Michael Coughlan
Page 26
PIC 9(4)
0317
PIC Z,Z99
317
When there are only zeros to the left of the comma,
the comma is replaced with the replacement symbol.
Size= 5 characters.
PIC 9(4)
0007
PIC Z,Z99
07
The edited value is 07 because the edit picture does
not require replacement for the last two digits.
Size= 5 characters.
PIC 9(4)
0000
PIC ****
****
The value is zero, and the edit string instructs the
computer to replace the leading zeros with asterisks.
Size= 4 characters.
PIC 9(4)
0083
PIC ****
**83
Leading zeros are replaced with asterisks.
Size= 4 characters.
( continued)
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
Table 9-8. ( continued)
Sending
Receiving
Comments
Picture
Data
Picture
Result
PIC 9(4)
8317
PIC $*,**9.00
$8,317.00
No replacement occurs, but the currency symbol,
comma, and zeros are inserted.
Size = 9 characters.
PIC 9(4)
0317
PIC $*,**9.00
$**317.00
The comma is replaced with an asterisk.
Size = 9 characters.
PIC 9(4)
0017
PIC $*,999.00
$**017.00
The comma is replaced with an asterisk.
Size = 9 characters.
Example Print Lines
Example 9-1 shows some print lines. Note how the edit symbol B is used for spacing. If this were not done, additional data items filled with spaces, as shown in Example 9-2, would have to be used.
Example 9-1. Example Print Lines Containing Edited Pictures
01 Cust-Sales-Line.
02 Prn-Cust-Name PIC X(20).
02 Prn-Cust-Id PIC BBB9(5).
02 Prn-Cust-Sales PIC B(5)ZZ9.
02 Prn-Qty-Sold PIC B(5)ZZ,ZZ9.
02 Prn-Sales-Value PIC BBBB$$$,$$9.99.
01 Total-Sales-Line.
02 FILLER PIC X(33) VALUE SPACES.
02 FILLER PIC X(19) VALUE "TOTAL SALES :".
02 Prn-Total-Sales PIC B(6)ZZ,ZZ9.
Example 9-2. Spacing with Space-Filled Data Items
01 Cust-Sales-Line.
02 Prn-Cust-Name PIC X(20).
02 FILLER PIC XXX VALUE SPACES.
02 Prn-Cust-Id PIC 9(5).
02 FILLER PIC X(5) VALUE SPACES.
02 Prn-Cust-Sales PIC ZZ9.
02 FILLER PIC X(5) VALUE SPACES.
02 Prn-Qty-Sold PIC ZZ,ZZ9.
02 FILLER PIC X(4) VALUE SPACES.
02 Prn-Sales-Value PIC $$$,$$9.99.
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
Immediate Editing
I noted earlier that the moment a value is placed into an edited data item, the value is modified according the formatting specified by the edit string. This section examines examples that show some of the interesting effects you can achieve by taking advantage of the way editing works.
In Figure 9-1, the data item SouthAfricanPay uses the dollar sign as the floating-insertion symbol. Obviously, this is a problem. The currency of South Africa is the Rand, which is represented by the character R. What you want is a floating R character rather than a floating dollar sign. Unfortunately, you cannot change the currency symbol to R
using the CURRENCY SIGN clause: restrictions are placed on the characters that can be used with that clause, and R is one of the restricted characters. So what can you do? Immediate editing gives you the answer. You replace the dollar sign that has floated against the number, with an R.
Figure 9-1. The floating Rand symbol
Example Program
Listing 9-4 uses zero suppression and replacement by asterisks to create a starred rating system. In this system, a rating of 5 is shown as 5 asterisks, 4 is shown as 4 asterisks, and so on. The COMPUTE statement produces the values 10000, *1000, **100, ***10, ****1, and *****. The INSPECT replaces each 1 and each 0 in Stars with a space. INSPECT
Stars CONVERTING "10" TO SPACES is a shorthand way of writing - INSPECT Stars REPLACING ALL "1" BY SPACE, ALL "0" BY SPACE. You'll examine INSPECT in detail in Chapter 15.
Listing 9-4. Starred Rating System
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. Listing9-4.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Stars PIC *****.
01 NumOfStars PIC 9.
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
PERFORM VARYING NumOfStars FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL NumOfStars > 5
COMPUTE Stars = 10 ** (4 - NumOfStars)
INSPECT Stars CONVERTING "10" TO SPACES
DISPLAY NumOfStars " = " Stars
END-PERFORM
STOP RUN.
PICTURE String Restrictions
Some combinations of picture symbols are not permitted. Table 9-9 shows the combinations of symbols that are allowed. You should now be familiar with all these PICTURE symbols except P: the P symbol is a
scaling symbol.
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
Table 9-9. PICTURE String Restrictions
Character
May Be Followed By
P
P B 0 / , + - CR DB 9 V
B
P B 0 / , . + - CR DB 9 V
0
P B 0 / , . + - CR DB 9 V
/
P B 0 / , . + - CR DB 9 V
,
P B 0 / , . + - CR DB 9 V
.
B 0 / , . + - CR DB 9
+
P B 0 / , . + $ 9 V
-
P B 0 / , . - $ 9 V
CR or DB
Nothing at all
$
P B 0 / , . + - CR DB $ 9 V
9
P B 0 / , . + - CR DB 9 V
V
B 0 / , + - CR DB 9
The PICTURE Clause Scaling Symbol
The P symbol in a PICTURE clause specifies a decimal-point scaling position. It is used to save storage when the magnitude of a number is significantly larger than the required precision. For instance, suppose you are required to store numbers that contain whole billions. You could use a declaration such as PIC 9(12), which requires 12
characters, or you could use the scaling symbol P to define the item as PIC 999P(9). This definition requires only three characters and can store a value between 001,000,000,000 and 999,000,000,000.
The P symbol is not often used, but a description of how it operates is included here for completeness. By default, when no assumed decimal point is explicitly defined, the data item is treated as if it had a decimal point in the rightmost position. The P symbol allows you to change that by defining the assumed decimal point to be to the left or right of the digits, depending on where the P symbol is placed. Each P symbol represents one decimal scaling position.
In Example 9-3, LargeScaledNumber occupies only three characters of storage but can hold a value as high as 99,900,000. Similarly, ScaledBillions occupies only three characters of storage but can hold a number as large as 999,000,000,000, while SmallScaledNumber can hold a number as small as 0.00000001.
Example 9-3. Scaling, Which Allows Numbers to Be Defined Using Less Storage
01 SmallScaledNumber PIC P(5)999 VALUE .00000423.
01 LargeScaledNumber PIC 999P(5) VALUE 45600000.00.
01 ScaledBillions PI
C 999P(9) VALUE ZEROS.
Rules
If the symbol P is used more than once, it can only occur as a contiguous string of Ps at the leftmost or rightmost end of the PICTURE string. The assumed decimal point symbol (V) can be used for clarity, but it has no semantic effect, and when used it must appear to the left of the leftmost P or to the right of the rightmost P. For instance, to clarify where the decimal point is, you could define the Example 9-3 data items as follows:
01 SmallScaledNumber PIC VPPPPP999 VALUE .00000423.
01 LargeScaledNumber PIC 999PPPPPV VALUE 45600000.00.
01 ScaledBillions PIC 999PPPPPPPPPV VALUE ZEROS.
The P symbols do not count toward the size of the item. However, each P counts toward the maximum number of digit positions (18) in a numeric item.
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
The P symbol cannot be used if the explicit decimal-point edit symbol is used in the PICTURE string.
All computations and other operations performed against scaled data items behave as if the decimal point were in the scaled position. For instance, as shown in Listing 9-5, the result of adding LargeScaledNumber to the data item containing the value 11,111,111.00 is 56,711,111.00.
Listing 9-5. Using the Scaling Symbol P
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. Listing9-5.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 SmallScaledNumber PIC VP(5)999 VALUE .00000423.
01 LargeScaledNumber PIC 999P(5)V VALUE 45600000.00.
01 ScaledBillions PIC 999P(9) VALUE ZEROS.
01 SmallNumber PIC 9V9(8) VALUE 1.11111111.
01 LargeNumber PIC 9(8)V9 VALUE 11111111.
01 PrnSmall PIC 99.9(8).
01 PrnLarge PIC ZZ,ZZZ,ZZ9.99.
01 PrnBillions PIC ZZZ,ZZZ,ZZZ,ZZ9.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
MOVE SmallScaledNumber TO PrnSmall
MOVE LargeScaledNumber TO PrnLarge
DISPLAY "Small scaled = " PrnSmall
DISPLAY "Large scaled = " PrnLarge
ADD SmallScaledNumber TO SmallNumber
ADD LargeScaledNumber TO LargeNumber
MOVE SmallNumber TO PrnSmall
MOVE LargeNumber TO PrnLarge
DISPLAY "Small = " PrnSmall
DISPLAY "Large = " PrnLarge
MOVE 123456789012 TO ScaledBillions
MOVE ScaledBillions TO PrnBillions
DISPLAY "Billions = " PrnBillions
STOP RUN.
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
Summary
This chapter continued the exploration of printed output that began in the last chapter. You discovered how data can be formatted for output using edited pictures. You explored the different kinds of editing supported by COBOL, from simple insertion of the comma, the currency symbol, and the plus and minus signs; to the more sophisticated floating insertion, which floats these last symbols against the number being displayed or printed; to zero-suppression and replacement with asterisks or spaces. You learned that the editing effect is immediate, and you saw some of the interesting post-edit manipulations you can do on the edited data item. Finally, you examined how the PICTURE
symbol P may be used to store a very large or very small value in only a few characters of storage.
The next chapter examines some of the problems of processing sequential files. In particular, you look at some of the difficulties of the file-update problem and learn how to write control-break programs.
LaNGUaGe KNOWLeDGe eXerCISe
the time has come once more to unlimber those 2B pencils and answer some exercise questions.
1. For each part, examine the formatted results produced for the various data values. deduce
what the edited picture would have to be to produce the formatted results shown from the
data values given.
a.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC 9(5)
12345
12345
01234
*1234
00123
**123
00012
**012
b.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC 9(6)
412345
$12345
000123
**$123
000001
****$1
000000
******
c.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC 9(6)V99
012345
$123.00
000123
$**1.00
000025
$**0.00
000000
$**0.00
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
d.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC S9(4)
1234
+1234
-0012
**-12
0004
***+4
0000
*****
2. show the formatted result that will be produced when the data value is moved to the
edited picture.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
9(6)
000321
PIC ZZZ,999
9(6)
004321
PIC ZZZ,999
9(6)
000004
PIC ZZZ,999
9(6)
654321
PIC ZZZ,ZZZ.00
9999V99
654321
PIC ZZZ,ZZZ.ZZ
9999V99
004321
PIC $$,$$9.99
9999V99
000078
PIC $$,$$9.99
9999V99
000078
PIC $Z,ZZ9.99
S9999V99
000078
PIC $Z,ZZ9.99CR
S9999V99
-045678
PIC $Z,ZZ9.99CR
S9(6)
-123456
PIC -999,999
S9(6)
123456
PIC -999,999
S9(6)
123456
PIC +999,999
S9(6)
-123456
PIC +999,999
S9(6)
001234
PIC ++++,++9
9(6)
123456
PIC 99B99B99
9(6)
001234
PIC Z(6).00
9(6)
000092
PIC ZZZZZZ00
X(5)
123GO
PIC XBXBXBBXX
9999V99
000123
PIC $***,**9.99
99999V99
24123.45
PIC $$,$$9.99
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
prOGraMMING eXerCISe 1
the Genealogists society of ireland wishes to discover the most popular surname used in each of the 26 counties in the irish republic. in order to obtain this information, the society has acquired a file containing a subset of data from the most recent census.
Write a program that will process the census file and produce a report that shows, for each county, the most popular surname and the number of times it occurs.
the census file is a standard sequential file with fixed-length fields. each record contains a census number, a surname, and a county name. the file has been sorted and is now ordered on ascending Surname within
ascending CountyName. each record in the file has the following description:
Field
Type
Length
Value
CensusNumber
N
8
00000001-99999999
Surname
X
20
-
CountyName
X
9
-
the report should take the format shown in the following report template. the Count field is a count of the number of times the surname occurs in the county. in the Count field, thousands should be separated using a comma; and the field should be zero-suppressed up to, but not including, the last digit:
Popular Surname Report
CountyName Surname Count
Carlow XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX,XXX
Cavan XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX,XXX
Clare XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX,XXX
:: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
Westmeath XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX,XXX
Wicklow XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX,XXX
Wexford XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX,XXX
************* end of report ***************
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Chapter 9 ■ edited piCtures
LaNGUaGe KNOWLeDGe eXerCISeS: aNSWerS
the time has come once more to unlimber those 2B pencils and answer the following exercise questions.
1. For each part, examine for formatted results produced for the various data values.
deduce what the edited picture would have to be to produce the formatted results from
the data values given.
a.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC 9(5)
12345
12345
PIC ZZ999
01234
*1234
00123
**123
00012
**012
b.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC 9(6)
412345
$12345
PIC $(6) or $$$$$$
000123
**$123
000001
****$1
000000
******
c.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC 9(6)V99
012345
$123.00
PIC $ZZ9.00
000123
$**1.00
000025
$**0.00
000000
$**0.00
d.
Sending
Data
Result
Edited Picture
PIC S9(4)
1234
+1234
PIC +(5) or +++++
-0012
**-12
0004
***+4