by Andrew Brown
see also Normandy coast
Beaupré, Beautemps, 244
Bedford School, 9, 16, 20, 30, 67, 376
Belgium, 2, 175, 427
‘Belief and action’ (essay; Bernal), 273
Bell, Florence, 279
Bell, Julian, 126
Bell, Vanessa, 126
Belov, Nikolai V., 365, 446, 466
Beria, Lavrenty, 303, 308, 364, 390
Berkeley, University of California at, 356, 358, 360
Berlin airlift, 325–6, 332
Berlin peace conference (1952), 338
Berlin Wall, 420–1, 426
Bernal, Egan (son), 111, 155, 454
Bernal, Eileen Sprague (wife), 41–4, 139, 353, 454, 479
at Cambridge, 79, 137
care of Sage by, 460–1, 464, 470, 473
in London, 56–8, 64, 171
and other lovers, 155
politics of, 41–2, 59, 103, 111
and Zuckerman, 478
Bernal, Elizabeth Miller (Bessie; mother), 1, 3, 7, 152–3
criticism from, 39, 44–5
devotion to Sage of, 62, 64
money from, 61, 63–4
and Sage’s marriage, 43, 58
Bernal, Geraldine (Gigi; sister), 5–6, 34, 477
in London, 155, 175, 289
and Sage, 35, 39, 43, 62, 464
Bernal, Godfrey (Gofty; brother), 7, 39, 44, 61–2, 64
Bernal, Jane (daughter), 353, 394, 414, 452–4, 458, 461, 473
Bernal, John Desmond (Sage)
ancestors of, 1–2, 8
Catholicism of, 8, 32, 76, 93, 103, 485
childhood and youth of, 1–21
and children, 155, 193, 453–4, 488
in Combined Operations, 205–27
communism of, 76, 136, 206, 400, 485–8
on creativity, 73–4, 474
and daily chores, 33–4, 39, 44, 458
diary of, 6–7, 25, 27, 33, 38–9, 55, 57, 59, 67
domestic arrangements of, 140, 152–3, 155, 167, 327, 452, 454
early love life of, 17–18, 23, 30–1, 69
in fiction, 114–15, 147–8
on the future, 70–7, 159
illnesses of, 17, 137, 378, 398, 430, 459–61, 463–4
as lecturer at Cambridge, 62–3, 78–102
legacy of, 440, 488–9
lovers of, 41–4, 111, 115–18, 139, 159, 166, 176, 282, 327–8, 353
memoir of, 65–9
memorial service for, 477, 484
nickname of, 40
and peace movement, 412–34
at RI, 46–64
and RNA world theory, 381
scientific will of, 461
as security risk, 272, 480, 484
sexual varietism of, 56–8, 68–9, 76, 90, 113, 124, 487–8
and Soviet espionage, 113, 183–4, 407, 456
as student at Cambridge, 22–45
thesis of, 46–7, 52
travels of, 1, 3–4, 79–80, 108–11, 115–18, 259–63, 283, 383–411, 452
in World War II, 165–254
Zuckerman’s attacks on, 477–84
Bernal, Kevin (brother), 2, 4–5, 7, 15–16, 20–1, 27, 34, 61, 66, 152
Bernal, Martin (son), 140, 152–3, 167, 218, 245, 332
in China, 403–4
and Sage, 155, 193, 282, 329, 453–4, 486
Bernal, Michael (son), 64, 79, 155, 444, 454
Bernal, Samuel (father), 2–3, 21, 64
Bernal charts, 55
Bernalism, 436, 439, 450
Bernières, 244, 247–8, 252–3
Bevan, Aneurin, 287, 413–14
Bevin, Ernest, 33, 322, 333
Bhatnagar, Sir Shanti Swarup, 399
BIGOT list, 480–1
Bikini, nuclear test at (1954), 412
biological warfare, 269, 272, 338
biology, 163, 445
and chemistry, 97, 261, 439
and crystallography, 91, 102, 146–7
and liquid structure, 99, 441, 460
and Pasteur, 290–1
and physics, 95, 261, 298
and protein structure, 97, 100–1
see also molecular biology Biomedical Institute (Hungary), 389
Biomolecular Research Laboratory (Birkbeck), 275, 282, 285, 296, 361
biopoesis, 372–3, 375, 379–80
Biotheoretical Gatherings, 97, 147–8
birefringence, 101, 142, 315
Birkbeck College, 156–8, 287
and anomalous water, 448–9
computers at, 278–9, 296–7, 362
crystallography at, 297, 362, 435, 440, 455–8, 462, 466, 470
funding for, 170, 275–6, 296–7, 352, 356
molecular biology at, 275, 282, 285, 296–7, 355, 361, 451
physics at, 297, 456, 462
post-war rebuilding of, 274–83, 285–6, 296–7
protein research at, 352–4, 358
Sage’s flat at, 282, 353, 454
and Sage’s legacy, 435, 466, 473
staff at, 158, 205, 297, 389
students at, 156, 192, 439–40, 458
in Torrington Square houses, 281–2, 296–7, 355–6, 362, 436, 440, 444, 454–5, 457–8, 466
virus research at, 142, 357–9
in WWII, 167, 169, 181
Birmingham, study of, 197–200, 476
birth control, 68
Black and Tans, 28, 33–4
Blackett, Patrick, 24, 78, 111, 115, 453, 473, 478 n.
at Birkbeck, 156–8, 276, 389
and bombing strategy, 199, 201, 203–4, 476
and D-Day, 247–8, 483–4
and OR, 258–9, 263, 275
and peace movement, 268, 322–3, 327–8, 332, 338, 419, 433
politics of, 126–7, 437–9
on Sage, 162, 176, 484
as security risk, 266–7, 272, 483–4
and Tizard Committee, 188–9, 268–9
in WWII, 172–3, 215, 220–1
and Zuckerman, 484
blockships, 229, 245
Bloomsbury, 41, 56, 92, 117, 166, 208, 385
Blum, Léon, 125
Blunt, Anthony, 105, 113, 183–4
Blyth, R.C., 173
Bohr, Niels, 13, 79, 162
Bolshevism, 24, 104
see also communism; Marxism Bomb Census, 197–8, 203
Bomber Command, 192, 197, 202–3, 274, 476
performance of, 194–5, 198–9
bombing, 185–204, 264
analysis of, 188, 191–2, 194, 283
area, 201, 203, 476
casualties of, 188, 192, 199
defence against, 186–7
of factories, 190–1, 197–8
fear of, 185, 196
in jungles, 260–1
of London, 181–3, 188, 190, 194
and morale, 185, 194–5, 197–8, 200
in North Africa, 221, 223
precision, 195
and Sage’s role in D-Day, 482
statistics on, 191–2, 195
Bombing Analysis Unit, 264
bombs
flying, 264
fuses on, 178
vs. gas attacks, 133
identification of, 179–81
research on, 130–1, 135, 167–9, 173–5, 489
shock waves from, 167–8, 173, 182
and Soviet espionage, 184
unexploded (UXBs), 178–81
Booth, Andrew Donald, 276–80, 296–7, 362
Borel, Emile, 174
botany, 106, 110
and genetics, 300–1, 303
and viruses, 156, 190, 285, 358
see also Lysenko, Trofim D.; Vavilov, Nikolai I.
Botzio, Mr., 405
bourgeoisie, 103, 109, 124
Sage on, 67, 108
and science, 106–7, 154
Bradley, A.J., 60–1
Bragg, Sir William Henry, 39, 56, 149, 158, 163, 342
and crystallography, 47–51, 63, 90, 291, 458
and
Sage, 46–7, 52–3, 55, 79, 83, 151, 155
Bragg, William Lawrence, 60, 140, 156, 217, 282, 352
and crystallography, 39, 48–50, 63, 91, 157, 289, 291, 445, 458
and cyclol theory, 150–1
and DNA, 314, 354
and models, 441
and protein research, 346–7, 349
and Sage, 83, 91, 152, 295–6, 466, 484
Bragg’s Law, 50, 54
Brailsford, Noel, 26
Brains Trust (radio programme), 205–6
Brancaster, 243–4
Brave New World (Huxley), 127
Brazil, 409
Britain’s Coal (Heinemann), 327
British Air Ministry, 187
British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), 122, 309–12
British Empire, 225, 404
British Peace Committee, 332, 339, 414
British–Soviet Society, 331
Brittan, Renée, 192
bronze, structure of, 60–1, 79
Brooke, General Sir Alan, 210, 212, 217, 223, 229, 234
Brumwell, Marcus, 437–8
Bruneval Raid, 209
Buddhism, 171
Building Research Station (BRS), 283, 287
Bukharin, Nikolai, 105–7, 111, 136
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 444
Bullard, Reader, 109
Bullough, W.S., 457
Bunting, Hugh, 482
Burgess, Guy, 112–13, 183–4
Burhop, Eric, 120
Burma, 256, 259, 261–3
Burns, Emile, 305
Butt, David M., 195, 199–200
Butt Report, 195–6, 476
Butterfield, Herbert, 113
Callaghan, Jim, 437
Calvados, Bay of, 233, 241, 244, 247
Cambodia, 416
Cambridge Anti-War Council, 120
Cambridge Apostles, 31, 183
Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 296
Cambridge Left (pamphlet), 113
Cambridge Philosophical Society, 45
Cambridge Scientists Anti-War Group (CSAWG), 121–3, 132, 137, 262
and operational research, 130–1
and Spanish Civil War, 129–30
Cambridge University
communism at, 40, 104–5, 108–9, 112
crystallography at, 25, 29, 39, 62–3, 78–102, 458, 470
DSIR at, 83, 122
free love at, 41, 43, 487–8
molecular biology at, 362, 451
pacifism at, 26, 120, 487
religion at, 32, 486
Sage as lecturer at, 62–3, 78–102
Sage as student at, 22–45
Sage’s scholarship to, 14, 18–20
socialism at, 23–6, 30, 32–3, 35, 38, 40, 486–7
traditions of, 22–3
see also Cavendish Laboratory; Dunn Institute of Biochemistry
Cambridge University Socialist Society (CUSS), 25–6, 35, 40
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), 414, 422, 424
Campbell, Sir Malcolm, 242–3
Canada, 177, 217, 318, 424
and Habbakuk, 219–20, 225–8, 232, 235
in WWII, 213–14
capitalism, 103, 105, 337
and fascism, 113, 120, 326
and military, 123, 308–10, 419, 425
Sage on, 67, 124, 206, 317
and science, 106, 161–2, 307–11, 364
vs. socialism, 106, 391
US, 326, 366
Carlisle, Harry, 158, 169–70, 277, 285, 297, 472
and nucleotide research, 279–80
and protein research, 276, 345–6, 352–3
Carlsberg Laboratory (Copenhagen), 435
Carter, Edward, 176
Casa Maury, Marquis de, 208, 214
Casablanca Conference (1943), 229
Caspar, Donald, 357–8, 445, 450
Castro, Fidel, 409–11, 426, 433
Casualty Survey, 192, 196
Catholicism, 3, 6, 16, 144, 319
at Cambridge, 32, 486
vs. communism, 103, 485–6
and Sage, 8, 32, 76, 93, 103, 485
Cavendish Laboratory, 49, 90, 111, 296, 357
crystallography at, 100, 146–7, 157
and MRC, 346, 352
and politics, 46, 108, 121–2, 125
and protein research, 346–8
and Rutherford, 76, 78, 187
Cell Congress (1939), 277
cells, 165, 284
and origins of life, 373, 375, 379, 381
cellulose, 81, 83
cement, 276–7, 283–5, 297, 356, 360, 383
Ceylon, 258–60, 262, 387
Chadwick, James, 111–12, 147, 268–9, 319–20
on Cold War, 318–19
Chamberlain, Neville, 133–4
chemical bonds, 344–5
Chemical Embryology (Needham), 95
chemical industry, 438
chemical warfare, 123, 131–3, 269
research on, 130–1
chemistry, 39, 128, 156, 446
and biology, 97, 261, 439
at Birkbeck, 455–6
and crystallography, 91, 147, 156
and origins of life, 367–8, 372–5, 380, 382
Sage’s early interest in, 6, 10, 12–13, 20
Cherry, Ian, 444, 472
Cherwell, Lord, see Lindemann, Frederick Chiang Kai-shek, 256, 338
Chile, 407–10, 459
China, 182, 383, 467
agriculture in, 396, 403–4
communism in, 328, 432
economy of, 395, 399, 469
Forbidden City in, 394, 396
Great Leap Forward in, 395, 403–4
Great Wall in, 393, 396
and India, 386, 399
industrialization in, 395, 398, 404
Martin Bernal in, 403–4, 486
and nuclear weapons, 403, 415, 429–30
and peace movement, 336, 340, 422, 428–9, 461
political campaigns in, 402, 469
Sage’s visits to, 392–9, 403–4, 416
science in, 363, 392, 396–8, 435
Summer Palace in, 394–5
and US, 321, 413
and USSR, 398, 403, 411, 416–17, 426, 428–30, 469
in WWII, 256, 338
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 392–3
chirality (handedness), 289–90, 368, 371, 381
cholesterol, 92, 94–5
chromosomes, 148, 275, 279, 298–9, 358
see also DNA; genetics
Churchill, Sarah, 187
Churchill, Winston, 170, 175, 198, 267, 340, 413
and bombing strategy, 185, 187–8, 190–1, 193, 195–6, 201, 204
and CO, 210, 212
on communism, 24, 108
and D-Day, 229, 232, 238, 242, 245
and Habbakuk, 218, 223, 226, 236
‘Iron Curtain’ speech of, 270
and Lindemann, 187, 189–90, 200, 202, 218, 477
and Manhattan Project, 265–6
and Mountbatten, 213–14, 217, 228
pre-WWII, 24, 58, 119, 122, 131, 185
and Quadrant Conference, 233–4
and Sage, 208, 237
and SEAC, 259–60
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency; US), 400, 466–7
Ciba Foundation, 357, 450
civil defence, 167, 184, 193
CSAWG critiques of, 131–2
French, 173–4
research on, 130–1, 175, 190
Sage on, 134–5, 158
Civil Defence Research Committee, 135, 168–9, 178, 192
civil liberties, 122, 127, 177, 207, 340
Clarendon Laboratory (Oxford), 187–8, 202
Clark, Kenneth, 175
Clarke, Arthur C., 70
class, 75–6, 113, 207–8, 273
see also bourgeoisie; working class
class struggle, 108, 112
Claus, George, 377–8
clay minerals, 368, 381–2
> Clifford–Elsey report, 321
Cockcroft, John, 109, 111–12, 173, 215, 220
Cohn, Edwin, 166, 170
Cold War, 326, 404, 472
and atomic bomb, 321, 329–30
Chadwick on, 318–19
and Eisenhower, 340, 417
peace movement in, 337, 412–34
and Rosenbergs, 339
collagen, 385
Collins, Canon John, 422, 424, 427–8
Collins, Michael, 26–7, 33
colloids, 81–2, 102, 165
and origins of life, 368, 371, 375
Cologne, 264–5
Combined Operations (CO), 205–28, 283
and Churchill, 210, 212
and D-Day, 228, 238–9, 241, 243, 246, 483
and Habbakuk, 236
Pyke at, 211–12
and Quadrant Conference, 232
Sage’s role at, 263, 477, 479, 482
Comenius international meeting (Prague; 1957), 452
Comité de Vigilence des Intellectuels Anti-Fascistes, 125–6
Committee of, 100, 425
Committee of Imperial Defence, 188, 190
communism, 46, 103–18, 320, 327
at Birkbeck, 355, 455
at Cambridge, 40, 104–5, 108–9, 112
Chinese, 328, 432
and espionage, 183–4, 272, 407
in Hungary, 401
in India, 384
and intellectual freedom, 107–8
and nuclear weapons, 413, 425
and peace movement, 326, 332, 419, 422, 433
Polanyi on, 127–8
and pre-WWII France, 124–5
and religion, 103, 111, 485–6
of Sage, 76, 136, 206, 400, 485–8
and science, 123, 161, 487
US opposition to, 328, 340, 366, 410, 468
and US policy, 349, 432
in USSR, 193, 271, 432
and war, 123, 311
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), 112, 140, 330, 333
and Hungarian uprising, 400
and intellectual freedom, 107–8
and peace movement, 326, 332
pre-WWII, 120, 123
and Sage, 59–60, 103, 108, 124, 455
computers, 365, 395, 439
at Birkbeck, 278–9, 296–7, 362
and Booth, 276–7
data storage in, 278–9
first Xoppy discs for, 278
and information retrieval, 295
uses for, 279, 296, 444, 451
Connolly, Cyril, 171–2, 183, 205–6
Conquest, Robert, 77
construction, 283, 335, 385–6, 388
see also cement; housing
Constructivist movement, 154
Copernicus, 337
Copley Medal, 466
Corey, Robert, 344–7, 349, 441
Cornford, John, 112–13, 129, 327
Cornforth, Maurice, 108, 112
cosmic rays, 156–7, 297, 384, 389
Cousins, Norman, 428–9
Coventry, bombing of, 190–1
Coxeter, Donald, 443–4
Crawford, Virginia, 34–5, 39
Crick, Francis, 131, 163, 280, 362, 373, 450, 463
and DNA, 96, 313–15, 347, 351, 354
