanbu, 1958); Christopher Harding, ‘Japanese Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: The Making of a Relationship’, History of Psychiatry, 25:2 (June 2014); Christopher Harding, ‘Religion and psychotherapy in modern Japan: a four-phase view’, in Christopher Harding, Fumiaki Iwata and Shin’ichi Yoshinaga (eds), Religion and Psychotherapy in Modern Japan (Routledge, 2015); Fumiaki Iwata, ‘The Dawning of Japanese Psychoanalysis: Kosawa Heisaku’s Therapy and Faith’, in Harding, Iwata and Yoshinaga (eds), Religion and Psychotherapy in Modern Japan; Fumiaki Iwata, Kindaika no naka no dentōshūkyō to seishinundō: Kijunten toshite no Chikazumi Jōkan kenkyū [‘Traditional Religion and Spiritual Movements in the Context of Modernization: Research on Chikazumi Jōkan as a Point of Reference’] (Osaka Kyōiku University, 2011). Yujiro Nagao, Takashi Ikuta and Christopher Harding, Bukkyō Seishin Bunseki [‘Buddhist Psychoanalysis’] (Kongo Shuppan, Tokyo, 2016). On Japanese psychological distress and psychotherapy in general, see Yu-chuan Wu, ‘A Disorder of Ki: Alternative Treatments for Neurasthenia in Japan, 1890–1945’, PhD thesis (University College London, 2012); Akihito Suzuki, ‘A Brain Hospital in Tokyo and its Private and Public Patients, 1926–45’, History of Psychiatry, 14:3 (2003); Yasuo Okada, ‘110 Years of Psychiatric Care in Japan,’ in Teizo Ogawa (ed.), History of Psychiatry – Mental Illness and Its Treatments: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine – East and West (Shizuoka, 1982); Akira Hashimoto, ‘Psychiatry and Religion in Modern Japan: Traditional Temple and Shrine Therapies’, in Harding, Iwata and Yoshinaga (eds), Religion and Psychotherapy in Modern Japan; Junko Kitanaka, Depression in Japan: Psychiatric Cures for a Society in Distress (Princeton University Press, 2011); Yoshinaga Shin’ichi, Nihonjin no Shin-Shin Rei [Japanese ‘Body’, ‘Mind’, ‘Spirit’], Volume 4 (Kuresu Shuppan, 2004); Shin’ichi Yoshinaga, ‘The Birth of Japanese Mind Cure Methods’, in Harding, Iwata and Yoshinaga (eds), Religion and Psychotherapy in Modern Japan; W-S. Tseng, S. C. Chang, M. Nishizono, ‘Asian Culture and Psychotherapy: An Overview’, in W-S. Tseng, S. C. Chang, M. Nishizono (eds), Asian Culture and Psychotherapy: Implications for East and West (University of Hawaii Press, 2005); Gerald A. Figal, Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan (Duke University Press, 1999); Harry Harootunian, Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan (Princeton University Press, 2001); H. D. Harootunian, ‘Disciplinizing Native Knowledge and Producing Place: Yanagita Kunio, Origuchi Shinobu, Takata Yasuma’, in J. Thomas Rimer (ed.), Culture and Identity: Japanese Intellectuals During the Interwar Years (Princeton University Press, 1990); William Lee Rand, ‘What is the History of Reiki?’ . On Natsume Sōseki in London, see Sammy I. Tsunematsu, ‘Introduction’ in Natsume Sōseki, Spring Miscellany and London Essays, translated by Sammy I. Tsunematsu (Tuttle Publishing, Boston, 2002). On Yanagita Kunio, see Ronald A. Morse, �
��Introduction’ in Yanagita Kunio, The Legends of Tōno, translated by Ronald A. Morse (Japan Foundation, 1975; new edn Rowman and Littlefield, 2008); Figal, Civilization and Monsters; Takehiko Kojima, ‘Diversity and Knowledge in the Age of Nation-Building: Space and Time in the Thought of Yanagita Kunio’, PhD thesis (Florida International University, 2011); Shun’ichi Takayanagi, ‘Yanagita Kunio’, Monumenta Nipponica, 29:3 (1974). On Yanagita’s insistence upon recounting stories ‘just as I felt them’, see Figal, Civilization and Monsters. On Watsuji Tetsurō, see Harootunian, Overcome by Modernity. On Heidegger, James Phillips, ‘Time and Memory in Freud and Heidegger: An Unlikely Congruence’, . ‘Far beyond any femininity’ is from Natsume Sōseki, ‘The Boarding House’, in Sōseki, Spring Miscellany. ‘All of a sudden’ is from Natsume Sōseki, ‘A Sweet Dream’, in Sōseki, Spring Miscellany. ‘Glued-on peacock feathers’ and Sōseki’s words to his students feature in ‘Watakushi no Kojinshugi’ [‘My Individualism’] (1914), reproduced in Jay Rubin and Natsume Sōseki, ‘Sōseki on Individualism: “Watakushi no Kojinshugi” ’, Monumenta Nipponica, 34:1 (1979). ‘One day a whole family’ is from Yanagita Kunio, The Legends of Tōno. ‘The smash of a plate’ is from the author’s translation of Kosawa Heisaku, ‘Zaiaku Ishiki no Nisshu: Ajase Konpurekkesu’ [‘Two Kinds of Guilt Feeling: the Ajase Complex’], Gonryō magazine (1931). See also Okonogi Keigo and Osamu Kitayama (eds), Ajase Konpurekkesu [‘Ajase Complex’] (Sōgensha, 2001). Kai Wariko’s poem features in Mark Unno (ed.), Buddhism and Psychotherapy Across Cultures: Essays on Theories and Practices (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2006).

  8 SELF-POWER, OTHER POWER, STATE POWER

  For Kikugawa Ayako’s story, and on picture brides in general, see Barbara Kawakami, Picture Bride Stories (University of Hawaii Press, 2016). See also Carol C. Fan, ‘Asian Women in Hawai’i: Migration, Family, Work, and Identity’, NWSA Journal, 8:1 (1996). On Pearl Harbor’s vulnerability: J. J. Clark and Dwight H. Barnes, Sea Power and its Meaning (Franklin Watts, New York, 1966). On Japanese colonialism and relationships within East Asia, see Mark R. Peattie, ‘The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945’, in Peter Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1989); Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Harvard University Press, 2002); Kenneth B. Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan, 2nd revised edn (Houghton Mifflin, 1996); Aaron Stephen Moore, Constructing East Asia: Technology, Ideology, and Empire in Japan’s Wartime Era, 1931–45 (Stanford University Press, 2013); R. Siddle, Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan (Routledge, 1996); Christopher Harding, ‘State of Insecurity: Self-Defence and Self-Cultivation in the Genesis of Japanese Imperialism’, in K. Nicolaidis, B. Sebe and G. Maas, Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies (I. B. Tauris, 2014); Sonia Ryang, ‘The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Notes on Japan’s Modern National Sovereignty’, Anthropological Quarterly, 76:4 (2003); Joshua A. Hammer, Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire That Helped Forge the Path to World War II (Free Press, 2011). On American attitudes towards East Asian peoples, see Priscilla Long, ‘Tacoma Expels the Entire Chinese Community on November 3, 1885’, History Link, Essay 5063 (January 2003); Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan; Hammer, Yokohama Burning. On Bertrand Russell in Japan, see Bertrand Russell, Uncertain Paths to Freedom: Russia and China, 1919–22 (Routledge, 2000). On Kagawa Toyohiko, see George B. Bikle, The New Jerusalem: Aspects of Utopianism in the Thought of Kagawa Toyohiko (University of Arizona Press, 1976); Robert D. Schildgen, Toyohiko Kagawa: Apostle of Love and Social Justice (Centenary Books, 1988); William Axling, Kagawa, revised edn (Harper & Brothers, 1946). On the Ashio Copper Mine and Japanese state power, see Robert Stolz, Bad Water: Nature, Pollution, and Politics in Japan, 1870–1950 (Duke University Press, 2014); F. G. Notehelfer, ‘Japan’s First Pollution Incident’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 1:2 (1975); Sheldon Garon, State and Labor in Modern Japan (University of California Press, 1990) and Garon, Molding Japanese Minds: the State in Everyday Life (Princeton University Press, 1997); Robert M. Spaulding Jr, ‘The Bureaucracy as a Political Force, 1920–45’, in James William Morley (ed.), The Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton University Press, 1972); Bernard S. Silberman, ‘The Bureaucratic Role in Japan, 1900–1934: the Bureaucrat as Politician’, in Bernard S. Silberman and H. D. Harootunian (eds), Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton University Press, 1974). On state–society relationships and cajolery, see Sheldon Garon in State and Labor in Modern Japan; ‘Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State–Society Relations’, Journal of Asian Studies, 53:2 (1994); ‘Women’s Groups and the Japanese State: Contending Approaches to Political Integration, 1890–1945’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 19:1 (1993); and especially Garon, Molding Japanese Minds. ‘Extend the blessings’ is quoted in Peattie, ‘The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945’. ‘Isn’t it time’ is from Bikle, The New Jerusalem. ‘Busy, Busy!’ is from Axling, Kagawa. ‘Academic tramp’ is from Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 2008). On the police, see Elise K. Tipton, The Japanese Police State: Tokkō in Interwar Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 1991); Shunsuke Tsurumi, An Intellectual History of Wartime Japan, 1931–1945 (Routledge, 1986); Patricia Steinhoff, ‘Tenkō and Thought Control’, in Gail Lee Bernstein and Haruhiro Fukui (eds), Japan and the World: Essays on Japanese History and Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 1988); Patricia Steinhoff, ‘Tenkō: Ideology and Societal Integration in Prewar Japan’, PhD thesis (Harvard University, 1969).