iGen

by Jean M. Twenge

  the wages of Americans: The rising cost of not going to college. Pew Research Center, February 11, 2014.

  The average student graduating: Aimee Picchi. Congrats, class of 2016: You’re the most indebted yet. CBS MoneyWatch, May 4, 2016. Jillian Berman. Class of 2015 has the most student debt in U.S. history. MarketWatch, May 9, 2015.

  A report by the advertising firm: Alex Williams. Move over, Millennials, here comes Generation Z. New York Times, September 18, 2015.

  “Millennials are realizing”: Rob Asghar. Study: Millennials are the true entrepreneur generation. Forbes, November 11, 2014.

  iGen’ers are actually less likely: Campbell, S. M., Campbell, W. K., & Twenge, J. M. (in press). Bright and fuzzy lines: Making sense of the differences between generations. Work, Aging, and Retirement.

  A Wall Street Journal analysis: Ruth Simon and Caelainn Barr. Endangered species: Young U.S. entrepreneurs. Wall Street Journal, January 2, 2015. Maria Hollenhorst. Millennials want to be entrepreneurs, but a tough economy stands in their way. NPR, September 26, 2016.

  “Every time I see it”: Erik Hurst. Video killed the radio star: How games, phones, and other tech innovations are changing the labor force. Chicago Booth Review, September 1, 2016. Derek Thompson. The free-time paradox in America. The Atlantic, September 13, 2016.

  Hurst found a simple answer: Hurst. Video killed the radio star.

  However, as women make up 57%: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics.

  female physicians make $20,000 a year less: Catherine Saint Louis. Dr. Paid Less: An old title still fits female physicians. New York Times, July 11, 2016.

  At 25% of the population: Ninety-two percent of GenZ teens own or plan to own a vehicle, according to Autotrader, Kelley Blue Book study. Autotrader press release, March 16, 2016.

  A 2016 survey: Ibid.

  In 2016, Harper’s Bazaar ran an article: Kerry Pieri. The jean scene: The 12 coolest trends in denim now. Harper’s Bazaar, March 17, 2016.

  The British writer Rachael Dove: Rachael Dove. Charting the rise of Generation Yawn: 20 is the new 40. Telegraph, August 31, 2014.

  Compared to Millennials recalling: John Beltz Snyder. Millennials don’t want cars, but Generation Z does. Autoblog, March 16, 2016.

  Of all the generations, Millennials: Waggle Dance Marketing Research, Spring 2016 Snacking survey, waggledance-marketing.com.

  Chapter 8: Indefinite

  “Our 20s are meant”: Leigh Taveroff. 8 reasons why relationships in your 20s just don’t work. TodaysLifestyle.com, May 21, 2015.

  In 2015, a Vanity Fair article: Nancy Jo Sales. Tinder and the dawn of the “dating apocalypse.” Vanity Fair, September 2015.

  iGen’ers’ and Millennials’ attitudes toward sex: Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2015). Changes in American adults’ sexual behavior and attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44, 2273–2285.

  Boomer women born in the 1940s: Wells, B. E., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Changes in young people’s sexual behavior and attitudes, 1943–1999: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology 9, 249–261.

  When Peggy Orenstein interviewed teens: Orenstein, P. (2016). Girls & sex: Navigating the new landscape. New York: Harper.

  more young adults are not having sex at all: Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (in press). Sexual inactivity during young adulthood is more common among U.S. Millennials and iGen: Age, period, and cohort effects on having no sexual partners after age 18. Archives of Sexual Behavior.

  a Los Angeles Times news story: Melissa Batchelor Warnke. Millennials are having less sex than any generation in 60 years: Here’s why it matters. Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2016.

  “Sex . . . [is] not something”: Brogan Driscoll. Five “sexually inactive” Millennials on why they aren’t having sex. Huffington Post, May 8, 2016.

  one study found that teen births: Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2014). Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV’s 16 and Pregnant on teen childbearing. NBER Working Paper No. 19795. Jacque Wilson. Study: MTV’s “16 and Pregnant” led to fewer teen births. CNN.com, January 13, 2014.

  “There are just so many risks”: Driscoll. Five “sexually inactive” Millennials on why they aren’t having sex.

  “I would do really graphic sexting”: Orenstein. Girls & sex.

  One study found that the teen birthrate: Guldi, M., & Herbst, M. (2015). Offline effects of online connecting: The impact of broadband diffusion on teen fertility decisions. IZA Discussion Paper no. 9076. Internet access and the decline in teen childbearing. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, September 9, 2015.

  As a Washington Post article: Danielle Paquette and Weiyi Cai. Why American teenagers are having much less sex. Washington Post, July 22, 2015.

  Claudia, 19, told the Washington Post: Tara Bahrampour. “There isn’t really anything magical about it”: Why more Millennials are avoiding sex. Washington Post, August 2, 2016.

  Indiana University Southeast student Jennifer: Sales. Tinder and the dawn of the “dating apocalypse.”

  “Maybe Netflix has replaced sex?”: Driscoll. Five “sexually inactive” Millennials on why they aren’t having sex.

  when the sociologist Lisa Wade interviewed: Wade, L. (2017). American hookup: The new culture of sex on campus. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

  watching a porn video in the last year: Price, J., Patterson, R., Regenerus, M., & Walley, J. (2016). How much more XXX is Generation X consuming? Evidence of changing attitudes and behaviors related to pornography since 1973. Journal of Sex Research 53, 12–20.

  As early as 2005: Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics 119, 247–257.

  Noah Patterson, 18: Bahrampour. “There isn’t really anything magical about it.” (Version on the Hartford Courant website.)

  A 2016 Time magazine cover story: Belinda Luscombe. Porn and the threat to virility. Time, March 31, 2016.

  As Wade told Minnesota Public Radio: Sex? More millennials are saying “meh.” Minnesota Public Radio, August 18, 2016.

  “I have students who say”: Orenstein. Girls & sex.

  “I question the assumption”: Flannery James. Love isn’t always worth the risk (letter to the editor). Columbia Spectator, February 2, 2016.

  “There’s this idea now”: Orenstein, Girls & sex.

  “Like your boyfriend could have been”: Sales, N. J. (2016). American girls: Social media and the secret lives of teenagers. New York: Knopf.

  “Being sober makes it seem”: Ibid.

  One study found that the average college hookup: Ibid. Online College Social Life Survey, http://www.nyu.edu/projects/england/ocsls.

  In American Hookup, one college woman: Wade. American hookup.

  One website offered “32 Signs”: Danielle Pryor. 32 signs you’re catching feelings for your f*ck buddy. Pucker Mob.

  Another website for college students: The relationship game: How to avoid catching feelings for someone. College Times.

  “The worst thing you can get called”: Sex? More millennials are saying “meh.”

  Ghosting, wrote Columbia University: Madison Ailts. The haunting reality of ghosting. Columbia Spectator, April 7, 2016.

  As Kate Hakala wrote on Mic.com: Kate Hakala. 20-somethings have invented a new relationship status, and it’s called “dating partner.” Mic.com, February 20, 2015.

  Two recent surveys found: Wade. American hookup.

  “There’s this disconnect”: Sex? More millennials are saying “meh.”

  As a 19-year-old put it: Sales. American girls.

  when Barnard College student Melyssa Luxenberg: Ariela Martin. Engaged at 20: Meet Melyssa, BC ’18. Columbia Spectrum, December 1, 2015.

  US marriage rate: Lois M. Collins. U.S. marriage rate hits new low and may continue to decline. Deseret News, May 20, 2015.

&nb
sp; Percentage of 18- to 29-year-olds: Lydia Saad. Fewer young people say I do—to any relationship. Gallup, June 8, 2015.

  Take Louis Tomlinson: Louis Tomlinson is going to be a dad! One Direction star expecting baby with Briana Jungwirth. People, July 14, 2015.

  Women’s ages at reproductive milestones: Finer, L. B., & Philbin, J. M. (2014). Trends in ages at key reproductive transitions in the United States, 1951–2010. Women’s Health Issues 24, 271–279.

  by 2016, Tomlinson and Jungwirth: Kathleen Harper. Louis Tomlinson & Briana Jungwirth custody battle: She doesn’t want his GF near Freddie. Hollywood Life, June 30, 2016.

  after rising for decades: Births: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports, December 23, 2015.

  Chapter 9: Inclusive

  Snickers tweeted a picture: Jarry Lee. 32 of the best brand tweets celebrating marriage equality. Buzzfeed, June 26, 2015.

  As the country singer Kacey Musgraves: Sam Lansky. Kacey Musgraves takes twang into the 21st century. Time, June 18, 2015.

  The 2000s and 2010s ushered in: Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2015). Changes in American adults’ sexual behavior and attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44, 2273–2285. Twenge, J. M., Carter, N. T., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). Time period, generational, and age differences in tolerance for controversial beliefs and lifestyles in the U.S., 1972–2012. Social Forces 94, 379–399.

  Anthony Liveris, the vice president: Cody Permenter. Millennials react to same-sex marriage cases. USA Today, March 27, 2013.

  the number of young women: Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2016). Changes in American adults’ reported same-sex sexual experiences and attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior 45, 1713–1730.

  Raven-Symoné said: Rachel McRady. Raven-Symone: I don’t want to be labeled as gay or African American. Us Weekly, October 6, 2014.

  Miley Cyrus says she’s had relationships: Sierra Marquina. Miley Cyrus reveals she’s had relationships that weren’t “straight, heterosexual.” Us Weekly, May 6, 2015.

  In January 2017, National Geographic featured Avery: Susan Goldberg. Why we put a transgender girl on the cover of National Geographic. National Geographic, January 2017.

  Looking up the definition: Michelle Ruiz. Jazz Jennings: The transgender teen and wannabe mermaid the Internet needs. Cosmopolitan, June 8, 2015.

  Will Smith’s son Jaden: Amy Zimmerman. Miley Cyrus and Jaden Smith’s “gender fluid” revolution. Slate.com, June 18, 2015.

  College senior Justice Gaines: Mei Novak. Schoolwork, advocacy place strain on student activists. Brown Daily Herald, February 18, 2016.

  Others prefer to use “they”: Zimmerman. Miley Cyrus and Jaden Smith’s “gender fluid” revolution.

  more and more Americans agreed: Donnelly, K., Twenge, J. M., Clark, M. A., Shaikh, S., Beiler-May, A., & Carter, N. T. (2016). Attitudes toward women’s work and family roles in the United States, 1976–2013. Psychology of Women Quarterly 40, 41–54.

  sociologists David Cotter and Joanna Pepin: Cotter, D., & Pepin, J. (2017) Trending towards traditionalism? Changes in youths’ gender ideology. Council on Contemporary Families. https://contemporaryfamilies.org/2-pepin-cotter-traditionalism/.

  “All that crap about people’s race”: Toni Monkovic. Lasting damage for G.O.P.? Young voters reject Donald Trump. New York Times, March 24, 2016.

  Men driving by: Susan Svrluga. What the student body president did after he was called the N-word—again. Washington Post, September 16, 2015.

  At Clairmont McKenna College in California: Julie Zellinger. These students were told they don’t fit their college’s “mold”—but they’re fighting back. Mic.com, November 13, 2015.

  in a 2016 Pew Research Center poll: Juliana Menasche Horowitz and Gretchen Livingston. How Americans view the Black Lives Matter movement. Pew Research Center, July 8, 2016.

  One University of Wisconsin student: Daniel Kershner. Eneale shares “L.I.F.E.” inspirations. Daily Cardinal, March 31, 2016.

  When Rutgers University student Yvanna Saint-Fort: Yvanna Saint-Fort. Be unapologetic about who you are. Daily Targum, April 26, 2016.

  In a survey of 14- to 24-year-olds: Jamelle Bouie. Why do millennials not understand racism? Slate.com, May 16, 2014. Links to 2014 MTV/David Binder Research Study. Sean McElwee. Millennials are more racist than they think. Politico Magazine, March 9, 2015.

  The Pew Research Center found that 40%: Jacob Poushter. 40% of Millennials OK with limiting speech offensive to minorities. Pew Research Center, November 20, 2015.

  When two white fraternity brothers: Allie Bidwell. Racist fraternity chant learned during leadership cruise. U.S. News & World Report, March 27, 2015. Eliott C. McLaughlin. “Disgraceful” University of Oklahoma fraternity shuttered after racist chant. CNN.com, March 10, 2015.

  “Speech is powerful”: Lee Ross. Westboro funeral pickets are protected speech, high court rules. Fox News, March 2, 2011.

  A Latino student was offended: Campbell, B., & Manning, J. (2014). Microaggression and moral cultures. Comparative Sociology 13, 692–726.

  Students at Oberlin College complained: Justin Wm. Moyer. Oberlin College sushi “disrespectful” to Japanese. Washington Post, December 21, 2015.

  A Colorado College student was suspended: Katie Barrows. Colorado College suspends student for two years for six-word joke on Yik Yak. FIRE: Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, December 7, 2015. Courtney Such. College suspends student for six months for saying black women are “not hot.” The College Fix, December 14, 2015.

  A faculty member at the University of Kansas: Scott Jaschik. A class implodes over race. Inside Higher Ed, November 23, 2015.

  As sophomore Rachel Huebner wrote: Rachel Huebner. A culture of sensitivity. Harvard Crimson, March 23, 2016.

  In 2013, the US Departments of Justice and Education: Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt. The coddling of the American mind. The Atlantic, September 2015.

  As Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt’s: Ibid.

  Students at Smith College demanded: Abby Phillip. One of the most powerful women in the world won’t speak at Smith College after protests. Washington Post, May 12, 2014.

  Rutgers protesters prompted Condoleezza Rice to cancel: Emma G. Fitzsimmons. Condoleezza Rice backs out of Rutgers speech after student protests. New York Times, May 3, 2014.

  students at Brandeis blocked Ayaan Hirsi Ali: Brandeis withdraws honorary degree for Islam critic Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Associated Press, April 9, 2014.

  President Obama weighed in: Sam Sanders. Obama warns campus protestors against urge to “shut up” opposition. NPR, December 21, 2015.

  The political scientist April Kelly-Woessner: April Kelly-Woessner. How Marcuse made today’s students less tolerant than their parents. Heterodox Academy, September 23, 2015.

  In a 2015 survey, 35%: Michael McGough. Sorry, kids, the 1st amendment does protect “hate speech.” Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2015.

  The activism soon took a turn: Justin Wm. Moyer, Michael E. Miller, and Peter Holley. Mass media professor under fire for confronting video journalist at Mizzou. Washington Post, November 10, 2015.

  When UC Irvine law professors: Howard Gillman and Erwin Chemerinsky. Don’t mock or ignore students’ lack of support for free speech. Teach them. Los Angeles Times, March 31, 2016.

  Comedians such as Chris Rock say: Caitlin Flanagan. That’s not funny! Today’s college students can’t seem to take a joke. The Atlantic, September 2015.

  Buzzfeed posted a photo project: Heben Nigatu. 21 racial microaggressions you hear on a daily basis. Buzzfeed, December 9, 2013.

  “What haunts me”: Princess Ojiaku. All snowflakes look the same. Pacific Standard, February 28, 2015.

  individuals who experience more microaggressions: D. W. Sue. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. New York: Wiley.

  In the MTV survey: Bouie. Why do millennials not understand racism?

  Chapter 10: Independent
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  In a poll of Democratic voters: Ronald Brownstein. The great Democratic age gap. The Atlantic, February 2, 2016.

  As late as mid-July 2016: Rebecca Savransky. Poll: Nearly half of Sanders’s millennial supporters would vote third-party. The Hill, July 14, 2016.

  Among white voters 18 to 29: The 2016 youth vote: Youth vote choice by race & ethnicity. CIRCLE: The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, http://civicyouth.org/quick-facts/youth-voting.

  Two months before the election: Twenge, J. M., Honeycutt, N., Prislin, R., & Sherman, R. A. (2016). More polarized but more independent: Political party identification and ideological self-categorization among U.S. adults, college students, and late adolescents, 1970–2015. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, 1364–1383.

  In August 2016, USA Today predicted: Susan Page and Fernanda Crescente. Young voters flee Donald Trump in what may be historic trouncing, poll shows. USA Today, August 14, 2016.

  In 2014, the Washington Post announced: Chris Cillizza. Republicans’ young-people problem. Washington Post, March 9, 2014.

  Boomers were shocked: Molly Roberts. Why Millennials are yawning at the likely first female major-party nominee for president. Washington Post, June 7, 2016.

  Eighteen-year-old Josephine Sicking: Charlotte Alter. Women support Hillary Clinton by large margins. But they’re no monolith. Time, July 21, 2016.

  In an October 2016 poll: Cohen, C. J., Luttig, M. D., & Rogowski, J. C. (2016). Understanding the Millennial vote in 2016: Findings from GenForward. A survey of the Black Youth Project with the AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. PDF report available on the GenForward website.

  How would you feel: Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly 76, 405–431.

  “Dear White Millennials”: Tiffany Onyejiaka. To the white Millennials who voted for Donald Trump. Huffington Post, November 10, 2016.

  In a 2016 poll: Partisanship and political animosity in 2016: Highly negative views of the opposing party—and its members. Pew Research Center, June 22, 2016.