Death of a Nation
Page 88
1861–1888 Kaiser* Wilhelm I – King of Prussia and becomes the first German Emperor of the modern era
1888 Kaiser Friedrich III – Dies after only 100 days in power
1888–1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II – Abdicates his throne in November 1918 after Germany’s defeat in the First World War and lives out the rest of his life in exile in the Netherlands until his death in 1941
*Kaiser – translates as ‘Caesar’ or ‘Emperor’
18) List of Free Imperial cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire:
Aachen, Aalen, Augsburg, Baden, Basel, Bern, Bierbach an der Riss, Bopfingen, Bremen, Bremergarten, Bad Buchau, Cambrai, Colmar, Cologne, Dies-senhofen, Dinkelsbühl, Donauwörth, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düren, Elbing, Esslingen am Neckar, Frankfurt/Main, Frauenfeld, Fribourg, Friedberg (Hesse), Friedrichshafen, Gelnhausen, Gegenbach, Giegen, Goslar, Hagenau, Hamburg, Heilbronn, Herford, Isny im Allgäu, Kaufbeuren, Kayserberg, Kempten im Allgäu, Konstanz, Landau, Lemgo, Leutkirch im Allgäu, Lindau, Locarno, Lübeck, Lucerne, Mainz, Memmingen, Metz, Mühlhausen, Mul-house, Münster, Murten, Neuenburg am Rhine, Nordhausen, Nördlingen, Nuremberg, Obernai, Offenburg, Pfullendorf, Rapperswil-Jona, Ravensburg, Regensburg, Reutlingen, Rheinfelden, Riga, Rosheim, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Rottweil, St Gallen, Sarrebourg, Schaffhausen, Schmalkalden, Schwäbisch Hall, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schweinfurt, Schlettstadt, Soest, Solothurn, Speyer, Stein am Rhine, Strassburg, Toul, Triest, Türkheim, Überlingen, Ulm, Verden, Wirten, Wangen im Allgäu, Warburg, Weil, Weissenburg in Bayern, Wetzlar, Bad Wimpfen, Bad Windsheim, Winterthur, Weißenburg in Elsasß, Worms, Worms-Pfeddersheim, Zell am Harmersbach, Zug, Zürich.
1 Commonwealth figures are from the CWGC. German military deaths largely taken from Dr Rüdiger Overman’s recent study. For more details on sources on the figures overall, see reference note for this section.
2 No doubt other towns and historic sites will be added in the future, but these places owe much if not all of their existence to the German communities who created them over the 700-year period that they lived there.
NOTES ON APPENDICES
1 Additional note on Czech & German population stats in major urban centres in the Bohemian crown lands – Bäcker, A. Der Völkermord an den Sudetendeutschen, Vienna, 2006, p71–2 & Salfellner – Franz Kafka’s Prag – Prague – 1998, p13.
2 Why the Czechs wanted the Sudetenland – Bäcker, A. Der Völkermord an den Sudetendeutschen, Vienna, 2006, p68, 126.
3 Reichstag Election Results 1919–33 – Lee, S.J. The Weimar Republic, Abingdon, 2007, p30.
4 Bundesamt für Statistik für die Vertriebenen Wiesbaden, 1958. Reichling, G. – Die deutschen Vertrieben in Zahlen – Bonn, 1986.
5 Timeline for Official Statistical Research on German Civilian Deaths as a Result of the Expulsions (author’s summary).
6 Additional information on the German figures (see below).
7 Conclusions on the German civilian figures (author’s own).
8 Census data compiled from national censuses.
9 Emigration possibilities (author).
10 The total cost of the Second World War – Axis and Allied casualty figures and Jewish Holocaust (see below).
11 German territorial losses as a result of both World Wars (see below).
12 Stalin’s bloody terror stats (see below).
13 Famous Germans and German Jews (from the former territories) (see below).
14 UNESCO World Heritage Sites that were originally created by Germans beyond Germany/Austria’s post-war borders (see below).
15 Historical timeline.
16 List of Holy Roman Emperors.
17 List of Prussian and German Kings and Emperors.
18 List of Free Imperial cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire.
Additional references for Appendix section:
Additional information on the German figures:
Bund der Vertriebenen, Bonn.
Akademie Mitteleuropa, Bad Kissingen.
Lastenausgleich Arkive, Bayreuth.
International Red Cross.
Deutsches Rotes Kreuz.
Deutsch-Russische Landsmanschaften.
Geschichte der Rußlanddeutschen, Aulich, R. Keine Spur von Romantik: Das generationenübergreifende Schicksal der Rußlanddeutsche.
Reichling, G. Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Bonn, 1986.
Overman, R. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, German Armed Forces Military History Research Office, Oldenburg, 2000.
Jacobs, I. Freiwild: Das Schiksal deutscher Frauen 1945, Berlin, 2008.
Kossert, A. Kalte Heimat: die Geschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen nach 1945, Munich, 2008.
Knopp, G. Die Gefangenen, Munich, 2003.
Die Luftbrücke, SAT 1 Series.
Balabkins, N. Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Consequences of Industrial Disarmament 1945–48, RUP, 1964.
Wiggers, R.D. The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians After WWII, New York, 2000.
Botting, D. In the Ruins of the Reich, Hemel Hempstead, 1985.
de Zayas, A.M. A Terrible Revenge, New York, 1994.
Rummel, R.J. Death by Government, 2009.
Clay, L. Decisions on Germany, New York, 1950.
Baedeker, Deutschland in einem Band, Leipzig, 1913.
For Second World War stats:
Bundesamt für Statistik der Vertriebenen, Wiesbaden, 1958.
Reichling, G. Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Bonn, 1986.
Bund der Vertriebenen Stats.
German Census data 1939 and 1946.
Overman, R. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg, German Armed Forces Military History Research Office, Oldenburg, 2000.
Commonwealth Graves Commission (CWGC).
Hastings, M. Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45.
Beevor, A. Stalingrad, Berlin: The Downfall, 1945 and various.
German territorial losses as a result of both world wars: Baedeker 1913 – Leipzig, Willmott, H.P., Bäcker, A., plus regional guides.
Stalin Bloody Terror stats:
Medvedev, R. Daily Telegraph, 24 Nov 1988 & various.
Famous Germans & German Jews and UNESCO World Heritage Sites now beyond Germany’s border:
Kossert, A. Kalte Heimat: die Geschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen nach 1945, Munich, 2008, p343, 336 and various.
Notes
PREFACE/HISTORIOGRAPHY/INTRODUCTION
1
Tony Judt – Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 – London, 2007, p799
2
Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen – Diary of a Man in Despair – London, 2000, p69–70
3
Charles Roy – Vanished Kingdom – New York, 2000, p5
4
Matthias Mattusek – Wir Deutschen – Berlin, 2006, p17
5
Lawrence Rees – Interview http://www.historynet.com/july-2009-laurence-rees.htm – book review of Behind Closed Doors
6
Hagen Schulze – Germany: A New History – Canada, 1998, pvii–viii
7
Robert Vansittart – Black Record: Germans Past and Present – London, 1941
8
A.J.P. Taylor – The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of Germany since 1815 – OUP, 1948
9
A.J.P. Taylor – The Struggle for Mastery in Europe – Oxford, 1954
10
David Blackbourne & Geoff Eley – The Peculiarity of German History – London, 1984
11
Michael Stürmer – Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 16.08.1986 & from ‘In a Land Without History’ & Andreas Hilgruber – Zweierlei Untergang: Die Zerschlagung des Deutschen Reiches und das Ende des europäischen Judentums – Munich, 1986
12
Richard J. Evans – The Coming of the Third Reich – London – 2003 & Ian Kershaw – Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis – London, 2000
13
Daniel Goldhagen – Hitler’s Willing Ex
ecutioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust – London, 1996
14
Heribert Seifert – quoted in Lothar Kettenacker – Ein Volk von Opfern? – Berlin, 2003, p153
15
Steven Ozment – A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People 100 BC to the 21st Century – London, 2004, p8 & 14
16
A.C. Grayling – Among the Dead Cities – London, 2006, p280
17
Robert Cole – A Traveller’s History of Germany – London, 2006, p1
CHAPTER 1: THE EARLY GERMANS: FROM BARBARIANS AT THE GATES OF ROME TO HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS
Germania/The Great Migration of the Germanic Tribes
1
Tacitus – Germania, Ed J.B. Rives – Oxford, 1999, Chapter 1
2
Malcom Todd – The Early Germans – Oxford, 2nd Edition 2004, p45
3–5
Peter Arens – Sturm über Europa – Berlin, 2002, p65, 72 & Manfred Clauss – Die Römischen Kaiser – Munich, 2000, p16
6–7
Peter Arens – Sturm über Europa – Berlin, 2002, p83, 88
8
Matthias Mattusek – Wir Deutschen – Berlin, 2006, p171
9
Tacitus, Armenius, Liberator of Germans
10
Sir Hugh Trevor Roper – Hitler’s Table Talk – Oxford, 1988, p253, 486
11
Peter Heather – The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians – Oxford, 2007
12
Hans Ulrich Rolf and Vadim Oswalt – Taschen Atlas – Gotha, 2006, p15
13
Rosamond McKitterich – The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians – London, 1983
14
Peter Arens – Sturm über Europa – Berlin, 2002, p190–191
15
Hans Ulrich Rolf and Vadim Oswalt – Taschen Atlas – Gotha, 2006, p12–16
16
Peter Arens – Sturm über Europa – Berlin, 2002, p174
17
Niall Ferguson, The War of the Worlds: History’s Age of Hatred – London, 2006, p44
18
The Seven Ages of Britain – Channel 4 Series with Bettany Hughes – Saxon DNA Evidence
19
Malcom Todd – The Early Germans – Oxford, 2nd Edition 2004, p195 & Peter Arens – Sturm über Europa – Berlin, 2002, p217
20
Robert Cole – A Traveller’s History of Germany – London, 2005, p6
21
James Edward – The Franks – London, 1988, p56
22–23
Peter Arens – Sturm über Europa – Berlin, 2002, p181 & 227
24
Michael Mass – The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian – Cambridge, 2005, p113–36
25
Hans Ulrich Rolf and Vadim Oswalt – Taschen Atlas – Gotha, 2006, p18
26
Steven Ozment – A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People 100 BC to the 21st Century – London, 2004, p40 & Hagen Schulze – Germany: A New History – Canada, 1998, p17
27
Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich: Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 2005, p3 and 17 & City Guide – Aachen
*Additional sources/recommended reading:
Decimus Maximus Ausonius – Mosella and Opera – H Scheckle & Jordanes – The Sagas
Edward Gibbon – The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – London (1776), 1993
Various city guides including: Cologne city guide, Mainz city guide, Aachen & Sights of Ravenna – from UNESCO World Heritage sites
Judith A. Green – The Aristocracy of Norman England – Cambridge, 1997
Richard Humble – The Saxon Kings – London, 1980
Simon Schama – A History of Britain – BBC Series – London, 2003
D. Mackay and H.M. Scott – The Rise of the Great Powers 1615–1815 – London, 1984
CHAPTER 2: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE FIRST REICH: ‘THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE OF THE GERMAN NATION’
The Legacy of Charlemagne’s 1,000-Year Reich/The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in an Era before the Nation State/What Kind of State was the Holy Roman Empire?
1
Jon Fosberry – Criminal Justice Through the Ages – London, 1993, p48– 52
2–4
Steven Ozment – A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People 100 BC to the 21st Century – London, 2004, p42, 47, 49 & Günter Steinbach
5
Hagen Schulze – Germany: A New History – Canada, 1998, p19
6
Norman Davies – The Isles – Oxford, 1999, pxli
7–8
Hagen Schulze – Germany: A New History – Canada, 1998, p20–21
9
Mary Fulbrook – A Concise History of Germany – Cambridge, 2008, p26
10
Hagen Schulze – Germany: A New History – Canada, 1998, p45
11
Peter Munz – Frederick Barbarossa: A Study in Medieval Politics – London, 1969
12
Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich: Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 2005, p188, 187 & Bernd Schneidmüller – Die Kaiser des Mittelalters von Karl dem Großen bis Maximillian I – Munich, 2006, p118
13
Malcom Todd – The Early Germans – Oxford, 2nd Edition 2004, p242
14
Bernd Schneidmüller – Die Kaiser des Mittelalters von Karl dem Großen bis Maximillian I – Munich, 2006, p105–6
15
Hagen Schulze – Germany: A New History – Canada, 1998, p49
16
Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich: Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 2005, p188, 187 & Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p12
17
Bernd Schneidmüller – Die Kaiser des Mittelalters von Karl dem Großen bis Maximillian I – Munich, 2006, p118–9 & Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p7–8 & Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich, Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 2005, p2
18
Hans Ulrich Rolf and Vadim Oswalt – Taschen Atlas – Gotha, 2006, p26
19–20
Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p17, 31, 110
21
Mary Fulbrook – A Concise History of Germany – Cambridge, 2008, p27 & with ref to Kreistage & coinage The Economist 22 Oct 2012 ‘The Holy Roman Empire and the Euro crisis’ p40–1
22
Günter Steinbach – Europas Unruhiges Herz – Vienna, 2003, p11–29
23
Bernd Schneidmüller – Die Kaiser des Mittelalters von Karl dem Großen bis Maximillian I – Munich, 2006 – p105
24
Frankfurt – Zentrum Deutscher Reichsgeschichte – Frankfurt, 1981
25
Arthur Moeller van den Bruck – Das Dritte Reich – Berlin, 1923
26
Bernd Schneidmüller – Die Kaiser des Mittelalters von Karl dem Großen bis Maximillian I – Munich, 2006 – p118–9 & Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p7–8 & Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich: Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 2005, p2
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation: Hubris and Nemesis/The Break-up of the Empire and the Rise of Nations/The French Push on the Rhine and the Destruction of the Holy Roman Empire
1
Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich: Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 200
5, p199
2
M. Seidel – The Colombia World of Quotations – New York, 1996
3
Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p52
4
Hans Ulrich Rolf and Vadim Oswalt – Taschen Atlas – Gotha, 2006, p75
5–6
Klaus Herbers and Helmut Neuhaus – Das Heilige Römische Reich: Schauplätze einer tausend jährigen Geschichte – Cologne, 2005, p200, 204 & Barbara Stollberg–Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittlealters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p59
7
Andrew Wheatcroft – Infidels: The Conflict between Christendom and Islam 638–2002 – London, 2003, p195
8
Jonathan Israel – The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall 1477–1806 – Oxford, 1995
9
Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittlealters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p73
10
Andrew Wheatcroft – Infidels: The Conflict between Christendom and Islam 638–2002 – London, 2003, p154–55
11–18
Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger – Das Heilige Römisch Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittlealters bis 1806 – Munich, 2006, p76–111