by Andrew Brown
1. Hastings, M. (1979). Bomber Command. The Dial Press, New York.
2. Baldwin, S. (1932). The bomber will always get through. In B. MacArthur (ed.) The Penguin Book of Twentieth-Century Speeches (1986). Viking, London.
3. Gilbert, M. (1991). Churchill: A Life. Henry Holt, New York.
4. Wilson, T. (1995). Churchill and the Prof. Cassell, London.
5. Thomson, G.P. (1958). Frederick Alexander Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 4, 45–71.
6. Ibid.
7. Medawar, J. and Pyke, D. (2001). Hitler’s Gift. Arcade Publishing, New York.
8. Churchill, W.S. (1948). The Second World War – The Gathering Storm. Cassell, London.
9. See note 3, p. 512.
10. Clark, R.W. (1965). Tizard. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
11. See note 3, p. 536.
12. See note 10.
13. See note 10, p. 125.
14. See note 3, p. 631.
15. See note 4, p. 8.
16. Fitz Gibbon, C. (1971). The Blitz. Allan Wingate, London.
17. Bernal, J.D. and Garwood, F. (1940). An investigation of probable air raid damage. Ministry of Home Security, R.C. 107. Zuckerman Archive.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Neillands, R. (2001). The Bomber War. Overlook Press, New York.
21. Churchill, W.S. (1949). The Second World War, II – Their Finest Hour. Cassell, London.
22. Ibid, pp. 332–3.
23. Author’s interview with R. Brittan and U. Harris, June 2000.
24. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
25. Watkins, K. Undated note. JDB Papers, O.1.2.
26. Watkins, K. (1971). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
27. Churchill, W.S. (1950). The Second World War, III – The Grand Alliance. Cassell, London.
28. Ibid, p. 340.
29. Bernal, J.D. (1941). Present-day science and technology in the USSR. Nature, 148, 360–1.
30. See note 20, p. 53.
31. Bernal, J.D. (11/4/61). Letter to C.P. Snow. JDB Papers, J.217.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. See note 27, pp. 451–2.
37. See note 24, p. 398.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid, p. 140.
40. Zuckerman, S. (1975). Scientific advice during and since World War II. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A, 342, 465–80.
41. See note 24, p. 141.
42. See note 31.
43. Ministry of Home Security Report 2770 (1942). Quantitative study of the total effect of air-raids. Zuckerman archives, SZ/OEMU/57/1.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Bernal, J.D. (1942). Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
47. See note 3, p. 716.
48. See note 10, pp. 309–10.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Crook, P. (2003). The case against area bombing. In P. Hore (ed.) Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, Socialist. Frank Cass, London.
52. Blackett, P.M.S. (1962). Studies of War. Hill and Wang, New York.
53. Butt, D.M. (1942). Letter to S. Zuckerman. Zuckerman archives, SZ/OEMU/2/1/9.
54. See note 4, p. 74.
55. See note 43.
56. See note 10, pp. 311–12.
57. Ibid.
58. Webster, C. and Frankland, N. (1961). The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany. Vol I. HMSO, London.
59. See note 10, pp. 311–12.
60. See note 10, pp. 231–2.
61. See note 10, p. 244.
62. Colville, J. (1986). The Fringes of Power. W.W. Norton, New York.
63. See note 10, p. 293.
64. See note 3, pp. 718–20.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Air Ministry Commentary. (1942). The total effects of air raids. Zuckerman archive, SZ/OEMU/18/2.
68. See note 58, p. 336.
69. Ibid, p. 366.
70. Ibid, p. 371.
71. Bernal, J.D. (1948). Note to P. Blackett. JDB Papers, J.9.
72. See note 31.
73. Ibid.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 11
1. The Brains Trust Number 50 (7/12/41). JDB Papers, B.5.5.
2. Bernal, J.D. (1942). The freedom of necessity. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
3. Ibid, pp. 4–5.
4. Ibid, p. 6.
5. Ibid, pp. 67–8.
6. Bernal, J.D. (1942). Conference on science and the war effort. Nature, 149, 71.
7. See note 5.
8. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
9. Lampe, D. (1959). Pyke, The Unknown Genius. Evans Brothers, London.
10. Ibid, p. 88.
11. Mountbatten, L. ‘Memories of Desmond Bernal’ in note 8.
12. www.standto.com/qorbruneval.html.
13. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
14. Harris, J. (ed.) (2001). Goronwy Rees: Sketches in Autobiography. University of Wales Press, Cardiff.
15. See note 11.
16. Villa, B.L. (1989). Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
17. See note 13, p. 153.
18. Bernal, J.D. (undated). A framework for his own autobiography. JDB Papers, O.1.1.
19. See note 14, p. 95.
20. See note 9, p. 111.
21. See note 9, p. 120.
22. Ibid.
23. Hamilton, N. (1981). Monty: The Making of a General. Hamish Hamilton, London.
24. Ibid, p. 555.
25. See note 16, p. 46.
26. See note 13, p. 157.
27. Naval Intelligence Records, Dieppe Raid. ADM 199/2465, PRO.
28. Watkins, K. (1971). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
29. See note 27.
30. Ibid.
31. Campbell, J.P. (1993). Dieppe Revisited. Frank Cass, London.
32. Notes on the Tots and Quots. Zuckerman archive, SZ/TQ/1–2.
33. See note 9, p. 123.
34. Mark, H.F. (1993). From Small Organic Molecules to Large. American Chemical Society, Washington.
35. Ibid, p. 100.
36. See note 9, p. 128.
37. Bernal, J.D. (1942). Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
38. See note 16.
39. Author’s interview with Martin Bernal, 2001.
40. See note 13, p. 153.
41. Perutz, M.F. (1998). Enemy alien. In I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier. Oxford University Press.
42. Ibid, p. 83.
43. Churchill, W.S. (7/12/42). Minute to General Ismay for COS Committee. ADM 1/ 15236, PRO.
44. Bernal, J.D. (1942). Memorandum on research and development, HABBAKUK. ADM 1/15236, PRO.
45. Bernal, J.D. (1942). Habbakuk: general conclusions. ADM 1/15236, PRO.
46. Bernal, J.D. (1943). Habbakuk: note on practicability of scheme – 8 Jan 43. ADM 1/15236, PRO.
47. Middle East Operations Research. WO 32/10150. PRO.
48. Clark, R.W. (1965). Tizard. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
49. Notes of the ninth informal meeting of independent scientific advisers. 15/12/42. SZ/BSu/1/1/8. Zuckerman Archive.
50. Ibid.
51. Outgoing cypher message (21/12/42) Vice-CAS to AOC-in-C. SZ/BSu/1/1/10. Zuckerman Archive.
52. Under-Secretary War Office to Director of Medical Services (31/12/42). SZ/BSu/ 1/1/20.
53. See note 13, p. 161.
54. Ibid.
55. See note 18.
56. See note 13, p. 162.
57. Peyton, J. (2001). Solly Zuckerman: A Scientist Out of the Ordinary. John Murray, London.
58. Ibid, p. 48.
59. Vice-Chief Air Staff to HQ RAF, Middle East (23/12/42). SZ/BSu/1/1/11. Zu
ckerman Archive.
60. See note 13, p. 162.
61. See note 41, p. 84.
62. Zuckerman, S. (1943). North Africa Journal. SZ/BSu/1/7. Zuckerman Archive.
63. See note 18.
64. See note 13, p. 166.
65. Zuckerman, S. (27/12/71). Letter to J. Kendrew. Kendrew Papers, O.2.
66. See note 13, p. 164.
67. Author’s telephone interview with N. Waddleton (2005).
68. Author’s interview with Max Perutz, Cambridge (2000).
69. Bernal, J.D. (1943) Undated letter to S. Zuckerman. SZ/BSu/1/1/33, Zuckerman Archive.
70. See note 18.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Bernal, J.D. (1943). Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
74. See note 41, p. 89.
75. Bernal, J.D. (1943). Brief summary of progress of research work in Canada. ADM 1/ 15236. PRO.
76. Mountbatten, L. (1943). Cable to Bernal and Pyke. ADM 1/15236, PRO.
77. See note 41, p. 85.
78. Perutz, M. (6/4/43). Letter to G. Pyke. ADM/15236, PRO.
79. Bernal, J.D. and Pyke, G. (1943). Undated message to CCO. ADM 1/15236. PRO.
80. See note 18.
81. Evening Standard, 24/5/43.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12
1. Davie, M. (ed.) (1976). The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh. Little, Brown and Co., Boston.
2. Minutes of Habbakuk Committee (27/5/43). ADM 1/15236, PRO.
3. Harrison, M. (1965). Mulberry: The Return in Triumph. W.H. Allen, London.
4. Churchill, W.S. (1952). The Second World War, V: Closing the Ring. Cassell, London.
5. See note 3, p. 82.
6. Churchill, W.S. (1951). The Second World War, IV: The Hinge of Fate. Cassell, London.
7. See note 3, p. 136.
8. Steer-Webster, V.C. (31/12/63). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.224.
9. Fergusson, B. (1961). The Watery Maze. Collins, London.
10. Perutz, M.F. (1998). Enemy alien. In I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier. Oxford University Press.
11. Minutes of Habbakuk Committee (15/7/43). ADM 1/15236, PRO.
12. See note 10, p. 91.
13. See note 9, p. 285.
14. Bernal, J.D. (1943). Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
15. Minutes of COS meeting (7/8/43). CAB 121/154, PRO.
16. See note 9, p. 286.
17. Mountbatten, L. (1999). Memories of Desmond Bernal. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
18. Aprahamian, F. (1971). Interview with E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
19. See note 14.
20. Ziegler, P. (1985). Mountbatten. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
21. Minutes of COS meeting (9/8/43). CAB 121/154, PRO.
22. Ibid.
23. Gilbert, M. (1991). Churchill: A Life. Henry Holt, New York.
24. Bernal, J.D. (undated). A framework for his own autobiography. JDB Papers, O.1.1.
25. Bernal, J.D. (1943). Filofax notes. JDB Papers, D.1.
26. Minutes of COS meeting (19/8/43). CAB 121/154, PRO.
27. See note 4, p. 81.
28. Lampe, D. (1959). Pyke, The Unknown Genius. Evans Brothers, London.
29. COS minute to Vice-COS (23/8/43). ADM 1/15236, PRO.
30. See note 28, pp. 147–8.
31. See note 24.
32. London to Washington cable (1943). ADM 1/15236, PRO.
33. Bernal, J.D. (6/9/43). Letter to Lord Mountbatten. MB1/C24/1, Broadlands Archives, University of Southampton.
34. See note 17, p. 193.
35. See note 10, p. 95.
36. See note 17, pp. 193–4.
37. Air Ministry Signal (15/12/43). ADM 1/15217, PRO.
38. Bernal, J.D. (9/10/43). Letter to Lord Mountbatten. MB1/C24/3, Broadlands Archives, University of Southampton.
39. See note 28, p. 175.
40. See note 9, p. 295.
41. Calder, R. (1999). Bernal at war. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
42. Kenn, M.J. (1991). Ralph Alger Bagnold, 1896–1990. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 37, 57–68.
43. See note 41, p. 179.
44. See note 3, p. 108.
45. Bernal, J.D. (1955). Scientific Preparations for the Normandy landings. Lecture to the French Association for the Advancement of Science, Caen. JDB Papers, A.3.130.
46. See note 25.
47. See note 3, p. 108.
48. See note 3, p. 107.
49. Ibid.
50. See note 45.
51. Ramsay, B.H. (2/11/43). Memo to CCO and COSSAC on naval reconnaissance of the enemy coast. ADM 1/13066, PRO.
52. Author’s interview with L. Scott-Bowden (2004).
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Miller, R. (1993). Nothing Less than Victory. Michael Joseph, London.
56. Ibid.
57. Bernal, J.D. (7/1/44). Letter to Lord Mountbatten. MB1/C24/6, Broadlands Archives, University of Southampton.
58. Bernal, J.D. (1944). Desk Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
59. See note 9, p. 303.
60. COHQ Overlord Bulletin Y/35 (1944). Underwater obstacles. HS8/286. PRO.
61. See note 58.
62. See note 45.
63. Map of North Coast of France. JDB Papers, D.8.
64. See note 45.
65. See note 3, p. 109.
66. See note 3, p. 110.
67. See note 58.
68. See note 4, pp. 518–19.
69. Ibid.
70. Gardiner, M (2000). Interview with the author.
71. See note 60.
72. See note 3, p. 260.
73. See note 58.
74. See note 60.
75. See note 58.
76. See note 60.
77. Ibid.
78. See note 45.
79. See note 59.
80. See note 58.
81. Danckwerts, P.V. (1983). In the land of the giants. New Scientist, 904.
82. Bernal, J.D. (1944). The Normandy landings. JDB Papers, B.4.68/3.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. COHQ Overlord Bulletin Y/34 (1944). Underwater obstacles. HS8/286. PRO.
91. See note 82.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. See note 60.
100. COHQ Overlord Bulletin Y/36 (1944). HS8/286. PRO.
101. COHQ Overlord Bulletin Y/39 (1944). Navigational aspects of the assault. HS8/286. PRO.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 13
1. Ziegler, P. (1985). Mountbatten. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
2. Bernal, J.D. (6/9/43). Letter to Mountbatten. MB1/C24/1, Broadlands Archives.
3. Ibid.
4. Bernal, J.D. (9/10/43). Letter to Mountbatten. MB1/C24/3, Broadlands Archives.
5. See note 1, p. 251.
6. Lampe, D. (1959). Pyke, The Unknown Genius. Evans Brothers, London.
7. Ibid, p. 163.
8. Bernal, J.D. (7/1/44). Letter to Mountbatten. MB1/C24/3, Broadlands Archives.
9. Bernal, J.D. (7/1/44). Operational Research Organisation – South East Asia. MB1/C24/7, Broadlands Archives.
10. Bernal, J.D. (1944). Desk Diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
11. Kendrew, J.C. (12/2/44). Letter to J.D. Bernal. Kendrew papers, B.7.
12. Burma Campaign. WO 203/531. PRO.
13. Ibid.
14. See note 11.
15. See note 10.
16. See note 6, p. 167.
17. See note 10.
18. See note 1, p. 279.
19. Bernal, J.D. (undated). A framework for his own autobiography. JDB Papers, O.1.1.
20. Bernal, J.D. (1944). Pocket diary. JDB Papers, D.1.
21
. Churchill, W.S. (1954). The Second World War, VI: Triumph and Tragedy. Cassell, London.
22. See note 19.
23. Ibid.
24. Calder, R. (1999). Bernal at war. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
25. Kendrew papers, B.17.
26. Kendrew, J.C. (1972). Tribute to Bernal at Birkbeck memorial meeting. Kendrew Papers, L.149.
27. Ibid.
28. See note 24, p. 189.
29. See note 20.
30. See note 19.
31. Allen, L. (1984). Burma, The Longest War. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
32. See note 19.
33. Bernal, J.D. (11/12/44). Letter to Lord Mountbatten. Mountbatten Archives, MB1/C24/9.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. See note 10.
37. Lewis, J. (2003). Changing Direction. Frank Cass, London.
38. Ibid, pp. 180–1.
39. Zuckerman, S. (1978). From Apes to Warlords. Hamish Hamilton, London.
40. Ibid, pp. 216–58.
41. See note 10.
42. See note 39, p. 321.
43. Brown, A. P. (1997). The Neutron and the Bomb. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
44. Churchill, W.S. (19/4/45). Minute to General Ismay. PREM3/139/11A, PRO.
45. See note 37, p. 187.
46. See note 37, p. 183.
47. See note 37, p. 184.
48. The Times, 15/6/45.
49. Lord Woolton (18/6/45). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, H.27.2.
50. Anderson, J. (14/7/45). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, H.27.2.
51. See note 37, p. 189.
52. Bernal, J.D. (1945). New frontiers of the mind. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
53. Ibid.
54. Science in the post-war world (For and against, 7). BBC Overseas, Eastern, 3/9/45. JDB Papers, B.5.14.
55. Oliphant, M.L. (1/10/45). Letter to Sir James Chadwick. CHADI 25/1, Chadwick Papers.
56. Ibid.
57. See note 37, p. 194.
58. See note 37, pp. 222–41.
59. Ibid.
60. Revision of the Tizard Report, January 1946, reproduced as Appendix 4 in note 37.
61. Bernal, J.D. (1946). Atomic energy and international security. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
62. The Warner Memorandum (2/4/46) FO 371/56832, reproduced as Appendix 6 in note 37.
63. See note 58.
64. Ibid.
65. See note 37, p. 223.
66. See note 37, p. 224.
67. Bernal, J.D. (1945). Belief and action. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
68. Unsigned editorial. (1946). Polemic, 3. Reprinted in S. Orwell and I Angus (eds.) The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (1968). Secker and Warburg, London.
