22Yugoslavia Monthly Review, October 1964, p. 38; Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 635.
23Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 14.
24Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 66–7.
25Hugo Klein went on to become a well-known Zagreb psychoanalyst; Milo Budak was later an extreme right-wing Croat politician and minister of education in Pavelic’s independent state of Croatia. Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 119.
26Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 345.
27His reluctance was shared even by many committed French communist intellectuals of the time, who did not see spying as an acceptable task. For example, Henri Barbé, a leading figure in the French Communist Party, indignantly refused Jan Berzin’s proposal in Moscow in 1931 (Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 121).
28Stahl is one of the fascinating characters to have walk-on parts in the Sorge story. According to one encyclopedia of Soviet intelligence, she was born in 1885 in Rostov-on-Don and went on to marry and have children with a wealthy nobleman. The family moved to New York after the revolution and Stahl studied for a degree at Colombia University. After the death of her son in 1918 she lived in Paris and moved in Bolshevik circles. She ran a photography shop where she copied documents for Soviet intelligence. After a spell back in New York she returned to Paris from 1931–33, when she was arrested for espionage and jailed for five years. See Robert K. Baker, Rezident: The Espionage Odyssey of Soviet General Vasily Zarubin, Bloomington, 2015, chapter 5.
29Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 123.
30Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 623.
31Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 347
32Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 348.
33Whittaker Chambers, Witness, New York, 1952, p. 87. See also David J. Dallin, Soviet Espionage, New Haven, 1955, pp. 60–6.
34Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 624; introduction to Vol. 3, p. xiii; Prange interview with Vukelić’s interrogator, Ken Fuse, 22 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
35Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 628.
36Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 351.
37Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 350; Vol. 3, pp. 628–9; ‘Extracts’, Interrogation of Richard Sorge, 22 December 1941, p. 27.
38Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 94.
39Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 637; Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 7.
40Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 162; Vukelić did not use his home as a sending site until May 1938.
41‘Police Bureau Report of Sorge Case’, cited in Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 34.
42Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 308–09, 636; Japan Advertiser, 6–9 December 1933.
43Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 94.
44Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 313.
45Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 311.
46Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 315.
47‘The Sorge Spy Ring: A Case Study in International Espionage in the Far East’, in US Congressional Record, 81st Congress, First Session, Vol. 95, Part 12, Appendix, 9 February 1949, p. A711.
48Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 308, 311.
49It is also conceivable, though unlikely, that Roy was Manebendra Nath Roy, an Indian member of the Comintern who also used the name Roy – or so General Willoughby suggests (Shanghai Conspiracy, p. 54). Chalmers Johnson points out that Roy was in prison at the time (Instance of Treason, p. 94n.); also, it seems odd for a recruiter to use his real name in such a conspiratorial situation.
50Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 308, 311.
51Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 312; ‘Sorge Spy Ring’, p. A716.
52Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 308–09, 636; according to the case summary in Vol. I, p. 29, Wendt made the initial contact with both Miyagi and Vukelić. But both Miyagi’s and Sorge’s testimony (Vol. I, p. 349) indicate that the go-between with Miyagi was Vukelić.
53Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 53.
CHAPTER 8
1New York Times, 25 August 2017.
2Sorge Memoir, Pt 6, ‘Espionage of my group in Japan’, p. 137.
3Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 230.
4Herbert von Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, London, 1951, pp. 135, 142.
5Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, p. 154.
6Sorge Memoir, p. 54.
7Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 227.
8Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 57.
9Prange interviews with Araki, 6 and 11 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
10Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 61.
11Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 140.
12Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 234–5.
13Prange interviews with Araki, 6 and 11 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
14Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, p. 143.
15Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 236–7.
16Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 110.
17Founded in 1903, now the Tsingtao Brewery; Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 142.
18The Japanese, in stark contrast to their treatment of Allied prisoners during the Second World War, treated their First World War German prisoners of war with conspicuous respect.
19Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 16.
20Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 137.
21Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 69.
22Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 69.
23Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 119.
24Prange interview with Hanako, 11 January 1965, Target Tokyo. Sorge’s house succumbed to the fire bombings late in the Second World War.
25Der Spiegel, 3 August 1951, p. 28.
26Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 231; V. Kudriatsev, ‘I Meet Richard Sorge’, Izvestia, 1–7 November 1964; Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 141.
27See Hans-Otto Meissner, The Man with Three Faces, New York, 1956, p. vi.
28Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 19.
29Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 62.
30Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 230.
31Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, pp. 19–20.
32Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 125.
33Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 18.
34Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 246–7.
35Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 61–2.
36Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 308.
37Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 317.
38Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 311.
39Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 28; Vol. 2, p. 211; Vol. 3, p. 308. Miyagi recalled his initial meeting with Ozaki as being in late spring, probably May 1934.
40Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 211.
41See Johnson, Instance of Treason, p. 98.
42See English translation by Lawrence Rogers published in J. Thomas Rimer, (ed.), Patriots and Traitors, Sorge and Ozaki: A Japanese Cultural Casebook, Maine, 2009.
43Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 131–2.
44Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 106–08; Johnson, Instance of Treason, pp. 99–100.
45Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 126; Johnson, Instance of Treason, pp. 99–100. In 1951 and 1958, uncensored editions were published with Ozaki’s true byline.
46Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 108.
47Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 219–20; Vol. 1, p. 236.
48Prange interview with Mitsusada Yoshikawa, 16 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
49Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 108.
50Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, pp. 144–5.
51Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol.
1, p. 237.
52Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, pp. 145–6.
53Young, Japan’s Total Empire, pp. 31–2.
54‘Provisional Convention … concerning the junction of the Japanese and Russian Railways in Manchuria’, 13 June 1907, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Manchuria: Treaties and Agreements, Reprint Biblio Bazaar, 2009, p. 108.
55Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 237, 232. In the summer of 1938 Thomas was involved in a plot with several other disaffected German generals to capture Hitler and proclaim Germany under a military dictatorship, in an attempt to save the country from the Nazis. Later Thomas was associated with the abortive, disastrous attempt on Hitler’s life (Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis of Power, pp. 414–27, 560).
56Der Spiegel, 20 June 1951, p. 29.
57Prange interviews with Araki, 6 and 11 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
58Der Spiegel, 27 June 1951, p. 23.
59See Deutsche Architechtur Museum, ‘Ernst May 1886–1970: New Cities on Three Continents’, 2011.
60May’s plans for the city were never realised. He left the USSR in 1933, disillusioned with the socialist paradise, and went to British East Africa – now Kenya – where he created many modernist buildings.
61Guerin and Chatel, Camarade Sorge, p. 86.
62Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, Aijin Miyake Hanako no Shuki (‘The Man Sorge, Memoirs of His Mistress Miyake Hanako’), Tokyo, 1956, pp. 52–3; Prange interview with Hanako, 7 February 1965, Target Tokyo.
63Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 235.
64Aino Kuusinen, God Throws Down His Angels: Memoirs for the Years 1919–1965, Helsinki, 1972, p. 77.
65Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 79.
66Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 212; ‘Extracts’, Kawai Statement, p. 11, Record Group 319, File ID 923289, Pt 46, Box 7384.
67Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 15.
68Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 212; ‘Extracts’, Kawai Statement, p. 12.
69Sorge Memoir, Pt 7, ‘General remarks on efficiency’, p. 145.
70Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 349; Vol. 2, pp. 137, 276; also Johnson, Instance of Treason, pp. 100, 238.
CHAPTER 9
1Massing, This Deception, p. 68.
2‘Extracts’, Pt XV, Sorge’s Notes, pp. 201–03, Record Group 319, File ID 923289, Pt 37, Box 7482.
3‘Extracts’, Pt XV, Sorge’s Notes, p. 202; Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 125.
4Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 5.
5The Norwegian photographer Eirik Sundvor memorialised 1935 Soviet Moscow. Many of his photographs have been preserved in the municipal archives in Trondheim, Norway.
6Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, pp. 20, 21.
7Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 21.
8Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 27.
9Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 21.
10Jan Valtin, Out of the Night, London, 1941, p. 276.
11Mink was tried together with another American, Nicholas Sherman, and condemned to eighteen months’ imprisonment for espionage on behalf of a foreign power (New York Times, 31 July 1935). After serving his sentence Mink returned to Moscow, from where he was sent to Barcelona. Under the name of Alfred Herz he was at that time publicly charged by the anarchists as the organiser of two political murders. Having successfully fulfilled his mission in Spain, Mink was next reported, sometime in April 1938, as being on his way to Mexico. He was suspected of also playing a leading role in organising the assassination of Leon Trotsky – but if he was in Mexico at the time he managed to keep completely under cover. See A. I. Kolpakidi, and D. P. Prokhorov, Imperiya GRU, Moscow, 1999, chapter 8.
12TNA, HW 17/18, Radio Telegram London–Moscow, 18 May 1935.
13Volodarsky, Stalin’s Agent, p. 22.
14D. P. Prokhorov, Skolko Stoit Prodat’ Rodinu?, St Petersburg, 2005.
15Yu Geller, ‘On the 70th Anniversary of the Birth of S. P. Uritskii’, Krasnaya Zveda, 2 March 1965. Uritskii was killed in the Stalinist purges.
16Kolpakidi, and Prokhorov, Imperiya GRU, p. 87.
17Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 358.
18Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 27; Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 356; ‘Extracts’, Interrogation of Richard Sorge, 22 December 1941, p. 28.
19Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 27; Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 236, 361.
20Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 27; ‘Extracts’, Interrogation of Richard Sorge, 22 December 1941, p. 28.
21Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 61.
22‘Extracts’, Pt XVI, Clausen Notes, p. 246, Record Group 319, File ID 923289, Pt 37, Box 7482; ‘Extracts,’ Interrogation of Richard Sorge, 20 December 1941; Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 156.
23‘Sorge Spy Ring’, p. A709.
24Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 55–6, 437, 455–6.
25Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 55–6, 437, 455–6; ibid., pp. 36, 458.
26Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 57–8.
27Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 58.
28Clausen says April but Berzin had already resigned by that time, so either his conversation was with Berzin earlier than he remembered or indeed in April, but with Uritsky. It is much more likely that Max confused the date than the identity of his interlocutor at this life-changing confrontation.
29‘Extracts’, Pt XVI, Clausen testimony, original p. 560, Record Group 319, File ID 923289, Box 5 F8–18.
30Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 59.
31Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 62.
32Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 32.
33Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 72.
34Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 73.
35Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 29.
36Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 352–3. Sorge kept this to himself until sure his case would not be turned over to the Kempeitai.
37Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 32.
38Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 29.
39‘Extracts’, Pt XV, Sorge’s Notes, p. 201.
40‘Extracts’, Pt XV, Sorge’s Notes, p. 202.
41Massing, This Deception, pp. 67–8.
CHAPTER 10
1Meissner, Man with Three Faces, p. vi.
2Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 298; Vol. 2, p. 212.
3Prange interview with Kawai, 13 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
4Prange interview with Kawai, 13 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
5Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 398.
6Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 250.
7Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 265.
8Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 14. Chalmers Johnson wrote that Shinotsuka ‘was dropped before he learned too much’ (Instance of Treason, p. 110). Yet Shinotsuka testified that he met with Ozaki and Miyagi from around autumn 1935 to February 1941 (Toshito, ed., Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 265).
9Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 398.
10Prange interviews with Hanako, 9 and 11 January 1965; interview with Karl Keitel, son of Helmut (‘Papa’) Keitel, on Prange’s behalf, 23 March 1965, Target Tokyo.
11Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, pp. 1–10. Interviews with Hanako, 7 and 9 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
12Prange interviews with Hanako, 7 and 11 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
13Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, p. 12.
14Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, p. 13.
15Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, p. 91.
16Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, p. 13.
17Prange interview with Hanako, 9 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
18Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, pp. 14, 15.
19Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, p. 48.
20Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 64, 234.
21‘Extracts’, P
t XVI, Clausen testimony, original p. 566.
22Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 146.
23Guerin and Chatel, Camarade Sorge, p. 82.
24Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 7.
25‘Extracts’, Pt XI, Summary of Radio Communications Facilities, p. 156.
26Prange interview with Procurator Mitsusada Yoshikawa, 16 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
27‘Extracts’, interrogation of Kawai; Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, p. 104; Johnson, Instance of Treason, p. 110.
28‘Extracts’, interrogation of Kawai; Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, p. 105.
29‘Extracts’, Pt XI, Summary of Radio Communications Facilities, p. 156.
30‘Extracts’, Interrogation of Richard Sorge, 22 December 1941, p. 28; Police Report, p. 22; Johnson, Instance of Treason, p. 107.
31Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 162; ‘Extracts’, Clausen testi-mony, p. 9; Guerin and Chatel, Camarade Sorge, pp. 84–5.
32Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 3, 103.
33‘Extracts’, Pt XI, Summary of Radio Communications Facilities, p. 156. Clausen correctly guessed that ‘Wiesbaden’ was Vladivostok, but he also suggested to his interrogators that it may have been Khabarovsk or Komsomolsk-na-Amure.
34Hugh Byas, Government by Assassination, New York, 1942; 2017 edition, pp. 120–1.
35Byas, Government by Assassination, pp. 123–4.
36Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, pp. 150–52.
37Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 253.
38Byas, Government by Assassination, p. 122.
39Byas, Government by Assassination, pp. 124–5.
40Japan Times, 28 February 1936.
41Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan, New York, 1944, pp. 188–9.
42Kita’s book, A Reconstruction Programme for Japan (1919), had Marxist overtones and had long been banned. Possibly the Kita connection plus Ozaki’s hints that the uprising had an agrarian background may account for Sorge’s telling Urach that the Japanese communists might have been connected with the incident (Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 174).
43Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 253.
44Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 253, 251.
45Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 253. Unbeknown to Sorge, the Fourth Department rezident in Copenhagen, Walter Krivitsky, had also obtained a Japanese diplomatic code cipher book, allowing Soviet signals intelligence to read all the confidential telegrams that passed between Oshima and Tokyo (see Jeffery T. Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 1997, p. 89).
An Impeccable Spy Page 46
