by Andrew Brown
NOTES TO CHAPTER 14
1. Gordon Jackson, H. (8/2/42). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.1.
2. Gordon Jackson, H. (10/3/42). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.1.
3. Bernal, J.D. (13/3/42). Letter to H. Gordon Jackson. JDB Papers, C.1.1.
4. Bernal, J.D. (30/10/42). Letter to H. Gordon Jackson. JDB Papers, C.1.1.
5. Bernal, J.D. (1945). Draft scheme for a biomolecular centre (unpublished). JDB Papers, C.1.2.
6. Tizard, H. (7/3/45). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
7. Bernal, J.D. (1945). The future of X-ray analysis. Nature, 155, 713–15.
8. Ibid.
9. Ferry, G. (1998). Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. Granta Books, London.
10. Bernal, J.D. (4/7/45). Letter to H. Tizard. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
11. Booth, A.D. (1997). An autobiographical sketch. Annals of the History of Computing, 19(4), 57–63.
12. Bernal, J.D. (27/11/45). Letter to I. Fankuchen. Fankuchen Collection, AIP.
13. See note 11.
14. Booth, A.D. (2003). Unpublished information to the author.
15. Hutchins, J. (1997). From first conception to first demonstration: the nascent years of machine translation, 1947–1954. Machine Translation, 12(3), 195–252.
16. Astbury, W.T. (23/1/31). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.2.
17. To Professor J.D. Bernal from his staff. (1951). Unpublished document. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
18. Olby, R. (1994). The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA. Dover Publications, New York.
19. Ibid, p. 337.
20. Furberg, S. (1950). The crystal structure of cytidine. Acta Crystallographica, 3, 325–33.
21. Author’s telephone interview with S. Lenton, 6/12/03.
22. Ibid.
23. Gardiner, M (2000). Interview with the author.
24. Beckett, F. (2004). Stalin’s British Victims. Sutton, London.
25. Crick, F. (1988). What Mad Pursuit. Basic Books.
26. Bernal, J.D. (1941). Research organisation in the building industry. JDB Papers, B.4.114.
27. Ibid.
28. Bernal, J.D. (1944). Building Research Station – notes and correspondence. DSIR 4/1632. PRO.
29. Bernal, J.D. (1946). Shrinkage and cracking of cementive materials. Nature, 158, 11–14.
30. Ibid.
31. Bernal, J.D. (1946). Swelling and shrinking. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 42B, 1–5.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. See note 17.
35. Mackay, A.F. (2001). Interview with the author.
36. Bernal, J.D. (1946). Science in building. BBC Home Service. JDB Papers, B.5.27.
37. Bernal, J.D. (1945). The housewife. BBC Home Service. JDB Papers, B.5.16.
38. Bernal, J.D. (1945). The organization of building. The Builder, CLXIX, 400–2.
39. Ibid.
40. See note 36.
41. Hennessy, P. (1993). Never Again. Jonathon Cape, London.
42. Ibid, p. 170.
43. Bernal. J.D. (1962). Modern science in architecture. Architectural Association Journal, 78, 156–60.
44. Whittaker, C. (1999). Building tomorrow. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
45. Huxley, J. (1945). Science and the United Nations. Nature, 156, 553–6.
46. Bernal, J.D. (1945). A permanent international scientific commission. Nature, 156, 557–8.
47. Ibid.
48. Crowther, J.G. (1970). Fifty Years with Science. Barrie and Jenkins, London.
49. McLachlan, D. (1983). The 1946 conference in London. In D. McLachlan and J.P. Glusker (eds.) Crystallography in North America. American Crystallographic Association.
50. Bernal, J.D. (1953) Molecular asymmetry. In Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
51. Ibid, p. 218.
52. Bernal, J.D. (1939). The Social Function of Science. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
53. Bernal, J.D. (1945). Information service as an essential in the progress of science. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Kendrew, J.C. (1948). Undated notes on scientific literature survey. JDB Papers, H.27.1.
57. Author’s interview with Martin Bernal, Ithaca, 2001.
58. Lampe, D. (1959). Pyke, The Unknown Genius. Evans Brothers, London.
59. East, H. (1998). Professor Bernal’s ‘insidious and cavalier proposals’: the Royal Society scientific information conference 1948. Journal of Documentation, 54(3), 293–302.
60. Ibid.
61. Pirie, N.W. (10/5/48). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, H.27.1.
62. Bernal, J.D. (23/6/48). Letter to The Times.
63. Ibid.
64. The Times (29/6/48).
65. See note 59.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. See note 59.
69. Garfield, E. (1982). J.D. Bernal – the Sage of Cambridge. Current Contents, 19, 5–14.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Bragg, W.L. (1948). Recent advances in the study of the crystalline state. British Association for the Advancement of Science, 5, 165.
73. Author’s interview with Dr Olga Kennard, Cambridge, 2004.
74. See note 17.
75. Bernal, J.D. (8/2/51). Letter to J. Lockwood. JDB Papers, C.1.2.
76. Kendrew, J.C. (1972). Tribute to Bernal at Birkbeck memorial meeting. Kendrew Papers, L.149.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 15
1. Waddington, C.H. (1969). Some European contributions to the prehistory of molecular biology. Nature, 221, 318–21.
2. Bernal, J.D. (1940). The cell and protoplasm. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 14, 199–205, Washington.
3. Ibid.
4. Harland, S.C. and Darlington, C.D. (1945). Obituary of Prof. N.I. Vavilov. Nature, 156, 621–2.
5. Carlson, E.A. (1981). Genes, Radiation and Society: The Life and Work of H.J. Muller. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
6. Soyfer, V.N. (1994). Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey.
7. Ibid, pp. 87–9.
8. See note 5, p. 231.
9. Darlington, C.D. (1937). Genetic theory and practice in the USSR. Nature, 139, 185.
10. Hogben, L. (25/2/37). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.88.
11. Conquest, R. (1990). The Great Terror. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
12. See note 5, p. 250.
13. See note 5, p. 243.
14. See note 9.
15. See note 6, p. 120.
16. See note 6, p. 122.
17. See note 6, p. 136.
18. Dale, H.H. (22/11/48). Resignation from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, reproduced in Zirkle, C. (1949). Death of a Science in Russia. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
19. Script of ‘The organization of science and scientists’. BBC Third Programme (16/ 9/48).
20. Ibid.
21. Langdon-Davies, J. (1949). Russia Puts the Clock Back. Victor Gollancz, London.
22. Almond, G.A. (1954). The Appeals of Communism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
23. Ibid, p. 316.
24. Waddington, C.H. (1948). Lysenko and the scientists. New Statesman, 36, 566.
25. Darlington, C.D. (1949). The Lysenko controversy. New Statesman, 37, 81–2.
26. Ibid.
27. Huxley, J. (13/4/49). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.97.
28. Bernal, J.D. (12/5/49). Letter to J. Huxley. JDB Papers, J.97.
29. Huxley, J. (1949). Soviet genetics: the real issue. Nature, 163, 935–42.
30. Bernal, J.D. (1949). The biological controversy in the Soviet Union and its implications. Modern Quarterly, 4(3), 203–17.
31. Ibid, p. 204.
32. Ibid, p. 211.
33. Huxley, J. (1949). Heredity E
ast and West (Postscript 1). Henry Schuman, New York.
34. Ibid.
35. Haldane, J.B.S. (1949). In defence of genetics. Modern Quarterly, 4(3), 194–202.
36. Ibid.
37. Bernal, J.D. (1949). Speech to the Soviet Peace Conference. JDB Papers, E.2.5.
38. Holloway, D. (1994). Stalin and the Bomb. Yale University Press, New Haven.
39. Vavilov, S. (1949). Speech to the Soviet Peace Conference. JDB Papers, E.2.5.
40. The Times (1/9/49).
41. Crowther, J.G. (1970). Fifty Years with Science. Barrie & Jenkins, London.
42. Bernal, J.D. (1949). Unpublished notes on visit to USSR. JDB Papers, L.31.
43. Ibid.
44. The Times (10/9/49).
45. The Times (12/9/49).
46. Bernal, J.D. (14/9/49). Letter to the News Chronicle. JDB Papers, H.2.2.
47. Cummings, A.J. (16/9/49). Prof. Bernal, these are facts. News Chronicle.
48. Bernal, J.D. (17/9/49). Letter to the News Chronicle. JDB Papers, H.2.2.
49. Rhodes, R. (1995). Dark Sun. Simon & Schuster, New York.
50. The Times (4/10/49).
51. The Times (8/10/49).
52. The Times (5/11/49).
53. Ibid.
54. The Times (8/11/49).
55. Ibid.
56. Sakharov, A. (1990). Memoirs. A.A. Knopf, New York.
57. Ibid, p. 135.
58. Bernal, J.D. (1951). Academician S.I. Vavilov. Nature, 168, 679.
59. Bernal, J.D. (1953). Stalin as a scientist. Modern Quarterly, 8, 133–42.
60. Hodgkin, D.M.C. (1980). John Desmond Bernal, 1901–1971. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 26, 17–84.
61. Rose, H. and Rose, S. (1999). Red scientist. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics. Verso, London.
62. Goldsmith, M. (1980). Sage: A Life of J.D. Bernal. Hutchinson, London.
63. See note 59.
64. Bernal, J.D. (1954). Science in History. C.A. Watts and Co., London.
65. Olby, R. (1994). The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA. Dover Publications, New York.
66. Bernal, J.D. (20/12/66). Letter to J.C. Kendrew. JDB Papers, A.3.222.
67. Bernal, J.D. (1968). The material theory of life. Labour Monthly, 50(7), 323–6.
68. Crick, F.H.C. (2001). Letter to the author.
69. See note 65, p. 432.
70. Mattick, J. (2004). The hidden genetic program of complex organisms. Scientific American, 291(4), 60–7.
71. Wu, C.-T., and Morris, J.R. (2001). Genes, genetics and epigenetics: a correspondence. Science, 293, 1103–5.
72. Ferry, G. (1998). Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. Granta Books, London.
73. Bernal, J.D. (1929). The irrelevance of scientific theory. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
74. See note 5, p. 262.
75. See note 59.
76. Bernal, J.D. (1952). Marx and Science. Lawrence and Wishart, London.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 16
1. Bernal, J.D. (1958). World Without War. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
2. Bernal, J.D. (1945). New frontiers of the mind. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
3. Ibid.
4. Brown, A.P. (1997). The Neutron and the Bomb. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 299–320.
5. Ibid.
6. Bernal, J.D. (1946). The challenge of our time. Reprinted in The Freedom of Necessity (1949). Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
7. Bernal, J.D. (1946). The American scene. New Statesman, XXXI, 390–1.
8. Wittner, L.S. (1993). The Struggle Against the Bomb: Vol. I, One World or None. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
9. Towards world government. New Statesman (15/6/46).
10. Holloway, D. (1994). Stalin and the Bomb. Yale University Press, New Haven.
11. See note 8, p. 79.
12. Rhodes, R. (1995). Dark Sun. Simon & Schuster, New York.
13. Ibid, pp. 280–1.
14. Ibid.
15. See note 8, p. 64.
16. Gowing, M. (1974). Independence and Deterrence. Macmillan, London.
17. Ibid, pp. 183–4.
18. Harris, K. (1982). Attlee. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
19. Bernal, J.D. (13/3/47). Letter to The Times.
20. See note 18, p. 346.
21. Bernal, J.D. (23/8/47). Letter to The Times.
22. See note 16, p. 406.
23. See note 8, p. 112.
24. Goldsmith, M. (1976) Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Lawrence and Wishart, London.
25. Davies, N. and Moorhouse, R. (2002). Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City. Jonathon Cape, London.
26. Montagu, I. (1999). The peacemonger. In B. Swann and F. Aprahamian (eds.) J.D. Bernal. Verso, London.
27. See note 25, p. 448.
28. Taylor, A.J.P. (2/9/48). Intellectuals at Wroclow. Manchester Guardian.
29. See note 26.
30. See note 28.
31. See note 25, pp. 449–50.
32. Bernal, J.D. (18/9/48). Letter to the New Statesman, XXXVI, 238–9.
33. Ref. 25, p. 450.
34. Ref. 28.
35. Bernal, J.D. (1948). Wroclow and after. Modern Quarterly, 4(1), 5–26.
36. Ibid.
37. Mott, N. (1986). A Life in Science. Taylor & Francis, London.
38. Author’s interview with Jane Bernal (2003).
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Bernal, J.D. (25/2/49). Letter to H. Shapley. JDB Papers, L.30.
42. Bernal, J.D. (9/3/49). Letter to I. Fankuchen. Fankuchen Collection, AIP.
43. Bird, K. (1998). The Color of Truth. Simon & Schuster, New York.
44. New York Times, 23/3/49.
45. New York Times, 24/3/49.
46. See note 8, p. 177.
47. See note 8, p. 178.
48. Fifth column in Paris. (30/4/49). The Economist.
49. See note 8, p. 178.
50. See note 48.
51. See note 8, pp. 179–80.
52. Ibid.
53. See note 12, p. 381.
54. Bernal, J.D. (15/2/50). Letter to L. Pauling. JDB papers, J.175.
55. See note 12, p. 375
56. See note 12, pp. 252–3.
57. Aldrich, R.J. (2001). The Hidden Hand. John Murray, London.
58. See note 16, pp. 282–5.
59. See note 8, pp. 180–1.
60. Atomic warfare. The Times (8/10/49).
61. See note 26.
62. See note 24, pp. 162–3.
63. Weathers by, K. (1996). New Russian documents on the Korean War. Cold War International History Project, 6–7.
64. Author’s interview with Renée Brittan and Ully Harris. (2000).
65. See note 24, pp. 186–7.
66. See note 8, p. 208.
67. Mayhew, C. (1998). A War of Words. I.B. Tauris, London.
68. See note 57, pp. 443–63.
69. Hitchens, C. (20/8/99). Qy. open C.P.? Very gifted. Times Literary Supplement.
70. Bernal, J.D. (1950). Warsaw, second World Congress on Peace. JDB Papers, E.1.5.
71. Ibid.
72. Interview with Bernal by Lena Jeger. Guardian (19/7/60).
73. Bernal J.D. (9/5/51). Letter to E. Rawlins. JDB Papers, J.204.
74. See note 70.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Aprahamian, F. (1972). Letter to E. Bernal. JDB Papers, P.6.2.
78. See note 70.
79. See note 8, p. 184
80. See note 70.
81. Ibid.
82. See note 8, pp. 184–5.
83. Bernal, J.D. (1950). Peace or war? Modern Quarterly, 5(4), 291–4.
84. Bernal, J.D. (1952). Speech to WPC meeting in Berlin, 1–5/7/52. JDB Papers, E.2.6.2.
85. See note 12, pp. 479–80.
86. See note 12, pp. 5
19–23.
87. Freistadt, H. (10/10/52). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, I.30.
88. Bernal, J.D. (22/10/52). Letter to H. Freistadt. JDB Papers, I.30.
89. Ibid.
90. Brent, J. and Naumov, V.P. (2003). Stalin’s Last Crime. Harper Collins, New York.
91. Ibid, pp. 216–17.
92. Ibid, p. 1.
93. Conquest, R. (2000). Reflections on a Ravaged Century. W.W. Norton, New York.
94. See note 26.
95. See note 83.
96. Stalin peace prize. JDB Papers, J.23 and O.7.1.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 17
1. Bernal, J.D. (1942). The problem of the origin of life. BBC radio broadcast.
2. Pirie, N.W. (1937). The meaningless of the terms ‘life’ and ‘living’. In J. Needham and D.R. Green (eds.) Perspectives in Biochemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Astbury, W.T. (23/1/31). Letter to J.D. Bernal, JDB Papers, J.2.
4. Ibid.
5. Astbury, W.T. (3/10/32). Letter to J.D. Bernal, JDB Papers, J.2.
6. Bernal, J.D. (1951). The Physical Basis of Life. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
7. Ibid, p. 71.
8. Pirie, N.W. (1952). Vital blarney. New Biol., 12, 106–12.
9. Bernal, J.D. (1931). The crystal structure of the natural amino acids and related compounds. Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom., 78, 363–9.
10. Ibid.
11. Olby, R. (1994). The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA. Dover Publications, New York.
12. Pauling, L. (1996). The discovery of the alpha helix. Chem. Intell., 2(1), 32–8.
13. Carlisle, C.H. (1978). Serving my time in crystallography at Birkbeck. Valedictory Lecture, Birkbeck College.
14. Perutz, M.F. (1997). Science is Not a Quiet Life: Unravelling the Atomic Mechanism of Haemoglobin. World Scientific, Singapore.
15. Ibid, p. 40.
16. Ibid, p. 45.
17. Bragg, W.L. (7/2/49). Letter to J.D. Bernal. JDB Papers, J.14.
18. Pauling, L. (13/6/51). Letter to J.D. Bernal. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University.
19. Bernal, J.D. (22/6/51). Letter to L. Pauling. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University.
20. Perutz, M.F. (1998). I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21. Ibid, pp. 174–5.
22. Ibid.
23. Perutz, M.F. (1951). New X-ray evidence on the configuration of polypeptide chains. Nature, 167, 1053.
