Delphi Complete Works of Polybius

by Polybius

  23. As for Gaius Duilius, he no sooner heard of the disaster which had befallen the commander of the navy than handing over his legions to the military Tribunes he transferred himself to the fleet. There he learnt that the enemy was plundering the territory of Mylae, and at once sailed to attack him with the whole fleet. No sooner did the Carthaginians sight him than with joy and alacrity they put to sea with a hundred and thirty sail, feeling supreme contempt for the Roman ignorance of seamanship. Accordingly they all sailed with their prows directed straight at their enemy: they did not think the engagement worth even the trouble of ranging their ships in any order, but advanced as though to seize a booty exposed for their acceptance. Their commander was that same Hannibal who had withdrawn his forces from Agrigentum by a secret night movement, and he was on board a galley with seven banks of oars which had once belonged to King Pyrrhus. When they neared the enemy, and saw the “crows” raised aloft on the prows of the several ships, the Carthaginians were for a time in a state of perplexity; for they were quite strangers to such contrivances as these engines. Feeling, however, a complete contempt for their opponents, those on board the ships that were in the van of the squadron charged without flinching. But as soon as they came to close quarters their ships were invariably tightly grappled by these machines; the enemy boarded by means of the “crows,” and engaged them on their decks; and in the end some of the Carthaginians were cut down, while others surrendered in bewildered terror at the battle in which they found themselves engaged, which eventually became exactly like a land fight. The result was that they lost the first thirty ships engaged, crews and all. Among them was captured the commander’s ship also, though Hannibal himself by an unexpected piece of luck and an act of great daring effected his escape in the ship’s boat. The rest of the Carthaginian squadron were sailing up with the view of charging; but as they were coming near they saw what had happened to the ships which were sailing in the front, and accordingly sheered off and avoided the blows of the engines. Yet trusting to their speed, they managed by a manœuvre to sail round and charge the enemy, some on their broadside and others on their stern, expecting by that method to avoid danger. But the engines swung round to meet them in every direction, and dropped down upon them so infallibly, that no ships could come to close quarters without being grappled. Eventually the Carthaginians turned and fled, bewildered at the novelty of the occurrence, and with a loss of fifty ships.

  [1] οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι παραδόξως ἀντιπεποιημένοι τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν ἐλπίδος, διπλασίως ἐπερρώσθησαν ταῖς ὁρμαῖς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον. [2] τότε μὲν οὖν προσσχόντες τῇ Σικελίᾳ τήν τ᾽ Αἰγεσταίων ἔλυσαν πολιορκίαν ἐσχάτως αὐτῶν ἤδη διακειμένων κατά τε τὴν ἐκ τῆς Αἰγέστης ἀναχώρησιν Μάκελλαν πόλιν κατὰ κράτος εἷλον. [3] μετὰ δὲ τὴν ναυμαχίαν Ἀμίλκας, ὁ τῶν Καρχηδονίων στρατηγὸς ὁ τεταγμένος ἐπὶ τῶν πεζικῶν δυνάμεων, διατρίβων περὶ Πάνορμον, γνοὺς ἐν τοῖς Ῥωμαϊκοῖς στρατοπέδοις στασιάζοντας τοὺς συμμάχους πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους περὶ τῶν ἐν ταῖς μάχαις πρωτείων, [4] καὶ πυνθανόμενος στρατοπεδεύειν αὐτοὺς καθ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς τοὺς συμμάχους μεταξὺ τοῦ Παρώπου καὶ τῶν Θερμῶν τῶν Ἱμεραίων, ἐπιπεσὼν αὐτοῖς αἰφνιδίως ἀναστρατοπεδεύουσι μετὰ πάσης τῆς δυνάμεως σχεδὸν εἰς τετρακισχιλίους ἀπέκτεινεν. [5] μετὰ δὲ ταύτην τὴν πρᾶξιν ὁ μὲν Ἀννίβας ἔχων τὰς διασωθείσας ναῦς ἀπέπλευσεν εἰς τὴν Καρχηδόνα, μετ᾽ οὐ πολὺ δ᾽ ἐκεῖθεν εἰς Σαρδόνα διῆρε, προσλαβὼν ναῦς καί τινας τῶν ἐνδόξων τριηράρχων. [6] χρόνοις δ᾽ οὐ πολλοῖς κατόπιν ἐν τῇ Σαρδόνι συγκλεισθεὶς ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἔν τινι λιμένι καὶ πολλὰς ἀποβαλὼν τῶν νεῶν, παραυτίκα συλληφθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν διασωθέντων Καρχηδονίων ἀνεσταυρώθη. [7] Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ ἅμα τῆς θαλάττης ἥψαντο καὶ τῶν κατὰ Σαρδόνα πραγμάτων εὐθέως ἀντείχοντο. [8] τὰ δ᾽ ἐν τῇ Σικελίᾳ στρατόπεδα τῶν Ῥωμαίων κατὰ μὲν τὸν ἑξῆς ἐνιαυτὸν οὐδὲν ἄξιον ἔπραξαν λόγου, [9] τότε δὲ προσδεξάμενοι τοὺς ἐπικαθεσταμένους ἄρχοντας Αὖλον Ἀτίλιον καὶ Γάιον Σολπίκιον ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὸν Πάνορμον διὰ τὸ τὰς τῶν Καρχηδονίων δυνάμεις ἐκεῖ παραχειμάζειν. [10] οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ συνεγγίσαντες τῇ πόλει μετὰ πάσης τῆς δυνάμεως παρετάξαντο. τῶν δὲ πολεμίων οὐκ ἀντεξιόντων, πάλιν ἐντεῦθεν ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐπὶ πόλιν Ἱππάναν, [11] καὶ ταύτην μὲν ἐξ ἐφόδου κατὰ κράτος ἔλαβον, εἷλον δὲ καὶ τὸ Μυττίστρατον, πολλοὺς χρόνους ὑπομεμενηκὸς τὴν πολιορκίαν διὰ τὴν ὀχυρότητα τοῦ τόπου. [12] τὴν δὲ Καμαριναίων πόλιν μικρῷ πρότερον ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἀποστᾶσαν, τότε προσενέγκαντες ἔργα καὶ καταβαλόντες τὰ τείχη κατέσχον: ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἔνναν καὶ ἕτερα πλείω πολισμάτια τῶν Καρχηδονίων. [13] ἀπὸ δὲ τούτων γενόμενοι Λιπαραίους ἐπεχείρησαν πολιορκεῖν.

  24. Having in this unlooked-for manner made good their maritime hopes the Romans were doubly encouraged in their enthusiasm for the war. For the present they put in upon the coast of Sicily, raised the siege of Segesta when it was reduced to the last extremity, and on their way back from Segesta carried the town Macella by assault. But Hamilcar, the commander of the Carthaginian land forces happened, after the naval battle, to be informed as he lay encamped near Panormus that the allies were engaged in a dispute with the Romans about the post of honour in the battles: and ascertaining that the allies were encamped by themselves between Paropus and Himeraean Thermae, he made a sudden attack in force as they were in the act of moving camp and killed almost four thousand of them. After this action Hannibal sailed across to Carthage with such ships as he had left; and thence before very long crossed to Sardinia, with a reinforcement of ships, and accompanied by some of those whose reputation as naval commanders stood high. But before very long he was blockaded in a certain harbour by the Romans, and lost a large number of ships; and was thereupon summarily arrested by the surviving Carthaginians and crucified. This came about because the first thing the Romans did upon getting a navy was to try to become masters of Sardinia.

  During the next year the Roman legions in Sicily did nothing worthy of mention. In the next, after the arrival of the new Consuls, Aulus Atilius and Gaius Sulpicius, they started to attack Panormus because the Carthaginian forces were wintering there. The Consuls advanced close up to the city with their whole force, and drew up in order of battle. But the enemy refusing to come out to meet them, they marched away and attacked the town of Hippana. This they carried by assault: but though they also took Myttistratum it was only after it had stood a lengthened siege owing to the strength of its situation. It was at this time, too, that they recovered Camarina, which had revolted a short time previously. They threw up works against it, and captured it after making a breach in its walls. They treated Henna, and sundry ot
her strong places which had been in the hands of the Carthaginians, in the same way; and when they had finished these operations they undertook to lay siege to Lipara.

  [1] τῷ δ᾽ ἑξῆς ἐνιαυτῷ Γάιος Ἀτίλιος ὁ στρατηγὸς τῶν Ῥωμαίων πρὸς Τυνδαρίδα καθορμισθεὶς καὶ συνθεασάμενος ἀτάκτως παραπλέοντα τὸν τῶν Καρχηδονίων στόλον, παραγγείλας τοῖς ἰδίοις πληρώμασιν ἕπεσθαι τοῖς ἡγουμένοις, αὐτὸς ὥρμησε πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων, ἔχων δέκα ναῦς ὁμοπλοούσας. [2] οἱ δὲ Καρχηδόνιοι συνιδόντες τῶν ὑπεναντίων τοὺς μὲν ἀκμὴν ἐμβαίνοντας, τοὺς δ᾽ ἀναγομένους, τοὺς δὲ πρώτους πολὺ προειληφότας τῶν ἄλλων, ἐπιστρέψαντες αὐτοῖς ἀπήντων. [3] καὶ κυκλώσαντες τὰς μὲν ἄλλας διέφθειραν, τὴν δὲ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ ναῦν παρ᾽ ὀλίγον αὔτανδρον ἔλαβον. οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾽ αὕτη μὲν ταῖς ὑπηρεσίαις ἐξηρτυμένη καὶ ταχυναυτοῦσα διέφυγε παραδόξως τὸν κίνδυνον, [4] αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπιπλέουσαι κατὰ βραχὺ συνηθροίζοντο. γενόμεναι δ᾽ ἐν μετώπῳ συνέβαλλον τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ δέκα μὲν αὐτάνδρους ναῦς ἔλαβον, ὀκτὼ δὲ κατέδυσαν. αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἀπεχώρησαν εἰς τὰς Λιπαραίας καλουμένας νήσους. [5] ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τῆς ναυμαχίας ἀμφότεροι νομίζοντες ἐφάμιλλον πεποιῆσθαι τὸν κίνδυνον, ὥρμησαν ὁλοσχερέστερον ἐπὶ τὸ συνίστασθαι ναυτικὰς δυνάμεις καὶ τῶν κατὰ θάλατταν ἀντέχεσθαι πραγμάτων. [6] αἱ δὲ πεζικαὶ δυνάμεις ἐν τοῖς κατὰ ταῦτα καιροῖς οὐδὲν ἔπραξαν ἄξιον μνήμης, ἀλλὰ περὶ μικρὰς καὶ τὰς τυχούσας πράξεις κατέτριψαν τοὺς χρόνους. [7] διὸ παρασκευασάμενοι, καθάπερ εἶπον, εἰς τὴν ἐπιφερομένην θερείαν ἀνήχθησαν Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν τριάκοντα καὶ τριακοσίαις μακραῖς ναυσὶ καταφράκτοις καὶ κατέσχον εἰς Μεσσήνην. [8] ὅθεν ἀναχθέντες ἔπλεον δεξιὰν ἔχοντες τὴν Σικελίαν, κάμψαντες δὲ τὸν Πάχυνον ὑπερῆραν εἰς Ἔκνομον διὰ τὸ καὶ τὸ πεζὸν στράτευμα περὶ τούτους αὐτοὺς εἶναι τοὺς τόπους. [9] Καρχηδόνιοι δὲ πεντήκοντα καὶ τριακοσίαις ναυσὶ καταφράκτοις ἀναπλεύσαντες Λιλυβαίῳ προσέσχον, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ πρὸς Ἡράκλειαν τὴν Μινῴαν καθωρμί

  25. Next year Gaius Atilius, the Consul, happened to be at anchor off Tyndaris, when he observed the Carthaginian fleet sailing by in a straggling manner. He passed the word to the crews of his own ships to follow the advanced squadron, and started himself before the rest with ten ships of equal sailing powers. When the Carthaginians became aware that while some of the enemy were still embarking, others were already putting out to sea, and that the advanced squadron were considerably ahead of the rest, they stood round and went to meet them. They succeeded in surrounding and destroying all of them except the Consul’s ship, and that they all but captured with its crew. This last, however, by the perfection of its rowers and its consequent speed, effected a desperate escape. Meanwhile the remaining ships of the Romans were sailing up and gradually drawing close together. Having got into line, they charged the enemy, took ten ships with their crews, and sunk eight. The rest of the Carthaginian ships retired to the Liparean Islands.

  The result of this battle was that both sides concluded that they were now fairly matched, and accordingly made more systematic efforts to secure a naval force, and to dispute the supremacy at sea. While these things were going on, the land forces effected nothing worth recording; but wasted all their time in such petty operations as chance threw in their way. Therefore, after making the preparations I have mentioned for the approaching summer, the Romans, with three hundred and thirty decked ships of war, touched at Messene; thence put to sea, keeping Sicily on their right; and after doubling the headland Pachynus passed on to Ecnomus, because the land force was also in that district. The Carthaginians on their part put to sea again with three hundred and fifty decked ships, touched at Lilybaeum, and thence dropped anchor at Heracleia Minoa.

  [1] σθησαν. ἦν δὲ τῶν μὲν Ῥωμαίων πρόθεσις εἰς τὴν Λιβύην πλεῖν καὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἐκεῖ περισπᾶν, ἵνα τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις μὴ περὶ Σικελίας, ἀλλὰ περὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς ἰδίας χώρας ὁ κίνδυνος γίνηται. [2] τοῖς δὲ Καρχηδονίοις τἀναντία τούτων ἐδόκει: συνιδόντες γὰρ ὡς εὐέφοδός ἐστιν ἡ Λιβύη καὶ πᾶς ὁ κατὰ τὴν χώραν λαὸς εὐχείρωτος τοῖς ἅπαξ εἰς αὐτὴν ἐμβαλοῦσιν, οὐχ οἷοί τ᾽ ἦσαν ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀλλὰ διακινδυνεύειν καὶ ναυμαχεῖν ἔσπευδον. [3] ὄντων δὲ τῶν μὲν πρὸς τὸ κωλύειν, τῶν δὲ πρὸς τὸ βιάζεσθαι, προφανὴς ἦν ὁ μέλλων ἀγὼν ἐκ τῆς ἑκατέρων συνίστασθαι φιλοτιμίας. [4] οἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥωμαῖοι πρὸς ἀμφότερα τὴν παρασκευὴν ἁρμόζουσαν ἐποιοῦντο πρός τε τὴν κατὰ θάλατταν χρείαν καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀπόβασιν τὴν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν. [5] διόπερ ἐπιλέξαντες ἐκ τῶν πεζικῶν στρατοπέδων τὰς ἀρίστας χεῖρας διεῖλον τὴν πᾶσαν δύναμιν, ἣν ἤμελλον ἀναλαμβάνειν, εἰς τέτταρα μέρη. [6] τὸ δὲ μέρος ἕκαστον διττὰς εἶχεν προσηγορίας: πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἐκαλεῖτο στρατόπεδον καὶ πρῶτος στόλος καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ κατὰ λόγον. τὸ δὲ τέταρτον καὶ τρίτην ἐπωνυμίαν ἔτι προσειλήφει: τριάριοι γὰρ ὠνομάζοντο κατὰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς πεζικοῖς στρατοπέδοις συνήθειαν. [7] καὶ τὸ μὲν σύμπαν ἦν στράτευμα τούτων τῆς ναυτικῆς δυνάμεως περὶ τέτταρας καὶ δέκα μυριάδας, ὡς ἂν ἑκάστης νεὼς λαμβανούσης ἐρέτας μὲν τριακοσίους, ἐπιβάτας δ᾽ ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν. [8] οἱ δὲ Καρχηδόνιοι τὸ μὲν πλεῖον καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἡρμόζοντο πρὸς τὸν κατὰ θάλατταν κίνδυνον: τό γε μὴν πλῆθος αὐτῶν ἦν ὑπὲρ πεντεκαίδεκα μυριάδας κατὰ τὸν τῶν νεῶν λόγον. [9] ἐφ᾽ οἷς οὐχ οἷον ἄν τις παρὼν καὶ θεώμενος ὑπὸ τὴν ὄψιν, ἀλλὰ κἂν ἀκούων καταπλαγείη τὸ τοῦ κινδύνου μέγεθος καὶ τὴν τῶν πολιτευμάτων ἀμφοτέρων μεγαλομερίαν καὶ δύναμιν, στοχαζόμενος ἔκ τε τοῦ τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ τοῦ τῶν νεῶν πλήθους. [10] οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι συλλογιζόμενοι διότι τὸν μὲν πλοῦν εἶναι συμβαίνει πελάγιον, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ταχυναυτεῖν, πανταχόθεν ἐπειρῶντο ποιε�
��σθαι τὴν τάξιν ἀσφαλῆ καὶ δυσπρόσοδον. [11] τὰς μὲν οὖν ἑξήρεις δύ᾽ οὔσας, ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἔπλεον οἱ στρατηγοὶ Μάρκος Ἀτίλιος καὶ Λεύκιος Μάλιος, πρώτας ἐν μετώπῳ παραλλήλους ἔταξαν. [12] τούτων δ᾽ ἑκατέρᾳ συνεχεῖς κατὰ μίαν ναῦν ἐπιτάττοντες τῇ μὲν τὸν πρῶτον, τῇ δὲ τὸν δεύτερον στόλον ἐπέστησαν, ἀεὶ καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ναῦν ἑκατέρου τοῦ στόλου μεῖζον τὸ μεταξὺ ποιοῦντες διάστημα. ταῖς δὲ πρώρραις ἔξω νεύοντα τὰ σκάφη τὴν ἐπίστασιν ἐπ᾽ ἀλλήλοις εἶχεν. [13] ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὸν πρῶτον καὶ δεύτερον στόλον ἁπλῶς εἰς ἔμβολον ἔταξαν, ἐπέβαλον τούτοις ἐπὶ μίαν ναῦν ἐν μετώπῳ τὸ τρίτον στρατόπεδον: ὧν ἐπιστάντων ἀπετελέσθη τρίγωνον τὸ πᾶν εἶδος τῆς τάξεως. [14] ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις ἐπέστησαν τὰς ἱππηγούς, ῥύματα δόντες ἐξ αὐτῶν ταῖς τοῦ τρίτου στόλου ναυσίν. [15] ταύταις δὲ κατόπιν ἐπέβαλον τὸν τέταρτον στόλον, τοὺς τριαρίους κληθέντας, ἐπὶ μίαν παρεκτείναντες ναῦν, ὡς ὑπερτείνειν ἐξ ἑκατέρου τοῦ μέρους τοὺς πρὸ ἑαυτῶν. [16] καὶ συναρμοσθέντων πάντων κατὰ τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον, τὸ μὲν ὅλον ἀπετελέσθη σχῆμα τῆς τάξεως ἔμβολον, οὗ τὸ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν κορυφὴν μέρος ἦν κοῖλον, τὸ δὲ πρὸς τῇ βάσει στερεόν, τὸ δὲ σύμπαν ἐνεργὸν καὶ πρακτικόν, ἅμα δὲ καὶ δυσδιάλυτον.