Yasuke: In Search of the African Samurai
Page 42
Selected Bibliography
Andrade, Tonio. Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
Berry, Mary Elizabeth. Hideyoshi. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1989.
Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1948.
Cocks, Richard. Diary of Richard Cocks, Cape-Merchant in the English Factory in Japan, 1615–1622. Volume 1. Edited by E. M. Thompson. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1883.
Curvelo, Alexandra. Nanban Folding Screen Masterpieces: Japan-Portugal XVIIth Century. Paris: Editions Chandeigne, 2015.
De Sousa, Lúcio. The Early European Presence in China, Japan, The Philippines and Southeast Asia (1555–1590)—The Life of Bartolomeu Landeiro. Macao: Macao Foundation, 2010.
De Sousa, Lúcio. Daikokaijidai no nihonjin dorei (Japanese slaves of the Maritime Age). Tokyo: Chuko Sosho, 2017.
Elison, George. Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Fujita, Niel. Japan’s Encounter with Christianity: The Catholic Mission in Pre-Modern Japan. New York: Paulist Press, 1991.
Hawley, Samuel. The Imjin War: Japan’s Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Conquistador Press, 2014.
Hesselink, Reinier. The Dream of Christian Nagasaki: World Trade and the Clash of Cultures, 1560–1640. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2016.
Iwai, Miyoji. Kamei Ryukyunokami (Kamei Lord of Ryukyu). Tokyo: Kadokawa, 2006.
Kaufmann, Miranda. Black Tudors: The Untold Story. London: Oneworld, 2017.
Nakajima, Gakusho. “Invasion of Korea and Trade with Luzon: Katō Kiyosama’s scheme of Luzon trade in the late 16th century.” In The East Asian Mediterranean-Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce, and Human Migration, edited by Angela Schottenhammer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008.
Onyeya, Nubia. Blackamoores: Africans in Tudor England, their Presence, Status and Origins. London: Narrative Eye, 2013.
Ōta, Gyūichi (J. S. A. Elisonas & J. P. Lamers, Trs. and Eds.). The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2011.
Otsuki, Fumihiko. Daigenkai. Tokyo: Fusanbou, 1935.
Rodrigues, João. Vocabulário da Lingoa de Iapam. Nagasaki: The Society of Jesus, 1603.
Screech, Timon. “The Black in Japanese Art: From the beginnings to 1850.” In The Image of the Black in African and Asian Art, edited by David Bindman and Suzanne Preston Blier, 325–340. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.
Suzuki, Akira. Ishinzengou—sufinkusu to 34 nin no samurai (Before and After the Meiji Restoration—the Sphinx and the 34 Samurai.) Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1988.
Turnbull, Stephen. The Samurai: A Military History. London: Routledge, 1977.
Chapter 24
Manga and anime: Manga as an art form can trace its history back to the twelfth century and in its premodern form to the eighteenth or early nineteenth century. Manga may represent the first graphic novels of the type we would find recognizable today. By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at $6 to $7 billion annually, but it had also managed to make significant strides overseas, with the French market alone valued at around $569 million in 2005. In the rest of Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $250 million in 2012. And in 2008, the US and Canada market was valued at $175 million. As such it can be considered one of Japan’s most successful cultural exports in the modern age, and this success means that it is not now only a Japanese art form, but also a global one, with artists from every continent taking part. The word anime derives from the French word for animation, and refers to the moving picture variety of the comic form. The iconic movies of Miyazaki have traditionally been held to be part of this art form, but Miyazaki himself derided anime, describing it as “animators lacking motivation and with mass-produced, overly expressionistic products relying upon a fixed iconography of facial expressions and protracted and exaggerated action scenes but lacking depth and sophistication in that they do not attempt to convey emotion or thought.” Anime, however, has produced many worldwide cultural phenomenons such as One Piece, Naruto, Sailor Moon, the Power Rangers and Pokémon.
Daigenkai: Daigenkai, the poetically named “Great Word Sea,” was probably the first scholarly attempt to scientifically approach the Japanese language in the same manner as was becomingly increasingly common for European languages in the 1880s. The Oxford English Dictionary was in development at the same time. It was a project of its time and place in history, when the Japanese world was putting a massive amount of energy into both understanding new disciplines, and also reconciling them with prior traditions to form a balance in society and preserve Japan as Japan and not some mere superficial realm copied from outside influences. This effort was no mere lip service—a whole massive and proud nation of tens of millions of people threw themselves wholeheartedly into seeking this balance, from farmers seeking more nutritious cash crops and meat production in foreign methodology, to artists who created globally iconic and phenomenal movements, to constitutional lawyers creating entirely new and revolutionary legal codes. Daigenkai, and its shorter predecessor Genkai, was part of this brave new world. It was written by Ōtsuki Fumihiko, who descended from a long line of scholars of “Western” learning and advisors to the Tokugawa shoguns. His father was an expert in gunnery and in his teens, he himself was involved in the cataclysmic Boshin War of 1867/1868 which ushered in the Meiji Imperial Restoration and the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. Ōtsuki was a lexogographer, linguist and grammarian whose modern linguistic studies revolutionised understanding of the Japanese language, turning it from an art to a scientific discipline. Although Ōtsuki paid for the original publication expenses himself, it was soon republished and expanded in commercial editions that went through over a thousand printings. Modeled in part on Western monolingual dictionaries, Genkai gave not only basic information about words—their representations in Japanese characters and their definitions in Japanese—but also pronunciations and etymologies and historical citations of their use. Its successor, the four-volume Daigenkai, though published under Ōtsuki’s name and based in part on his work, appeared some years after his death and was completed by other lexicographers. It is from these epic works that we know of Kurobo as an epithet and its origins. And furthermore, the example which gives useful information on Yasuke’s story about Shikano in Inaba Province.
Selected Bibliography
Amano, Sumiki. Momoyama biito toraibu (Momoyama Beat Tribe). Tokyo: Shueisha, 2010.
Cardim, Antonio Francisco. Elogios, e ramalhete de flores borrifado com o sangue dos religiosos da Companhia de Iesu, a quem os tyrannos do imperio do Iappão tiraraõ as vidas por odio da fé catholica (Praises, and Bouquets of Flowers Sprinkled with Jesuit Blood, to Those Whom the Japanese Tyrants Kill Through Hatred of the Catholic Faith). Lisbon: Manoel da Sylua, 1650.
Crasset, Jean. Historie de l’eglise du Japon (History of the Japanese Church). Paris: Francois Montalent, 1669.
Das, Nandini. “Encounter as Process: England and Japan in the Late Sixteenth Century.” Renaissance Quarterly 69, (2016): 1343–68.
De Lange, William. Pars Japonica: The First Dutch Expedition to Reach the Shores of Japan. Warren, CT: Floating World Editions, 2006.
Endō, Shūsaku. Koronbo (The Black Man). Tokyo: Mainichishinbunsha, 1971.
Fróis Luís. “Tratado em que se contêm muito sucinta e abreviadamente algumas contradições e diferenças de costumes entre a gente de Europa e esta província de Japão” (Treatise in which are contained very succinctly and briefly some contradictions and differences of customs between the people of Europe and this province of Japan). In Kulturgegensaetze Europa–Japan, 1585 edited by Schuette, Josef Franz, 94–266. Tokyo, 1955.
Gill, Robin. Topsy-Turvey 1585. Key Bis
cayne, FL: Paraverse Press, 2005.
Hesselink, Reinier. The Dream of Christian Nagasaki: World Trade and the Clash of Cultures, 1560–1640. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2016.
Kurusu, Yoshio. Kurosuke. Tokyo: Iwasaki Shoten, 1968.
Massarella, Derek. A World Elsewhere: Europe’s Encounter with Japan in the 16th and 17th Centuries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
Morimoto, Masahiro. Matsudaira Ietada niki (Matsudaira Ietada’s Diary). Tokyo: Kadokawa Sensho, 1999.
Murakami Naojiro. Yasokai shi Nihon tsushin [Japanese correspondence of Jesuit missionaries] (2 vols.; Tokyo, 1907), vol. 2, pp. 86–87.
Murakami, Naojiro and Yanigaya, Takeo. Ieszusukai Nihonnenpo jou (Jesuit Reports from Japan, Volume I). Tokyo: Omatsudo, 2002.
Okazaki, Takashi. Afro Samurai. Los Angeles: Seven Seas Entertainment, 2008.
Ōta, Gyūichi (J. S. A. Elisonas & J. P. Lamers, Trs. and Eds.). The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2011.
Otsuki, Fumihiko. Daigenkai. Tokyo: Fusanbou, 1935.
Russel, John, G. “The other other: The black presence in the Japanese experience.” In Japan’s Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity. Edited by Weiner, Michael, 84–115. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.
Screech, Timon. “The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period.” Japan Review, no. 24 (2012): 3–40.
The Society of Jesus. Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos reynos de Japão e China II (Letters written by the fathers and brothers of the Society of Jesus from the kingdoms of Japan and China—Volume II). Evora, Portugal: Manoel de Lyra, 1598.
Solier, François. Histoire ecclésiastique des îles et royaume du Japon (The Ecclesiastical History of the Islands and Kingdoms of Japan). Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy, 1627.
Tremml-Werner, B. Spain, China, and Japan in Manila, 1571–1644: Local Comparisons and Global Connections. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015.
Index
The pagination of this digital edition does not match the print edition from which the index was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your ebook reader’s search tools.
Page numbers in italics indicate photographs.
A
Adams, William, 355, 360–361, 374
African Americans in Japan, 356, 421–422
Africans, 118, 119
acceptance of homosexuality, 208–209
attire of, 119, 120
as bodyguards, 350, 351–352
Japanese attitude toward, 117, 121, 369–370
Japanese images of, 416
in Nagasaki, 84
population of in Japan, 345, 421–422, 430
represented in comic books, 368–369
as ship crewmembers, 119–120
slavery and, 55–59, 79.
See also slavery
as soldiers, 79
Valignano’s opinions on, 77–78
Africans in China, 450
African slavery. See slavery
Afro Samurai, 375
The Age of the Country at War, 53, 95–96, 140, 141, 196–197, 245, 413
Akbar the Great, 174–175, 177–178, 179, 180
Akechi, Mitsuhide
about, 162–163, 251
aftermath of Nobunaga overthrow, 307–308
and ceremonial preparation, 269
death of, 312, 314
final battle of, 312–314
mother’s execution, 275
and siege of Tottori Castle, 223
treason and, 277–278, 279–281, 283–284, 445–446
victory of, 301–303
warring against Mori clan, 269–271
ama, the, 102, 419–420
anime and manga, 373, 375, 377, 377–379, 452–453
animist gods, 72
architecture, early Japanese, 43, 127, 138, 186–189, 235, 336
Arima, Harunobu
about, 29, 33–34, 47, 48, 316, 386–387
baptism of, 84
battle against Ryūzōji, 325–330
control of Shimabara peninsula, 333
and Jesuit cannon, 319–320
Jesuit conversion of, 48
marriage of, 49, 51
mistress and, 49
and Satsuma clan, 85, 316–317, 322, 333
and siege of Hinoe Castle, 46–48
warring with Ryūzōji clan, 36
Arima, Naozumi, 353
Arima-Satsuma alliance, 316–317, 322, 333
ashigaru, 196, 197, 437
Ashikaga Dynasty, 428
Ashikaga, Yoshiaki, 140–141, 164, 428
Asia, slavery in. See slavery
assassination attempts on Nobunaga, 224–225
attire
Africans in Japan, 118, 119, 119–120, 121, 416
European, 135
of Hideyoshi, 338
Japanese, 103, 445
of Jesuits, 72
of Nobunaga, 169
of sailors, 100–101
of samurai, 198–199, 199
Azande warriors, 209
Azuchi
about, 133, 186–189, 391–392
destruction of, 308–309
mission in, 185–186
and New Year celebration, 235–239
Azuchi Castle, 187
about, 182–184
landslide of, 238
B
Balthazar, 68, 68, 69, 415
Battle of Adwa, 370
Battle of Dangpo, 345
Battle of Nagashino, 144, 145, 240
Battle of Okitanawate, 322–329, 331–333, 335, 448
biblical dramas. See drama and theatre
bigotry. See racism
blackened teeth, 416
black history, contemporary study of, 377, 378–379
black manga, 377–378
black ships, 21, 27–28, 408
Bowen, Keville A., 376–379
bowing, as cultural practice, 425
Bracey, Marty, 375
breech loaders, 319–320, 321
buccaneers, Portuguese, 350–351
Buddhism, 72, 126, 417
Buddhist temples, destruction of, 48, 114, 135–136, 317
Buddhist warrior monks, 53, 54, 106, 135, 163, 167, 198, 210
buildings. See architecture, early Japanese
Bungo (Oita Prefecture), 89, 336–337
burial at sea, 404–405
Bushidō (way of warriors), 195–196
C
Cabral, Antonio, 179–181
Cabral, Francisco, 35–36, 42, 43, 71, 317
Cambridge, Asuka, 373
cannon, 319–320, 323–324, 327, 328
Cardim, Antonio Francisco, 361
Cartas, 358, 361, 364–365
Catholicism/Catholics.
See also Christianity; Jesuits; missionaries
Asian missions and, about, 359–360
attitude toward homosexuality, 209
conflict with Satsuma clan, 334–335
expulsion by the Mori clan, 418
literacy and, 67
mass execution of, 347–348, 349
persecution of, 449
recanting, 349, 449–450
Cavalcade of Horses, 116, 160, 163, 165–171
Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de, 362
Chinese language, 41, 62, 74
Chinese lunar calendar, 404
Christendom, turmoil in, 359–360
Christianity.
See also Catholicism/Catholics
Africans, understanding of, 77
ban of, 387
and blacks, 76–78
Japanese conversion to, 31
Ōtomo and, 89
spread of, 39, 40, 65
toleration of, 316, 407
Christmas divinity play, 68–69
The Chronicle of Nobunaga (Ōta), 362
civil wars in Japan, 33, 53, 124, 140, 316, 405, 432
clothing. See attire
Cocks, Richard, 353
Coelho, Gaspar, 317, 332–333, 334, 336–337, 338, 339, 384
colonialism, end of, 366, 371
comic books, 368, 373, 375, 378, 452–453
commerce. See trade
computer gaming, 374–376
Confucian ethics, 66
contemporary media, 373–375
conversions, Jesuit, 42–43
Crasset, Jean, 361
cultural practices
bowing, 425
death beauticians, 250, 273, 443
death poems, 248–249
divorce and marriage, 417–418
gift giving, 134, 236–237
hawking as pastime, 214–216
head collecting, 242–243, 243, 252–253, 443
currency, 130, 335–336
D
Daigenkai, 369, 453–454
Daikoku, 168
Daikokuten, 149, 426
daimyō (provincial rulers), 53, 164–165, 197
dairi (divine sovereign), 53, 163, 164, 165
death beauticians, 250, 273, 443
death poems, 248–249
de Brito, Leonel, 28
diet
Japanese, 86, 264–265, 282
of Jesuits in Japan, 39, 102
seafaring, 22–23
Dinka, 55–59, 208–209, 412, 426, 439–440
discrimination. See racism
disease, 21, 22, 27, 44, 342, 441