46Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 241.
47Prange et al., Target Tokyo, p. 179.
48Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 255.
49Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, p. 256.
50John W. M. Chapman, ‘A Dance on Eggs: Intelligence and the “Anti-Comintern”’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 22, No. 2, Intelligence Services during the Second World War, April 1987, pp. 333–72.
51Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 25.
52Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, p. 156.
53Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, p. 153.
54Chapman, ‘A Dance on Eggs’, JCH. ‘In 1933, in a power struggle between Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler against Ribbentrop, the people around Ribbentrop were also closely investigated by Heydrich’s security service. The results of this investigation have not survived archival destruction. One of these individuals was Dr Friedrich Wilhelm Hack, who was arrested, interrogated, and so frightened that he left at the earliest opportunity for exile in Switzerland, where he was installed as an informant of the Japanese Navy’s intelligence service up to the end of the war in Europe. According to one Japanese source, it was discovered that he was non-Aryan; according to General Oshima, he was accused of being a homosexual, a crime under Article 175 of the German Penal Code.
55Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 248, 255.
56‘Letters between Sorge and his wife Katya’, Ogonek magazine, April 1965, p. 25.
57Hanako Ishii, Ningen Zoruge, pp. 18–19.
58Der Spiegel, 8 August 1951, pp. 25–6.
59This letter was probably one of the items Sorge carried when he made a courier-run to Peking in August 1936 (see Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 305–06; Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 5).
60Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 27.
61Alekseyev, Your Ramsay, p. 313.
62Der Spiegel, 8 August 1951, p. 28.
63Meissner, Man with Three Faces, p. vi.
64Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 451.
65Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 3.
66Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 425–6; Guerin and Chatel, Camarade Sorge, p. 84.
67Johnson, Instance of Treason, pp. iii, 113.
68Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 222, 224.
69Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 279.
70Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 279.
71Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 224. Even when Ozaki’s treason was revealed, Saionji remained a firm friend, attempting to intercede to save Ozaki from execution and insisting that his betrayal was undertaken for patriotic motives. (See Johnson, Instance of Treason, p. 113.) Saionji was among the suspected communist sympathisers arrested in the Sorge case, but he escaped with a three-year suspended sentence (‘Sorge Spy Ring’, p. A722).
72Aino Kuusinen, Before and After Stalin: A Personal Account of Soviet Russia from the 1920s to the 1960s, London, 1974, p. 117.
73Dirksen, Moscow, Tokyo, London, pp. 173–4.
74Chapman, ‘A Dance on Eggs’, JCH.
75The full text of the Anti-Comintern Pact, the accessory protocol, and the secret agreement which accompanied it appear, among other sources, in Tokyo Judgments, Vol. II, ‘Sorge Memoir’ in Willoughby, Shanghai Conspiracy, pp. 832–3.
76Grew, Ten Years in Japan, p. 191.
77Alekseyev, Your Ramsay, p. 313.
78Kuusinen, Before and After Stalin, pp. 119–20.
CHAPTER 11
1John le Carré in Encounter magazine, November 1966.
2Richard Pipes, Communism: A History, New York, p. 67.
3Marc Jansen, and Nikolai Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940, Stanford, CA, 2002, p. 42.
4Vadim Rogovin, 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror, Oak Park, MI, 1998, pp. 36–8.
5Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, p. 45.
6Courtois et al., Black Book of Communism, pp. 298–301.
7Smedley saw him for the last time in Moscow in 1934. After his execution she wrote of Chattopadhyaya: ‘He embodied the tragedy of a whole race. Had he been born in England or America, I thought, his ability would have placed him among the great leaders of his age … He was at last growing old, his body thin and frail, his hair rapidly turning white. The desire to return to India obsessed him, but the British would trust him only if he were dust on a funeral pyre.’ (Agnes Smedley, China Correspondent, London and Boston, 1943, reprint edition, 1984, p. 99).
8Edvard Radzinski, Stalin, London, 1997, p. 171.
9Leonard, Secret Soldiers of the Revolution, p. 152.
10Igor Lukes, Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Beneš in the 1930s, Oxford, 1996.
11Volodarsky, Stalin’s Agent, p. 231.
12Christina Shelton, Alger Hiss: Why He Chose Treason, New York, pp. 47–50.
13Alexander Barmine, One Who Survived, New York, 1945, pp. xi–xii.
14Chambers, Witness, p. 36.
15Boris Gudz interview, ORT television, Razvedchik, September 1999.
16Gudz interview, ORT, 1999.
17Gudz interview, ORT, 1999.
18Gudz interview, ORT, 1999.
19An exhibition on Shalamov, featuring a photograph of Gudz’s denun-ciation, was held at the Museum of Moscow in May 2017.
20Excerpts from an article by Catherine Moore, based on letters from her father, Honor Guard Howard Wills (June 1945–January 1946) http://generalmacarthurshonorguard.com.
21Prange interview with Hanako, 9 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
22Robert Whymant interview with Hanako, Stalin’s Spy, p. 89.
23Robert Whymant interview with Hanako, Stalin’s Spy, p. 90.
24Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 29.
25Almost certainly number 22 – the only large apartment house on that embankment.
26Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 27.
27Installed for the benefit of blind passengers.
28Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 30.
29Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 31.
30British embassy report: Viscount Chilston to Mr Eden, 6 February 1937, British Foreign Office Correspondence, 1937, Reel 4, Vol. 21099, p. 206.
31Chiefs of Soviet Military intelligence:Jan Berzin, 1924–April 1935Semyon Uritsky, April 1935–July 1937Jan Berzin, July 1937–August 1937Alexander Nikonov, August 1937–August 1937Semyon Gendin, September 1937–October 1938Alexander Orlov, October 1938–April 1939Ivan Proskurov, April 1939–July 1940Filipp Golikov, July 1940–October 1941Alexei Panfilov, October 1941–November 1942(source: Owen A. Lock, ‘Chiefs of the GRU 1918–46’, in Hayden B. Peake and Samuel Halpern (eds.), In the Name of Intelligence: Essays in Honor of Walter Pforzheimer, Washington, DC, 1994, pp. 353–78.)
32Fesyun, Documents, ‘The Unknown Sorge’, p. 139.
33Fesyun, Documents, ‘The Unknown Sorge’, p. 140.
34Chambers, Witness, p. 36.
35Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 62.
36Der Spiegel, 27 June 1951, pp. 23–4.
37‘Sorge Spy Ring’, p. A716.
38Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, pp. 14–15.
39Sorge Memoir, Pt 2, p. 15.
40Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 310.
41Nikolai Dolgopolov, ‘Why Stalin Didn’t Exchange Sorge’, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1 October 2015; Gudz interview, ORT.
42Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, Cambridge, MA, 2009, especially pp. 124–37.
43Steve Tsang, ‘Chiang Kai-shek’s “secret deal” at Xian and the start of the Sino-Japanese War’, Palgrave Communications, Vol. 1, 2015.
44Wang Bingyang.
45John W. Garver, ‘The Soviet Union and the Xi’an Incident [Arrest Of Chiang Kaishek, 1936]’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 26, July 1991, pp. 145–75.
46Edgar Snow, Ran
dom Notes on China, Cambridge, MA, 1957, pp. x, 21.
47Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 220.
48Sir Robert Craigie, Behind the Japanese Mask, London, 1945, p. 69.
49Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 161.
50Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ‘Emperor Hirohito on Localised Aggression in China’, Sino-Japanese Studies 4 (1), 1991, p. 15.
CHAPTER 12
1Sayle, London Review of Books, 22 May 1997.
2Der Spiegel, 1 August 1941, p. 31.
3Prange interview with Hanako, 7 January 1965, Target Tokyo.
4Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, p. 198.
5Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 5, 181.
6Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 374, 259–60.
7Meissner, Man with Three Faces, p. 159.
8Deakin and Storrey, Case of Richard Sorge, pp. 198–9.
9Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 99.
10Whymant, Stalin’s Spy, p. 102.
11Lt Col. Philip R. Faymonville, US military attaché, Moscow, ‘Comments on Statements of Fugitive Generals’, to Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, 1 August 1938 (1282319.1), quoted in Willoughby, Shanghai Conspiracy.
12Alvin D. Coox, ‘“The lesser of two hells”: NKVD general G. S. Lyushkov’s defection to Japan, 1938–1945, part I’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 11 (3), 1998, pp. 145–86.
13Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko, The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny, New York, 1981, p. 162; Asahi Shimbun, 2 July 1938; Tokyo Nichi-Nichi Shimbun, 2 July 1938
14Asahi Shimbun (Extra), 2 July 1938.
15Cipher officer Vladimir Petrov, who would later follow Lyushkov’s lead and himself defect.
16Petrov does not identify the bullying officer by name but it is clear from his description that it is Lyushkov, then commander of the Black Sea region NKVD (see Vladimir and Evdokia Petrov, Empire of Fear, London, 1956, pp. 74–5).
17Coox, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
18Blyukher, despite his German name, was in fact was born into a Russian peasant family named Gurov in the village of Barschinka in Yaroslavl Governorate. In the nineteenth century a landlord had given his father the nickname Blyukher because he resembled the famous Prussian marshal, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742–1819). Vasily Gurov – a factory worker before the First World War – formally assumed Blyukher as his surname. He joined the army of the Russian Empire in 1914 and served as a corporal until discharged in 1915 after being seriously wounded (see W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, New York, 1999; reprint 1989, p. 443).
19Alvin Coox, interviews with Nishimura Ko and Yabe Chuta, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
20In the event, Lyushkov’s family sent the telegram but did not escape. Ina Lyushkova was interrogated so brutally in the Lubyanka prison that she was brought back to her cell on a stretcher. ‘They simply tore her apart. Then they liquidated [Lyushkov’s] parents in Odessa. And all his relatives,’ a source told NKVD defector Antonov Ovseyenko (see Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko, The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny, New York, 1981, p. 162 n. 2). Also Coox interview with Yabe Chuta, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
21Coox, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
22Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 265.
23Based on Tokyo Asahi, 14 July 1938 (a.m. ed.), p. 2; New York Times, 14 July 1938, p. 13; Tokyo 13 July. Quoted in Coox, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
24Coox, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
25Coox interview with Kohtani Etsuo, ‘Lesser of two hells’, JSMS.
26‘The Battle of Lake Khasan Reconsidered’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2016, 99–109.
27Alvin Coox, Nomonhan, Stanford, 2003, p. 124.
28Quoted in Dmitri Volkogonov, Triumph and Tragedy, (‘Triumf i tragediia: politicheskii portret I.V. Stalina’), Moscow, 1989, pp. 272–3. See Hiroaki Kuromiya, ‘The Mystery of Nomonhan, 1939’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 24 (4), 2011, pp. 659–77.
29Stuart D. Goldman, Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army’s Victory that Shaped World War II, Annapolis, MD, 2012.
30Coox, Nomonhan, 2003, p. 135.
31‘O sobytiyakh v raione ozera Khasan’, Izvestiya, No. 187, 6654, 12 August 1938, p. 1.
32A. A. Koshkin, ‘Kantokuen – the Japanese Barbarossa. Why Japan did not attack the USSR’, Veche, 2011. pp. 51–7.
33Volkogonov, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 242.
34Jansen, and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, p. 145.
CHAPTER 13
1Guerin and Chatel, Camarade Sorge, pp. 37–8.
2Comrade Sorge: Documents and Memoirs, p. 22.
3Der Spiegel, 8 August 1951, p. 27.
4Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 167.
5Guerin and Chatel, Camarade Sorge, pp. 37–8.
6Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 168.
7Prange et al., Target Tokyo, chapter 23.
8Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 220.
9Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 140, 164–5.
10For a list of Ozaki’s published works, see Johnson, Instance of Treason, pp. 259–62.
11More properly called the Toa Kyodo Tai, or ‘East Asian Cooperative Body’ – but better known as ‘The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere’ in the West.
12Johnson, Instance of Treason, p. 119.
13Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 227.
14Interestingly, the South Manchuria Railway was deeply infiltrated by communists – though its not clear whether this was a factor in Ozaki being hired, since he was careful to avoid any public association with known party members. Out of approximately one thousand Investigation Department employees, about thirty were communists, overt or covert. They had organised an efficient little investigation department of their own within the official department. Among them were two former associates of Ozaki’s from Shanghai days, Ko Nakanishi and Kuraji Anzai. The aim of the department had been to collect source data for the Kwangtung Army and the General Staff in the furtherance of Japan’s expansionism. Yet the means whereby the information was gathered and evaluated came close to academic freedom. Hence the company was able to employ a number of intellectuals either blind to the dichotomy or else able to rationalise that the means justified the ends. When one Suehiro Okami joined the department, he espoused the Marxist economic theory, a decision that played an important part in forming the organisation’s policies – and presumably its recruitment of personnel. See Kodama Daizo, ‘A Secret Record: The Mantetsu Chosabu’, Chuo Koron, December 1960, pp. 192–6.
15Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, p. 175.
16‘Sorge Spy Ring’, pp. A715–16.
17‘Sorge Spy Ring’, pp. A715–16.
18Sorge Memoir, Pt 1, p. 8; Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 441, 452; ‘Sorge Spy Ring’, p. A716.
19Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 440.
20Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 433–34.
21Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, pp. 440, 435, 462.
22Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 3, pp. 156, 221–2. At this time, Sorge paid himself between 600–800 yen a month and gave 300–400 yen a month to Miyagi. Ozaki had no regular wages, although Sorge helped defray transportation and social expenses. According to Sorge, Moscow allowed him $10,000 a year, with a maximum expenditure of $1,000 each month (Toshito, ed., Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 1, pp. 478–9; Vol. 2, pp. 116–17).
23Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War, Princeton, 1961, pp. 33, 74, 115.
24Office of US Chief of Council for Prosecution of Axis Criminals, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, VII, pp. 753–4, quoted in David J. Dallin, Soviet Russia and the Far East, New Haven, 1948, p. 150.
25Coox, Nomonhan, 2003, pp. 191–2.
26Timothy Neeno, Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War, www.militaryhistoryonline.com, 2005.
28Toshito (ed.), Gendai-shi Shiryo, Vol. 2, p. 169.
29Neeno, Nomonhan.
30H. Ogi, Shihyo Nomonhan, Tokyo, 1986, pp. 318–20.
31I. Hata (ed.), Nihon Riku kaigun sogo jiten, Tokyo, 1991, p. 59.
32This testimony was published by Russian historians Teodor Gladkov and N. G. Zaitsev in 1983.
33Around 1960, when a Japanese specialist of Hungarian and Uralic languages visited Estonia to attend an academic meeting, a Soviet woman came to his hotel to enquire about Komatsubara, with whom she said she had been ‘intimate’ when he was a military attaché ‘in Estonia’ (see I. Matsumoto, Ota Kakumin to nichiro koryu Tokyo, Minerva, 2006, pp. 214–17, quoted in Kuromiya, ‘Mystery of Nomonhan, 1939’, JSMS).
34T. K. Gladkov and N. G. Zaitsev, I ia emu ne mogu ne verit …, Moscow, 1986, pp. 215–16. Komatsubara is misspelled as Kamatsubara. Gladkov repeated this in his subsequent publications: Nagrada za vernost’– kazn, pp. 247–78 (Moscow, 2000), and Artuzov Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, Moscow, 2008, p. 399.
35Vechernaya Moskva, 26 February 1929, p. 2.
36Kuromiya, ‘Mystery of Nomonhan, 1939’, JSMS.
37Dimitar Nedialkov, In the Skies of Nomonhan, Japan vs Russia, May–September 1939, 2011, Manchester, p. 144.
38G. F. Krivosheeva (ed.), Grif sekretnosti sniat: poteri Vooruzhennykh Sil SSSR v voynakh, boevykh deystviyakh i voennykh konfliktakh, Moscow, 1993, pp. 77–85.
CHAPTER 14
1Office of US Chief of Council, quoted in Dallin, Soviet Russia, p. 150.
2Otto Friedrich, City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s, Berkeley, CA, 1997, p. 24.
3Office of US Chief of Council, quoted in Dallin, Soviet Russia, p. 150.
4Hermann Rauschning, Hitler Speaks: A Series of Political Conversations with Adolf Hitler on His Real Aims, London, 2006, pp. 136–7.
5F. I. Chuev, V. H. Molotov, and Albert Resis, Molotov Remembers, Inside Kremlin Politics, Conversations with Felix Chuev, Chicago, 1991, p. 23.
An Impeccable Spy Page 47
