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The Plague Cycle

Page 30

by Charles Kenny


  childbearing, 48–49, 163

  childhood mortality, 25, 49, 141–42, 155, 213, 237, 261 infectious disease rates in, 49, 127, 145, 161–64, 191, 237

  see also infant mortality

  children: autism in, 193–94

  diarrhea in, 143

  public health protections for, 215

  rising survival rates of, 145, 155, 161–64, 237

  smallpox in, 129–31, 138

  as targets of germ warfare, 208

  traditional practices for, 145

  unvaccinated, 137–38, 193–95

  vaccines directed toward, 127, 129–31, 139–40

  Children’s Plague, 49

  China, Chinese, xii, 6, 42, 43, 56, 93, 95, 99, 123, 125, 146, 162, 167, 178–79, 200, 208–9 Black Death in, 50–51

  cholera pandemic in, 105

  in Covid-19 pandemic, 182–83, 226, 227

  misuse of antibiotics in, 202, 204

  sanitation in, 100–102

  smallpox in, 124–26

  syphilis in, 66

  trade with, 34–35, 50–51

  Chinghiz Khan, 42

  chloramphenicol, 201–2

  chlorination, 143

  chloroquine, 199–200

  cholera, 89, 91, 104–10, 132–33, 135, 140, 155, 157, 173, 181, 199 mortality rates from, 105–6, 108–9, 205

  vaccine for, 139

  Christianity: bathing discouraged by, 101–2

  conflict between Islam and, 39–40

  indigenous people exploited by, 60–61

  leprosy and, 85

  in Mongol invasion, 42, 44

  circumcision, 145, 216

  Civil War, US, sanitation in, 113

  “cleanliness industry,” 110–12

  Clement VI, Pope, 45, 47, 86, 122

  climate change, 35, 41, 207

  Cloaca Maximus, 101

  Cohen, Daniel, 164

  Columbus, Christopher, 6, 56–57, 59, 66, 138, 178

  Conditions of Agricultural Growth, The (Boserup), 26

  condoms, 81, 90–91, 136, 142, 143, 191

  conspiracy theories, 192, 196

  consumption, 104

  contact tracing, 82–83, 180, 222–23

  contagionist theory, 132

  Contagious Disease Acts, British, 90

  Cook, James, 66

  Cook, Justin, 79

  cooking, 99–100, 121

  cordons sanitaires, 151

  coronavirus vaccine, 228

  Cortés, Hernán, 58, 63

  Covid-19, xi, xiii–xiv, 8–10, 33, 77, 146, 157, 171, 175, 179–80, 211, 221, 234–37 cost of response to, 223–24

  Ebola compared to, 116

  economic impact of, 166–67, 185

  exclusion strategies in, 82, 96, 180–83, 213

  global response to, 174, 179, 183, 222–29, 234, 236

  misinformation about, 95

  vaccine challenges of, 139, 228

  WHO response to, 226–29

  cowpox, xiii, 128–30

  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 175

  Crimean War, 91

  Crohn’s disease, 193

  cryptosporidiosis, 175

  Cuitláhuac, 58

  cyclops (water flea), 14

  cyclosporiasis, 175

  Cyprian plague, 36

  cysticercosis, 19–20

  D’Aluisio, Faith, 24

  DDT, 190, 199–201

  debridement, 113, 206

  deforestation, 175

  dehydration, 21, 132

  demographic dividend, 162

  De motu cordis (Harvey), 123

  dengue fever, 75, 95, 165, 175, 190

  de Re Militari (Vegetius), 81

  Descartes, René, 123–24

  diabetes, 129, 144, 206

  diarrhea, 21, 25, 32, 105, 114, 140–42, 144, 165, 191, 203–5, 268

  diphtheria, 20, 92, 129, 134, 140, 144, 257

  Discourse on Method (Descartes), 123–24

  disease mutation, 175

  disgust: in lack of sanitation, 103

  as response to disease, 80–81

  disinfection, 88, 92, 94, 198

  DNA, 13, 221 see also genes

  DNA tracing, 197–98

  doctors, anti-vaccination stance of, 193–96

  Doctors Without Borders, 94, 228

  Drisdelle, Rosemary, 14

  drought, 27

  drug quality control, 270

  drug research, funding for, 220–21

  drug resistance, 179, 200–207

  Duflo, Esther, 155

  Dürer, Albrecht, 231

  dysentery, 68, 71, 123, 236

  Ebola, 9, 32–33, 36, 75, 94–95, 115–16, 139, 160, 175, 180, 211, 221–22, 225–26

  E. coli, 203–4

  ecological release, 17

  economic dynamism, 8, 156

  economic inequality, 127 disease as cause of, 65

  in drug research and development, 220

  in mortality rates, 115

  in response to health threats, 165–66

  Edward III, King of England, 47–48, 102

  Egypt, 17–19, 34, 70, 90, 153, 197

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 199

  Elias, Chris, xii

  el-Sayed, Hamdy, 19

  encephalitis, 21

  endemics, 21–23, 27

  Enteric Reference Laboratory, 201

  Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department, 208

  epidemics, 21–23, 36, 49–50

  Erasmus, 90

  Esposito, Elena, 62

  Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 3–5, 7

  evolution, 77–80

  exclusion, 74–96, 99, 106–7, 121, 123, 151, 176, 179–86, 236 of AIDS patients, 173

  of colonists, 153

  in Covid-19, 96

  economic and social impact of, 179–81

  liberties curtailed by, 92, 95–96

  outsiders targeted in, 88–89

  exclusion instinct, 179–80

  excrement, excretion, 100, 191, 219 in spread of disease, 103, 107–10

  see also sewage

  falciparum malaria, 36–37, 61–62, 64–65, 79

  Fallopio, Gabriele, 90

  famine, 3–4, 5, 27–28, 41, 159, 233, 235

  Famine: A Short History (Ó Gráda), 27

  Farooqi, Salma, xiii, 197

  Farr, William, 106

  fecal-oral route, 105

  Ferrer, Vicente, 129–30

  fertility rates, decline in, 161–62

  feudal system, 41, 48, 49

  fire control, 17

  flagellations, flagellants, 46–47

  fleas, 14, 37–38, 44, 50, 51, 88, 101, 114, 115, 132, 208–9

  Fleming, Alexander, 135, 201

  Foege, Bill, xii

  Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 231, 233–37

  1491 (Mann), 55–56

  France, 47, 68, 86, 88, 183, 194, 195, 223

  Frieden, Tom, 206

  Galen, 123

  Gama, Vasco da, 66

  Gandhi, Mahatma, 191, 193

  gangrene, 14, 38, 135, 206

  Gat, Azar, 16, 264

  Gates, Bill, 145

  Gates Foundation, 145, 218, 229

  Gavi Alliance, 220–21

  gender: in Covid-19 mortality rates, 77

  in disease resistance, 128

  gender equality, 91, 157, 235

  generic (off-patent) drugs, 216

  genes: diversity in, 77–80

  inferiority in, 83, 251

  manipulation of, 200

  Germany, 33, 68, 73, 86–87

  germ theory, 91–95, 131–32, 142

  Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom, 227

  Gingrey, Phil, 75, 95

  Glaeser, Edward, 156

  GlaxoSmithKline, 221

  globalization: connectivity and spread of disease in, 15, 17, 53–74, 105–6, 151–55, 157–61, 169–86, 212

  in disease control and prevention, 146–47, 166, 213–29

  h
ealth improvements in, 140–44

  in smallpox vaccination campaign, 129–31

  vaccination rates in, 139–40

  Global Malaria Program, xii

  Goldin, Claudia, 114

  Goldsmith, Middleton, 113

  Gómez, José, 45

  Gordon, Jay, 195

  Gorjon, Hernando, 57

  Grande Chirungie, La (Guy de Chauliac), 86

  Great Mortality, 49, 128

  Great Mortality, The (Kelly), 41

  Great Stink, 109

  Greece, ancient, 31–33, 90, 121

  Gros, Antoine-Jean, 53

  guinea worms, xii, 14, 142

  Guy de Chauliac, 86, 122–23

  H1N1 virus, 182

  Haemophilus influenzae (HiB), 134

  Haiti, Haitians, 61, 63, 70, 94, 191

  hand washing, 7, 116, 191

  Hansen’s disease, see leprosy

  hantavirus, 175

  Harper, Kristin, 169

  Harper, Kyle, 36

  Harvey, William, 123

  Hastings, Marquess of, 105

  Hays, J. N., 103, 257

  health inspection grades, 111

  Helms, Jesse, 93–94

  hemorrhagic fever, 14, 36

  Henderson, Donald, 137

  Hendra virus, 175

  HEPA filters, 198

  hepatitis, 71, 134–36, 197

  herd immunity, 21, 190

  herpes virus, 20, 55

  Hilleman, Maurice, 134–35

  Hippocrates, 11, 121–23

  History of the Wars (Procopius), 37–38

  HIV/AIDS, 9, 77–78, 93–94, 136, 142, 172–75, 181–82, 196, 268 in childhood mortality, 164–65

  control and treatment costs in, 216–18

  drug resistance in, 200

  exclusion techniques in, 181–82, 184

  mortality rates from, 173–74

  prejudiced response to, 93–94

  Hobbesian theory, 47, 64

  homophobia, 93–94

  homosexuality, 4, 164–65, 172

  hospitals, sanitation in, 113, 205–6

  Housing and Crowding Acts, British, 110

  Huang, Julie, 158

  human leukocyte antigen, 79–80

  humors, theory of, 121, 123

  Hundred Years War, 47

  Hungry Planet (Menzel and D’Aluisio), 24

  Illustrious Dead, The (Talty), 71–72

  immigration: medical exclusion in, 92–93, 181

  prejudice and, 75, 92–95, 158, 234

  restrictions on, 92–95, 181

  in spread of disease, 75, 75, 92–93

  Immigration Act, US (1891), 92, 182

  immunity, 20–21, 25, 40, 49, 57, 62, 80, 104, 121, 252 compromised and suppressed, 172, 195–96, 198

  see also herd immunity; specific diseases and vaccines

  immunization, 7, 173, 191 see also vaccination

  immunoglobulin, 196, 252

  imperialism, in spread of disease, 67, 151–55, 166

  Imperial Japanese Army, Unit 731 of, 208–9

  Implementation Support Unit of the Biological Weapons Convention, 227–28

  India, 34, 42–43, 69, 99, 140, 142, 152, 153, 155, 166–67, 178, 191, 201, 219, 225 anti-vaccination movement in, 192

  Black Death in, 50–51

  lack of sanitation in, 191

  smallpox treatments in, 126, 137–38

  syphilis in, 66

  Industrial Revolution, 3, 25, 104, 110, 131, 167, 233

  infant mortality, 36–37, 114, 143, 155, 213, 241, 242

  infectious diseases: aftermath of, 45, 254

  asymptomatic, 139, 182

  behavioral change in control of, 142–43, 268

  biblical response to, 83–84

  biology of, 77–80, 91–95

  cycles of, 9–10

  distrust engendered by, 96

  early treatments for, 121–23

  economic impact of, 65, 88, 96, 154, 165–66, 184–85, 216–17, 224, 226, 234

  evolutionary response to, 77–80

  exclusion in control of, 81–96

  future scenarios for, 10, 223–24, 231–37

  geography and, 16–17

  global spread of, 29–51, 53–64, 93

  government involvement in, 215–16

  ineffective treatments for, 121–23

  Malthusian model of, 1–10

  man-made, 212

  medical revolution against, 7–9

  misinformation about, 94–95, 106

  misuse of defenses against, 187–212

  mortality rates from, xi, 8, 27, 28, 49, 113, 144–47, 216, 234

  new forms of, 9, 10, 175

  as ongoing threat, 211–12

  outsiders perceived as source of, 88–91, 95, 158, 234, 254

  political impact of, 88

  in population control, 26–28

  in pre-civilization, 5, 13–15

  present-day outbreaks of, 93–94, 101, 174–75

  progress against, xi–xiii, 7–8

  public health and global cooperation measures against, 213–29

  in reduced populations, 40

  religious and moral interpretation of, 46–47, 83–86

  repentance for, 46–47

  resurgence of, 169–86

  setbacks in fight against, 187–212

  social impact of, 47–49, 51, 234

  as source of unrest, 32–33, 39, 46

  species-hopping, xii, 5, 19–21, 22, 55, 175–79

  and spread of civilization, 6–7, 11–28

  trade in spread of, 29–51

  weaponized, 9, 190, 207–11, 228

  see also specific plagues and diseases

  influenza (flu), 5, 9–10, 13, 20, 57, 62, 114, 123, 180, 211 mortality rates from, 23, 144, 176

  1918 pandemic, 185, 222–24

  vaccines for, 134, 139, 176, 198

  inoculation, 126–28

  see also vaccination

  Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, An (Jenner), 128–29

  insecticides, 190

  International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA), 227

  International Cholera Control Commission (1866), 225

  International Health Regulations, 225, 227

  International Monetary Fund, 185

  Inventarium seu Collectorium in parte Cyrurgicali Medicine (Guy de Chauliac), 122

  Iraq, bioweaponry programs in, 209–11

  Islam, 6, 19, 39–41, 86, 145, 197

  isolation, 82, 88–89, 91–92, 94, 96, 115–16, 180, 186, 222, 224 see also exclusion; quarantine

  Japan, 33, 89, 130–31, 167, 179, 221, 223 anti-vaccination movement in, 192, 195

  China’s war with, 208–9

  cholera pandemic in, 105

  germ warfare used by, 208–9

  opening of, 66–67

  smallpox in, 22, 130–31

  Jenner, Edward, xiii, 116, 128, 133, 134, 137, 192, 241

  Jerome, Saint, 101–2

  Jews, Judaism, 19, 46, 85–87, 92, 145

  Jiang Chun Geng, 208–9

  Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 37–39, 40, 48, 49, 122

  Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem, 164

  Kaplan, Jed, 26

  Kelly, John, 41, 102

  kidney transplants, 195–96

  Koch, Robert, 91, 132–34

  Kremer, Michael, 160

  Kublai Khan, 42

  Lancet Global Health Commission, 217

  Larrey, Dominique-Jean, 71–72

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 58–59

  Lassa fever, 175, 221

  lazar houses, 85–86

  Leclerc, Victor-Emmanuel, 70

  Leker, Laura, 164

  Leopold, King of Belgium, 153–54

  leprosy, 18, 83–87, 95, 122, 135

  Levy, Stuart B., 203–4

  lice, 68–69, 71, 72–74, 92, 101

  life expectancy, 15, 101–3, 164, 171 in AIDS, 165

  in developing world, 155

&nbs
p; in England, 113–14

  increase in, xiii, 145–46, 234

  Lister, Joseph, 113

  livestock, 22, 48, 100 anthrax vaccine testing on, 133–34

  antibiotic misuse in, 202–5, 220

  in spread of disease, 20–21, 175–77

  Livingstone, Samuel, 153, 171

  Livy, 33

  lockdowns, 9, 82, 180–81, 183, 213

  London, 66, 75, 90, 169 cholera pandemic in, 105, 132

  medieval lack of sanitation in, 102–3

  sanitation advancements in, 97, 107–10

  London Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 108

  London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, 192

  Louverture, Toussaint, 70

  Lukwiya, Matthew, 115–16

  Maalin, Ali Maow, xiii, 138, 139

  McNeill, Ryan, 205

  McNeill, William, 43, 50

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 1

  maggots, 206, 207

  Mahalanabis, Dilip, 140–41

  Mohenjo Daro, 100

  malaria, xii, 6, 18, 23, 25, 36–37, 61–62, 129, 142, 144, 165, 191, 199, 216, 218–21, 268 cycle of, 78–79

  drug resistance in, 200

  mortality rates from, 152, 154

  mosquito control in, 199–200, 221

  progress against, 151–53

  resurgence of, 175

  vaccine for, 139

  malnutrition, 24–26, 87, 181

  Malthus, Thomas Robert, 1–10, 26–28, 63, 90, 129, 155, 161, 166

  Malthusian theory, 1–10, 26–28, 41, 47, 49, 51, 105–6, 112, 127, 165, 185, 235 empirical basis as lacking for, 161, 234, 264

  Mann, Charles, 55–56, 60

  Manson, Patrick, 151

  Marburg fever, 175

  Travels (Polo), 56

  Maria Pita, 129–30

  Mariner, Jeffrey, xii

  marriage restrictions, 48–49

  masks, masking, 101, 223

  mass testing, 181

  measles, xii, 10, 13, 20–22, 23, 25, 47, 57, 59, 82, 92, 114, 116, 123, 144, 145, 193–95, 219 mortality rates from, 205, 251

  vaccine for, 116, 134–35, 139, 140, 187

  measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, 193–96

 

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