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28. Bullard, J. and Bullard, M. (2000). Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1930–4. Day Books, Oxfordshire.
29. Crowther, J.G. (1970). Fifty Years with Science. Barrie & Jenkins, London.
30. Muggeridge, M. (1974). Chronicle of Wasted Time: The Greenstick. William Morrow, New York.
31. Sheehan, H. (1985). Marxism and the Philosophy of Science. Humanities Press, New Jersey.
32. Bernal, J.D. (1954). The structure of water (unpublished). JDB Papers, B.4.68.
33. Ibid.
34. Wersky, G. (1978). The Visible College. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
35. See note 29, p. 86.
36. Quoted in note 34, p. 148.
37. Ibid.
38. Carswell, I. (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.1.
39. Hendry, J. (1984). Cambridge Physics in the Thirties. Adam Hilger, Bristol.
40. See note 13, p. 112.
41. Auden, W.H. (1933). Poems (No. XXII). Faber and Faber, London.
42. See note 21, p. 87.
43. Bernal, J.D. (1933). The scientist and the world today. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
44. Ibid.
45. Boyle, A. (1979). The Fourth Man, p. 74. Dial Press, New York.
46. See note 21, p. 89.
47. See note 9.
48. Levy, H., Fox, R. et al. (1934) Aspects of Dialectical Materialism. Watts & Co., London.
49. See note 34, p. 167.
50. See note 48, p. 1.
51. Ibid, p. 89.
52. Ibid, p. 107.
53. Howarth, T.E.B. (1978). Cambridge Between Two Wars. Collins, London.
54. See note 48, pp. 91–2.
55. See note 53.
56. Snow, C.P. (2000). The Search. House of Stratus, London.
57. Ibid, p. 183.
58. Ibid, pp. 195–6.
59. Gardiner, M. (2000). Interview with the author.
60. Gardiner, M. (1988). A Scatter of Memories. Free Association Books, London.
61. Ibid, p. 241.
62. Ibid, p. 247.
63. Ibid, p. 248.
64. Carswell, J. (1983). The Exile: A Life of Ivy Litvinov. Faber and Faber, London.
65. See note 60, p. 250.
66. Ibid, p. 256.
67. Ibid, p. 258.
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1. Churchill, W.S. (1948). The Second World War – The Gathering Storm. Cassell, London.
2. Werskey, G. (1978). The Visible College. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
3. Bernal, J.D. (1933). The scientist and the world today. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
4. Werskey, G. (1969). Nature and politics between the wars. Nature, 224, 462–72.
5. Editorial (1933). Science in parliament. Nature, 132, 981–3.
6. See note 2, p. 235.
7. See note 3.
8. Ibid.
9. See note 2, pp. 339–42.
10. Burhop, E.H.S. (1964). Scientists and public affairs. In M. Goldsmith and A. Mackay (eds.) The Science of Science. Souvenir Press, London.
11. Minutes of the Academic Freedom Committee (1935). JDB Papers, L.7.
12. Hill, A.V. (1933). International status and obligations of science. Nature, 132,952–4.
13. Goldsmith, M. (1980). Sage: A Life of J.D. Bernal. Hutchinson, London.
14. See note 2, p. 226.
15. Eastern Daily Press (19/8/35). JDB Papers, L.8.
16. See note 3.
17. Steward, F. (1999). Political formation. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics. Verso, London.
18. Bernal, J.D. (1947). Paul Langevin (1872–1946). Nature, 159, 798–9.
19. See note 12, p. 126.
20. Tilly, C. (1986). The Contentious French. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
21. Bradshaw, D. (1997). British writers and anti-fascism, part I. Woolf Studies Annual, 3, Page University Press, NY.
22. Ibid.
23. Minutes of FIL meeting, 9/2/36. Collection Add 9369, Cambridge University Library.
24. See note 21.
25. Ibid.
26. Moynahan, B. (1994). The Russian Century. Random House, New York.
27. Wigner, E.P. and Hodgkin, R.A. (1977). Michael Polanyi (1891–1976). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 23, 413–37.
28. Polanyi, M. (1935). Soviet economics – fact and theory. Reprinted in The Contempt of Freedom (1940). Watts, London.
29. Polanyi, M. (1936). Truth and propaganda. Reprinted in The Contempt of Freedom (1940). Watts, London.
30. Ibid.
31. Polanyi, M. (25/3/35). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.182.
32. Bernal, J.D. (11/4/35). Letter to M. Polanyi. JDB Papers, J.182.
33. Blythe, R. (1983). The Age of Illusion. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
34. Conquest, R. (2000). Reflections on a Ravaged Century. Norton, New York.
35. Bradshaw, D. (1998). British writers and anti-fascism, part II. Woolf Studies Annual, 4, Page University Press, NY.
36. See note 2, p. 225.
37. Calder, R. (1999). Bernal at war. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics. Verso, London.
38. Huxley, A. (8/8/36). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.96.
39. See note 2, p. 229.
40. Wilkins, M.H.F. (1988). Fortunate failures I don’t regret. The Scientist, 2[3], 14.
41. See note 37.
42. Stewart, G. (1999). Burying Caesar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
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44. Bernal, J.D., Fremlin, J., Glasstone Shirley, et al. (1937). Air raid precautions. Nature, 139, 760–1.
45. See note 2, p. 230.
46. Bernal, J.D. (1937). Supplement on A.R.P. New Statesman and Nation.
47. Crowther, J.G. (1970). Fifty Years with Science. Barrie & Jenkins, London.
48. New Statesman, 27/8/38.
49. Rolph, C.H. (1973). Kingsley. Gollancz, London.
50. Article on J.B.S. Haldane, The Listener, 2/11/67.
51. Whittaker, C. (1999). Building tomorrow, in B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics. Verso, London.
52. See note 2, pp. 232–3.
53. Bernal, J.D. (19/2/69). Letter to D. Woodman. JDB Papers, J.254.
54. Bernal, J.D. (1938). Science and national service. Nature, 142, 685–7.
55. See note 37, p. 165.
56. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
57. Civil Defence Research Committee (1939). Nature, 143, 847.
58. Eady, W. (6/4/39). Minute on Civil Defence Research Committee. HO 45/21876, PRO.
59. Minutes of Civil Research Committee. (12/5/39). HO 45/21876, PRO.
60. Conquest, R. (1990). The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
61. Gardiner, M. (2000) Interview with the author.
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1. Ferry, G. (1998). Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. Granta Books, London.
2. Bernal, J.D. (undated). A framework for his own autobiography. JDB Papers, O.1.1.
3. Ibid.
4. See note 1, p. 111.
5. Ibid, p. 113.
6. Dale, H. (19/3/35). Letter to D. Crowfoot. D. Hodgkin Archive, B.105, Bodleian Library, Oxford.
7. See note 1, p. 86.
8. Bernal, J.D. (11/9/35). Letter to A. Windaus. JDB Papers, J.252.
9. Crowfoot, D. (26/6/36). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.89.
10. See note 1, p. 104.
11. Ibid., pp. 119–20.
12. Bernal, J.D. (1936). Report on ‘X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of sterols’. JDB Papers, J.89.
13. See note 2.
14. See note 1, p. 123.
15. I
bid, p. 127.
16. Bragg, W.L. (14/10/35). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.14.
17. Pirie, N.W. (1973). Frederick Charles Bawden (1908–72). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 19, 19–59.
18. Bawden, F.C., Pirie, N.W., Bernal, J.D. and Fankuchen, I. (1936). Liquid crystalline substances from virus-infected plants. Nature, 138, 1051–2.
19. Bernal, J.D. (1964). Professor Isadore Fankuchen (obituary). Nature, 203, 916–17.
20. See note 17.
21. See note 18.
22. Ibid.
23. Bernal, J.D. (24/7/37). Letter to W.T. Astbury. JDB Papers, J.2.
24. Bernal, J.D., Fankuchen, I. and Riley, D. (1938). Structure of the crystals of tomato bushy stunt virus preparations. Nature, 142, 1075.
25. Pirie, N. (1938). Undated letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.181.
26. Bernal, J.D. and Fankuchen, I. (1941). X-ray and crystallographic studies of plant virus preparations, parts I, II, & III. Journal of General Physiology, 25, 111–65.
27. Ibid.
28. Author’s interview with Max Perutz, Cambridge, March 2000.
29. Ibid.
30. Olby, R. (1994). The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA. Dover Publications, New York.
31. Perutz, M.F. (4/12/37). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.178.
32. Perutz, M.F. (1997). Science is Not a Quiet Life: Unravelling the Atomic Mechanism of Haemoglobin. World Scientific, Singapore.
33. Bernal, J.D., Fankuchen, I. and Perutz, M. (1938). An X-ray study of chymotrypsin and haemoglobin. Nature, 141, 523–4.
34. See note 32, p. 36.
35. Megaw, H. (undated). A note on crystallography at Cambridge since 1929. JDB Papers, B.4.11.
36. Crowther, J.G. (1970). Fifty Years with Science. Barrie & Jenkins, London.
37. See note 30, pp. 252–3.
38. Megaw, H (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
39. Abir-Am, P.G. (1987). The biotheoretical gathering, trans-disciplinary authority and the incipient legitimation of molecular biology in the 1930s. History of Science, 25, 1–70.
40. See note 30, p. 234.
41. Snow, C.P. (2000). The Search. House of Stratus, London.
42. See note 39.
43. Ibid.
44. See note 30, p. 116.
45. Wrinch, D. (1936). The pattern of proteins. Nature, 137, 411–12.
46. See note 30, p. 57.
47. Bernal, J.D. (13/4/37). Letter to W.H. Bragg. JDB Papers, J.13.
48. Bernal, J.D. (13/11/38). Letter to D. Wrinch. JDB Papers, J.258.
49. Wrinch, D. (1939). A discussion on the protein molecule. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 170, 40–79.
50. Pirie, N. (1938). Undated letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.181.
51. Hager, T. (1995). Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling. Simon & Schuster, New York.
52. Bernal, J.D. (14/12/38). Letter to W.L. Bragg. JDB Papers, J.14.
53. Bernal, J.D. (14/12/38). Letter to I. Langmuir. JDB Papers, J.119.
54. Bragg, W.L. (12/12/38). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.14.
55. Bernal, J.D. (19/12/38). Letter to W.L. Bragg. JDB Papers, J.14.
56. Bernal, J.D. (1939). Vector maps and the cyclol hypothesis. Nature, 143, 74–5.
57. Bernal, J.D. (1939). Structure of proteins. Nature, 143, 663–7.
58. Ibid.
59. Tanford, C. and Reynolds, J. (2001). Nature’s Robots: A History of Proteins. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
60. Bragg, W.L. (10/11/36). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.14.
61. See note 41, pp. 185–6.
62. Bernal, E. (25/4/37). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, O.2.1
63. Bradshaw, D. (1998). British writers and anti-fascism, part II. Woolf Studies Annual, 4, Page University Press, NY.
64. Gardiner, M. (2000). Interview with the author.
65. Bernal, J.D. (1937). Catalogue of sculpture by Barbara Hepworth, Lefevre Gallery. JDB Papers, B.3.30.
66. Hepworth, B. (1937). Undated letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.84.
67. Hepworth, B. (1971). Undated letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
68. Bernal, J.D. (1937). Art and the scientist. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
69. Bernal, J.D. (1937). Architecture and science. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
70. See note 64.
71. Malleson, J. (undated). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.159.
72. Bernal, J.D. (1938). Notes on molecular architecture of biological systems. JDB Papers, A.4.22.
73. Hobsbawm, E. (1999). Bernal at Birkbeck. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal, pp. 1–16. Verso, London.
74. Bernal, J.D. (1937). Undated curriculum vitae. JDB Papers, C.2.
75. Bernal, J.D. (28/4/38). Letter to M.F. Perutz. JDB Papers, J.178.
76. Bragg, W.L. (31/10/38). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.14.
77. Bernal, J.D. (3/11/38). Letter to W.L. Bragg. JDB Papers, J.14.
78. Frisch, O.R. (1979). What Little I Remember. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
79. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
80. Bernal, J.D. (1939). The Social Function of Science. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
81. Author’s interview with B. Swann, March 2000.
82. See note 51, p. 247.
83. Polanyi, M. (1939). Rights and duties of science. Reprinted in The Contempt of Freedom (1940). Watts, London.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Galison, P. and Hevly, B. (1992). Big Science: The Growth of Large-scale Research. Stanford University Press, California.
87. Le Fanu, J. (1999). The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine. Little Brown and Co., London.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9
1. Notes on visit to USA (1939). JDB Papers, L.13.
2. Bernal, J.D. (27/7/39). Letter to I. Fankuchen, Fankuchen Collection, AIP Archives.
3. Bernal, J.D. (1939). Science teaching in general education. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
4. Ibid.
5. Bernal, J.D. (undated). A framework for his own autobiography. JDB Papers, O.1.1.
6. Author’s interview with B. Swann, March 2000.
7. Bernal, J.D. (12/9/39). Letter to E. Cohn, Fankuchen Collection, AIP Archives.
8. See note 6.
9. Research in civil defence. (1939). Nature, 143, 869–70.
10. Haldane, J.B.S. (1938). A.R.P. Gollancz, London.
11. Minutes of Sub-Committee A, Civil Defence Research (1939). HO 195/17. PRO.
12. Bernal, J.D. (25/11/39). Letter to P. Ewald. JDB Papers, J.41.
13. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
14. Carlisle, C.H. (1981). Dorothy and cholesteryl iodide. In G. Dodson, J.P. Glusker and D. Sayre (eds.) Structural Studies on Molecules of Biological Interest, pp. 30–4. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
15. Bernal, J.D. (1940). Letter to Rockefeller Trustees. D. Hodgkin papers, C.67.
16. Bernal, J.D. (1940). Undated letter to I. Fankuchen, Fankuchen Collection, AIP.
17. Ferry, G. (1998). Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. Granta Books, London.
18. Churchill, W.S. (1939). Appendix L, the black-out. In The Second World War – The Gathering Storm. Cassell, London.
19. See note 5.
20. Hopkinson, T. (1982). Of This Our Time. Hutchinson, London.
21. Notes on the Tots and Quots. Zuckerman archive, SZ/TQ/1–2.
22. Ibid.
23. Crowther, J.G. (1970). Fifty Years with Science. Barrie and Jenkins, London.
24. Ibid, pp. 214–18.
25. Bernal, J.D. (4/4/40). Memorandum to R. Stradling. JDB Papers, D.3.
26. Ibid.
27. Blyth, R.
C. (1940). Diary of visit to France. JDB Papers, D.3.
28. See note 13, pp. 116–17.
29. See note 27.
30. Minutes of Explosives Research Committee (10/5/40). WO 195/161. PRO.
31. Huxley, J.S. (1940). Science in war. Nature, 146, 112–13.
32. See note 6.
33. Wheeler-Bennett, J.W. (1962). John Anderson. Macmillan, London.
34. Ibid, p. 240.
35. Perutz, M.F. (1998). Enemy alien. In I wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier. Oxford University Press.
36. Internment of alien scientific workers (25/5/40). Nature, 145, 796.
37. Bernal, J.D. (25/7/40). Letter to L. Pauling. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University.
38. See note 11.
39. Hartley, A.B. (1959). Unexploded Bomb. W.W. Norton, New York.
40. Ibid, p. 19.
41. Bernal, J.D. (1962). The place of speculation in modern technology and science. In I.J. Good (ed.) The Scientist Speculates, Heinemann, London.
42. Lowe, J.C.W. (30/5/40). Letter to H.J. Gough. UXB Committee, Ministry of Supply. WO/195/184.
43. See note 39, p. 23.
44. See note 39, pp. 45–6.
45. See note 39, pp. 24–5.
46. See note 11.
47. Danckwerts, P.V. (1983). In the land of the giants. New Scientist, 904.
48. Fitzgibbon, C. (1971). London’s Burning. Macdonald & Co., London.
49. See note 13, p. 131.
50. Bernal, J.D. (1954). Wartime stories. JDB Papers, B.4.68/3.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Snow, C.P. (1964). J.D. Bernal, a personal portrait. In M. Goldsmith and A. Mackay (eds.) The Science of Science, pp. 19–29. Souvenir Press, London.
55. See note 13, p. 131.
56. See note 23, p. 222.
57. See note 13, p. 399.
58. See note 21.
59. Bernal, J.D. (1940). The physics of air raids. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 31, 262–79.
60. Ibid.
61. Miscellaneous cutting (4/12/40). JDB Papers, D.5.
62. See note 5.
63. See note 20, p. 183.
64. Rees, G. (1972). A Chapter of Accidents. Chatto and Windus, London.
65. Muggeridge, M. (1973). Chronicles of Wasted Time: The Infernal Grove. Collins, London.
66. Ibid, p. 107.
67. West, N. (1999). Venona. Harper Collins, London.
68. See note 64.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
