Iron, Steam & Money
Page 37
Patent Office 48, 49–50, 52
slow and expensive process 49
specification of invention and 49
variations in judges’ opinions 50–1
see also under individual inventionand inventor name
Paul, Lewis 171, 172, 173, 175, 191, 192, 193, 194, 221, 318
Pease, Edward 276–7
Peel, Robert 202, 222
Pelham, Henry 18
Pen-y-darren, Merthyr Tydfil, successful trial of steam locomotive at, 1804 4, 33–4, 144–6, 146, 271–2
Pennine Hills 156
Pepys, Samuel 155
Percival, Thomas 62–3
Périer, Jean-Claude 126–7
Perth 201, 316
Peterloo massacre, 1819 222
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 93
Pickard, James 31, 106, 131
Piece Hall, Halifax 156
Pitt the Elder, William 259
Pitt, Thomas 64–5
Pitt, William 49
Plat, Hugh 234
Pole, William 96
political cohesion 38
Pollitt, Edward 191
population expansion 10
Black Death and 153
building and 338
child labour and 323–4
cotton and 165, 224–5
energy equation and 68
growing food production and 298–9
Malthus and 307–8, 309, 340, 341
mobility of labour and 316, 322
paradox 340–2
urbanisation and 2, 8, 10, 12, 16, 30, 67, 298, 299
wool trade and 154, 157
Portsmouth 338
postal service, national 261
power 75–148
engineering profession and 104–6
Newcomen engine 92–103
steam before Newcomen 82–91
Trevithick and steam locomotion 137–48
watermills and wheels 77–81
Watt steam engine 107–36
see also coal and iron
Praed’s Cornish Bank 302
Presbyterians 14, 41
Preston 191, 192, 193, 206, 218, 224, 259
Price’s (candle-maker) 45
producers and consumers 285–94
British prosperity and 285–6, 289
consumption aids national economy 289
cotton and clothing 291–2
disposable goods 292–3
household goods 287–8
lowly worker and 290–1
luxury goods 286–7, 288–91
middle classes and 286–7, 288–9
retail revolution 293–4
puddling 33, 241–3, 242, 246
Puffing Devil 137, 141, 142, 142–3
putting-out system 12, 20, 155, 156–7, 161, 180, 217, 218, 297, 319
Quakers 14, 41, 233–4, 250, 302, 323
Quarry Bank mill, Cheshire 80
Radcliffe, William 163, 182
Radstock colliery 135
railways:
as an enjoyable pastime 280
building of 271–82
coal industry and 272–81
crucible steel and 249, 252
earliest English tracks 258, 271–2
first passenger 274–5
gauge 280
Killingworth High Pit and 275
Liverpool & Manchester 34, 277–9
mail carrying 280
national transport system, becomes 280–1
Railway Act, 1844 280–1
steam engine invention and 146, 271–2
Stephenson and see Stephenson, George and Stephenson, Robert
Stockton & Darlington 276–7
Rocket 278–9
United States and 280
see also steam locomotive
Rainhill trials, 1829 34, 278, 279
Ramsay, David 82–3, 84
Ravenscroft, George 13, 20
Reach, Angus 322, 323, 335
reciprocating engine 33, 115
Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire (Carnot) 345
religion 14–15, 17, 23, 34, 36, 40–1, 42, 66, 92, 103, 116, 161, 222, 233–4, 250, 302, 323, 345
Rennie, John 133
Rex vs Arkwright 211–12
Reynolds, Richard 41, 241
Ricardo, David 308–9
Rigley, Joshua 91
riots 16, 40, 173, 176, 199, 222, 329
road system 38, 138, 139, 142, 143, 218, 221, 257–9, 260, 262, 268, 271, 276, 278
Roberts Self-Acting Mule, The 34, 45, 178, 221
Roberts, Richard 45, 221
Robison, John 109, 112
Rocket 34, 278–9
Roebuck, John 43, 111, 114, 115, 118–19, 120, 297
rollers:
Arkwright’s water-frame and 172, 174, 174–5, 191–4, 211, 212
Crompton’s Mule and 176–7
dressing frame and 182
Jacquard loom and 185–6
Paul and Wyatt and 170–1, 172, 173, 175, 176–7, 191–2
printing 25, 183–4
spinning jenny and 173
Rome 24
Rossendale 217
rotary steam engine 3, 31, 77, 115, 136, 244
rotary ventilators 72
Rotherham 129, 130, 253–4, 259, 280
Rothschild, Nathan 219
rovings 154, 170–1, 172, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 191, 193, 207, 319, 322, 329
Royal Navy 165, 241, 243, 286
Royal Society 93, 104, 141, 222, 270
Russia 106, 240, 246, 249
Sadler, James 140
Salamanca 273
Salford 106, 219, 224, 225
salt industry 61–2
Sankey Brook 266
Sans Pareil, The 278
Savery, Captain Thomas 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, 103
Savery pump 88, 89, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 103
Saxon wheel 78, 170, 192, 193
Schuyler, Colonel John 102, 103
Scotland 38, 157, 175, 207
Act of Union, 1707 108
banking crash, 1772 120
coal in 56, 57, 60
cotton trade and 200, 201, 206, 207
education in 37, 42–3, 46, 108, 109
patents and 49, 122
transport and 38
Watt and 108–9, 119, 120, 122
wool trade and 80
world centre of shipbuilding and marine and civil engineering 44
Seven Years War (1756–63) 9, 238
Severn, River 59, 60, 61, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 258, 261, 262, 264
shed 178, 179, 180, 182, 184
Sheffield 19, 79, 106, 114, 216, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 264, 268, 280
Sherwin, William 158
shipbuilding 2, 10, 13, 44, 60, 108
Shore, Samuel 250
Shropshire 19, 29, 37, 60, 119, 123, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 241, 316
Simpson, Stacey 139
Sisson, Jonathan 111
slave trade 9, 15, 24, 164–5
Small, Dr 122
Smalley, John 193, 194, 197
Smeaton, John 69, 99, 102, 104–6, 124, 133, 238–9
smelting 9–10, 19, 128, 229–30, 232, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 251, 262, 316
Smiles, Samuel 266–7
Smith, Adam 289, 305–8, 309, 315; The Wealth of Nations 283
Smith, William 270
Snow Hill, Birmingham 131
soap making 47, 63, 63
social control and regulation 328–9
social unrest 16, 40, 173, 199, 222, 329–33
socialism 216
Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce 173–4
Society of Friends 233
Soho Foundry 69, 134
Soho Manufactory 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 126, 129, 131, 136, 244, 252
Somerset Coal Canal Company 270
Somerset, Edward 83–4
South Sea Bubble 159
South Sea Company 18
South Shields 60, 265
South Wales 38, 56, 244, 297, 316
Southsea 338
Spain 10, 14, 189, 288
specialisation of work 12–13, 16, 23–4, 138, 291–2, 293, 304, 314–17
Spedding, James 72
Spence, Elizabeth Isabella 274–5
spindle:
and distaff 167, 173
Arkwright frame and 45, 174, 175, 202
drop 167
flyer and 169, 169–70
mule and 32, 176, 177
number of in mills 32, 80, 133, 171, 295, 319, 322
spinning jenny and 172, 172, 173–4
spinning wheel and 167–9, 168
spinning and weaving 167–89
spinning frame, Arkwright’s see water-frame, Arkwright’s
spinning jenny 2, 3, 7, 30–1, 151, 172
assembling 38
invention of 39, 172, 172–4
jenny shops 319
mule and 32, 175, 176–7
patent 30, 162
widespread use of 177, 181, 221, 319
spinning machines 32, 152, 181, 192, 193, 223, 319 see also under individual machine name
spinning wheel, development of 30,153, 161, 167–9, 168, 170, 173,175, 217
standardisation of production 12, 13, 16, 32, 132, 292–3
Staffordshire 19, 37, 60, 78, 119, 123, 200, 221, 232, 235, 254, 301, 315, 316
Standedge Tunnel 271
Stanley on the Tay 201
Statute of Artificers, 1563 40
Statute of Monopolies, 1624 48
Stead, John 210
steam power:
before Newcomen 24, 25, 82–91
Newcomen engine 92–106 see also Newcomen engine
Trevithick and locomotive 3, 4, 33–4, 60, 70, 88, 108, 137–48, 142, 146, 249, 271–82, 344 see also locomotive, steam and Trevithick, Richard
Watt’s engine 107–36 see also Watt steam engine
see also coal and iron
steamships 25, 69, 281–2
Steed, John 31
steel-making: crucible method of 19, 50, 249–52
Steephill Grange 195
Stephenson, George 34, 44, 71, 146, 148, 275–6, 277–80
Stephenson, Robert 275, 277, 279, 282, 345
Steuart, Sir James 288
Stewart, John 106
stocking frame 40, 188–9
Stockton & Darlington line 34, 276–7, 278
Stoke 267
Stone, Henry 45
Stour region 262, 263
Stourbridge 232, 251, 263, 264
Strutt, Elizabeth 197
Strutt, Jedediah 175, 194, 196, 197, 198, 203, 210, 252, 297, 321, 327–8
Strutt’s mill, Milford, Derbyshire 80
Stukeley, Dr William 99
sugar 9, 14, 15, 19, 62, 84, 106, 287, 290, 291
sun and planet gear 31, 131, 132, 132
Sunderland 60, 61, 62
Swaine, Sampson 106
Swansea 60, 128, 274
Sweden 94, 240, 243, 246, 247, 249, 251, 264
Switzer, Stephen 90, 94, 98
Symington, William 140
tariffs 38, 40, 134, 305
Taylor, Hugh 72
Taylor, Thomas 72
Thirty Years War (1618–48) 35
Thomas Newcomen: The Prehistory of the Steam Engine (Rolt) 117
Thomas, John 234
Thompson, Francis 106
Thornham 160, 161
Thornley, David 193
timekeeping 313
Times, The 246–8, 255
Ting Tang 127
Tipton, Staffordshire 123, 268
tobacco 9, 15, 108, 164, 201, 286, 287, 290–1
toothed gearing 45
Torricelli, Evangelista 86, 87, 90
trade unionism 216, 332–3, 339
transport 255–82
canals and locomotives 266–82
rivers and roads 257–65
see also under individual mode of transport
Treasure of Trafficke, The (Roberts) 157–8
Tregurtha Downs, Marazion 128
Trent, River 60, 218, 258, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 271
Trevithick, Richard 3, 5, 6, 37, 77, 82, 85, 88, 98, 102, 270
background 139–40
‘Cornish boiler’ and 147
death 148
investors and 39, 140–1
model steam engine, first 141–2
Pen-y-darren, successful trial of steam locomotive at, 1804 4, 33–4, 144–6, 146, 271–2
Puffing Devil trial up Camborne Hill, 1800 33, 137, 142, 142–3
railways and 273–4, 278
recoil engine, 1815 147
South America, journey to 147–8
unveils steam carriage 143–4
Watt accused of obstructing developments by 123, 128–9
Triewald, Martin 39, 94, 95, 96, 97–8
truck system 301–2
Tucker, Major 135
turnpike roads 143, 218, 258–9, 260
Tyne 21–2, 60–2, 258, 264–5
Tyne Valley 19
Tyneside 61–2, 101
Ulster 80, 157
Unitarians 14, 41, 222
United States 164–5, 198–9, 201, 280
Vaucason, Jacques de 185–6
Vauxhall, canon foundry in 83, 84
Venice 20, 220
Victorian society 323, 329
Vivian, Andrew 39, 140, 142, 143
wages:
Adam Smith and 307, 308
America and 138
amount spent on luxuries and 291–2
Arkwright and 196
child miners 324, 327–8
coinage and 301–2
financial incentives for innovation and 46
high British 8, 13–14, 24, 46, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291–2
London labourer 290
metalworkers 224
miners 71
protests for better 332
provide ready market for manufactured goods 24, 291–2
ratio of to energy 56
technology brings down 70
Wakefield 156
Wakefield Grammar School 181
Wales 14, 38, 41, 56, 57, 80, 136, 237, 244, 260, 263, 268, 269, 297, 316
Walker family 253–4
Walker, Samuel 32, 129, 130, 251, 253–4
Walker, Thomas 222
Wallsend colliery 70
Walton, John 273–4
Warrington 42, 192, 217, 218, 222, 223, 224
Warrington Academy 222
Wasborough, Matthew 31, 106
watchmaking trade 161, 217, 288–9
water-frame, Arkwright’s 3, 4, 121, 172
assembling 38
factory system and 194–6
impact of 30, 31
licenses for 197, 201–2 see also Arkwright, Richard
mule and 32, 176–7
origins of 174, 174–5, 191–4
patents 3, 30, 32, 135, 190, 193, 197, 200, 202, 207–14, 221
water power and 77
widespread use of 177, 181
water power:
crafts made more efficient through 13
Darby’s blast furnace and 233, 235, 237
history of use in Britain 24, 32, 77–81, 92, 108
iron-making and 240
spinning frame and 30, 31, 171, 172, 175, 194, 199
waterproof fabrics 43
watershed, the 29–34
waterways 38, 235, 262, 263, 263, 269 see also canals
waterwheel 4, 13, 318, 321
factory and 319, 321
history of in Britain 78
number of in Britain 77, 79, 80
Smeaton and 104
Soho Manufactory and 118
spinning frame and 30, 31, 195
steam engines imitate rotational power of 130
steam power and 91, 130
types of 78–9
Walker family and
253, 254
Watt, Ann 124
Watt, James 2, 7, 77, 82
achievement 136
Albion Mill and 134–5
background 37, 108–9
believes ideas have been stolen 31, 131–2
Boulton & Watt and see Boulton & Watt
canal surveyor 115
education 37, 43, 108, 109, 111
fame 4, 136
financial incentive 44
Hornblower vs Boulton & Watt 50, 135
horsepower and 105, 133
iron-making and 227, 238, 243–4
Newcomen engine, first experiments with 111–12
patents 30, 31, 33, 49–50, 69, 115–19, 120, 121–2, 123, 126–7, 131–2, 134, 135, 138, 139, 145, 208–9, 213, 224, 296
steam, first experiments with 110, 111
steam engine see Watt steam engine
wealth 136
Watt steam engine 2, 3, 4, 6, 30–1, 32, 69, 107–36, 113, 141, 145, 148, 182, 238, 254, 296
centrifugal governor 5, 33, 78
Cornwall, use of within 127–9, 130, 135, 137, 138, 139–40
crank and flywheel device 31, 130–1
double-acting engine 131, 132
first working 69, 125
invention of 142, 11–24
investors 39, 107, 114, 115, 118–20, 121, 123, 124, 129 see also Boulton, Matthew and Roebuck, John
licensing 124
market for 126, 127–30, 133
parallel motion and 33, 131–2
patents 30, 31, 33, 49–50, 69, 115–19, 120, 121–2, 123, 126–7, 131–2, 134, 135, 138, 139, 145, 208–9, 213, 224, 296
reciprocating engine 33, 115
reliance on high-quality castings 32
running costs 80
Savery pump and 90
steam condenser 3, 30–1, 42, 112, 113, 113, 114, 126, 135, 137, 140, 141, 151
sun and planet gearing and 131–2
Weaver’s Pocketbook, The 155–6
Wedgwood, Josiah 13, 191, 199, 267, 268, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 328
Wednesbury, West Midlands 235, 268
Wellington Forest, Somerset 59
West Indies 159, 189, 205
West Riding of Yorkshire 12, 154, 156, 157, 161, 216, 322, 335
Wheal Hope mine, Dolcoath, Camborne 141
Whickham colliery, Northumberland 324
Whitby 9, 60
White, Gilbert 289
Whitehaven mines, Cumbria 67–8, 72, 99
Whitworth, Richard 240–1, 262
Wigan 224, 259, 332
Wilkinson, John 32, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126–7, 129, 132, 238, 239, 252, 295, 300, 302, 316
Williamson, George 108
Willoughby, Sir Francis 258
Wilson, Thomas 138
Winchcombe II, John 155
Wise, Samuel 210
Wolsey, Cardinal 336
Wolverhampton 134, 264
women:
factory workers 322–3, 325
income of 291
independence of young 299
population increase and 340
wool production and 156, 180
Wood, Thomas 210
wool trade, British 322, 323, 325
areas of production 156, 157