Howards End

by E. M. Forster

  “Your protégé has made us late,” said he. “The Fussells will just be starting.”

  On the whole, she sided with men as they are. Henry would save the Basts, as he had saved Howards End, while Helen and her friends were discussing the ethics of salvation. His was a slap-dash method, but the world has been built slap-dash, and the beauty of mountain and river and sunset may be but the varnish with which the unskilled artificer hides his joins. Oniton, like herself, was imperfect. Its apple-trees were stunted, its castle ruinous. It, too, had suffered in the border warfare between the Anglo-Saxon and the Kelt, between things as they are and as they ought to be. Once more the west was retreating, once again the orderly stars were dotting the eastern sky. There is certainly no rest for us on the earth. But there is happiness, and as Margaret descended the mound on her lover’s arm, she felt that she was having her share.

  To her annoyance, Mrs. Bast was still in the garden; the husband and Helen had left her there to finish her meal while they went to engage rooms. Margaret found this woman repellent. She had felt, when shaking her hand, an overpowering shame. She remembered the motive of her call at Wickham Place, and smelt again odours from the abyss—odours the more disturbing because they were involuntary. For there was no malice in Jacky. There she sat, a piece of cake in one hand, an empty champagne glass in the other, doing no harm to anybody.

  “She’s overtired,” Margaret whispered.

  “She’s something else,” said Henry. “This won’t do. I can’t have her in my garden in this state.”

  “Is she—” Margaret hesitated to add “drunk.” Now that she was going to marry him, he had grown particular. He dis countenanced risque conversations now.

  Henry went up to the woman. She raised her face, which gleamed in the twilight like a puff-ball.

  “Madam, you will be more comfortable at the hotel,” he said sharply.

  Jacky replied: “If it isn’t Hen!”

  “Ne crois pas que le mari lui resemble.” apologized Margaret. “Il est tout à fait différent.”

  “Henry!” she repeated, quite distinctly.

  Mr. Wilcox was much annoyed. “I can’t congratulate you on your protégés,” he remarked.

  “Hen, don’t go. You do love me, dear, don’t you?”

  “Bless us, what a person!” sighed Margaret, gathering up her skirts.

  Jacky pointed with her cake. “You’re a nice boy, you are.” She yawned. “There now, I love you.”

  “Henry, I am awfully sorry.”

  “And pray why?” he asked, and looked at her so sternly that she feared he was ill. He seemed more scandalized than the facts demanded.

  “To have brought this down on you.”

  “Pray don’t apologize.”

  The voice continued.

  “Why does she call you ‘Hen’?” said Margaret innocently. “Has she ever seen you before?”

  “Seen Hen before!” said Jacky. “Who hasn’t seen Hen? He’s serving you like me, my dear. These boys! You wait—Still we love ‘em.”

  “Are you now satisfied?” Henry asked.

  Margaret began to grow frightened. “I don’t know what it is all about,” she said. “Let’s come in.”

  But he thought she was acting. He thought he was trapped. He saw his whole life crumbling. “Don’t you indeed?” he said bitingly. “I do. Allow me to congratulate you on the success of your plan.”

  “This is Helen’s plan, not mine.”

  “I now understood your interest in the Basts. Very well thought out. I am amused at your caution, Margaret. You are quite right—it was necessary. I am a man, and have lived a man’s past. I have the honour to release you from your engagement.”

  Still she could not understand. She knew of life’s seamy side as a theory; she could not grasp it as a fact. More words from Jacky were necessary—words unequivocal, undenied.

  “So that—” burst from her, and she went indoors. She stopped herself from saying more.

  “So what?” asked Colonel Fussell, who was getting ready to start in the hall.

  “We were saying—Henry and I were just having the fiercest argument, my point being—” Seizing his fur coat from a foot-man, she offered to help him on. He protested, and there was a playful little scene.

  “No, let me do that,” said Henry, following.

  “Thanks so much! You see—he has forgiven me!”

  The Colonel said gallantly: “I don’t expect there’s much to forgive. ”

  He got into the car. The ladies followed him after an interval. Maids, courier, and heavier luggage had been sent on earlier by the branch-line. Still chattering, still thanking their host and patronizing their future hostess, the guests were borne away.

  Then Margaret continued: “So that woman has been your mistress?”

  “You put it with your usual delicacy,” he replied.

  “When, please?”

  “Why?”

  “When, please?”

  “Ten years ago.”

  She left him without a word. For it was not her tragedy: it was Mrs. Wilcox’s.

  Chapter XXVII

  Helen began to wonder why she had spent a matter of eight pounds in making some people ill and others angry. Now that the wave of excitement was ebbing, and had left her, Mr. Bast, and Mrs. Bast stranded for the night in a Shropshire hotel, she asked herself what forces had made the wave flow. At all events. no harm was done. Margaret would play the game properly now, and though Helen disapproved of her sister’s methods, she knew that the Basts would benefit by them in the long run.

  “Mr. Wilcox is so illogical,” she explained to Leonard, who had put his wife to bed and was sitting with her in the empty coffee-room. “If we told him it was his duty to take you on, he might refuse to do it. The fact is, he isn’t properly educated. I don’t want to set you against him, but you’ll find him a trial.”

  “I can never thank you sufficiently, Miss Schlegel,” was all that Leonard felt equal to.

  “I believe in personal responsibility. Don’t you? And in personal everything. I hate—I suppose I oughtn’t to say that—but the Wilcoxes are on the wrong tack surely. Or perhaps it isn’t their fault. Perhaps the little thing that says ‘I’ is missing out of the middle of their heads, and then it’s a waste of time to blame them. There’s a nightmare of a theory that says a special race is being born which will rule the rest of us in the future just because it lacks the little thing that says ’I.‘ Had you heard that?”

  “I get no time for reading.”

  “Had you thought it, then? That there are two kinds of people—our kind, who live straight from the middle of their heads, and the other kind who can‘t, because their heads have no middle? They can’t say ’I.‘ They aren’t in fact, and so they’re supermen. Pierpont Morgan has never said ’I’ in his life.”

  Leonard roused himself. If his benefactress wanted intellectual conversation, she must have it. She was more important than his ruined past. “I never got on to Nietzche,” he said. “But I always understood that those supermen were rather what you may call egoists.”

  “Oh, no, that’s wrong,” replied Helen. “No superman ever said ‘I want,’ because ‘I want’ must lead to the question ’Who am I?‘ and so to Pity and to Justice. He only says ’want.‘ ’Want Europe,‘ if he’s Napoleon; ’want wives,‘ if he’s Bluebeard; ’want Botticelli,‘ if he’s Pierpont Morgan. Never the ’I‘; and if you could pierce through him, you’d find panic and emptiness in the middle.”

  Leonard was silent for a moment. Then he said: “May I take it, Miss Schlegel, that you and I are both the sort that say ‘I’?”

  “Of course.”

  “And your sister too?”

  “Of course,” repeated Helen, a little sharply. She was annoyed with Margaret, but did not want her discussed. “All presentable people say ‘I.’ ”

  “But Mr. Wilcox—he is not perhaps—”

  “I don’t know that it’s any good discussing Mr. Wilcox either. ”


  “Quite so, quite so,” he agreed. Helen asked herself why she had snubbed him. Once or twice during the day she had encouraged him to criticize, and then had pulled him up short. Was she afraid of him presuming? If so, it was disgusting of her.

  But he was thinking the snub quite natural. Everything she did was natural, and incapable of causing offence. While the Miss Schlegels were together, he had felt them scarcely human—a sort of admonitory whirligig. But a Miss Schlegel alone was different. She was in Helen’s case unmarried, in Margaret’s about to be married, in neither case an echo of her sister. A light had fallen at last into this rich upper world, and he saw that it was full of men and women, some of whom were more friendly to him than others. Helen had become “his” Miss Schlegel, who scolded him and corresponded with him, and had swept down yesterday with grateful vehemence. Margaret, though not unkind, was severe and remote. He would not presume to help her, for instance. He had never liked her, and began to think that his original impression was true, and that her sister did not like her either. Helen was certainly lonely. She, who gave away so much, was receiving too little. Leonard was pleased to think that he could spare her vexation by holding his tongue and concealing what he knew about Mr. Wilcox. Jacky had announced her discovery when he fetched her from the lawn. After the first shock, he did not mind for himself. By now he had no illusions about his wife, and this was only one new stain on the face of a love that had never been pure. To keep perfection perfect, that should be his ideal, if the future gave him time to have ideals. Helen, and Margaret for Helen’s sake, must not know.

  Helen disconcerted him by turning the conversation to his wife. “Mrs. Bast—does she ever say ‘I’?” she asked, half mischievously, and then: “Is she very tired?”

  “It’s better she stops in her room,” said Leonard.

  “Shall I sit up with her?”

  “No, thank you; she does not need company.”

  “Mr. Bast, what kind of woman is your wife?”

  Leonard blushed up to his eyes.

  “You ought to know my ways by now. Does that question offend you?”

  “No, oh no, Miss Schlegel, no.”

  “Because I love honesty. Don’t pretend your marriage has been a happy one. You and she can have nothing in common.”

  He did not deny it, but said shyly: “I suppose that’s pretty obvious; but Jacky never meant to do anybody any harm. When things went wrong, or I heard things, I used to think it was her fault, but. looking back, it’s more mine. I needn’t have married her, but as I have, I must stick to her and keep her.”

  “How long have you been married?”

  “Nearly three years.”

  “What did your people say?”

  “They will not have anything to do with us. They had a sort of family council when they heard I was married, and cut us off altogether.”

  Helen began to pace up and down the room. “My good boy, what a mess!” she said gently. “Who are your people?”

  He could answer this. His parents, who were dead, had been in trade; his sisters had married commercial travellers; his brother was a lay reader.

  “And your grandparents?”

  Leonard told her a secret that he had held shameful up to now. “They were just nothing at all,” he said, “—agricultural labourers and that sort.”

  “So! From which part?”

  “Lincolnshire mostly, but my mother’s father—he, oddly enough, came from these parts round here.”

  “From this very Shropshire. Yes, that is odd. My mother’s people were Lancashire. But why do your brother and your sisters object to Mrs. Bast?”

  “Oh, I don’t know.”

  “Excuse me, you do know. I am not a baby. I can bear anything you tell me, and the more you tell, the more I shall be able to help. Have they heard anything against her?”

  He was silent.

  “I think I have guessed now,” said Helen very gravely.

  “I don’t think so, Miss Schlegel; I hope not.”

  “We must be honest, even over these things. I have guessed. I am frightfully, dreadfully sorry, but it does not make the least difference to me. I shall feel just the same to both of you. I blame, not your wife for these things, but men.”

  Leonard left it at that—so long as she did not guess the man. She stood at the window and slowly pulled up the blinds. The hotel looked over a dark square. The mists had begun. When she turned back to him her eyes were shining.

  “Don’t you worry,” he pleaded. “I can’t bear that. We shall be all right if I get work. If I could only get work—something regular to do. Then it wouldn’t be so bad again. I don’t trouble after books as I used. I can imagine that with regular work we should settle down again. It stops one thinking.”

  “Settle down to what?”

  “Oh, just settle down.”

  “And that’s to be life!” said Helen, with a catch in her throat. “How can you, with all the beautiful things to see and do—with music—with walking at night—”

  “Walking is well enough when a man’s in work,” he answered. “Oh, I did talk a lot of nonsense once, but there’s nothing like a bailiff in the house to drive it out of you. When I saw him fingering my Ruskins and Stevensons, I seemed to see life straight real, and it isn’t a pretty sight. My books are back again, thanks to you, but they’ll never be the same to me again, and I shan’t ever again think night in the woods is wonderful.”

  “Why not?” asked Helen, throwing up the window.

  “Because I see one must have money.”

  “Well, you’re wrong.”

  “I wish I was wrong, but—the clergyman—he has money of his own, or else he’s paid; the poet or the musician—just the same; the tramp—he’s no different. The tramp goes to the workhouse in the end, and is paid for with other people’s money. Miss Schlegel, the real thing’s money and all the rest is a dream.”

  “You’re still wrong. You’ve forgotten Death.”

  Leonard could not understand. “If we lived for ever, what you say would be true. But we have to die, we have to leave life presently. Injustice and greed would be the real thing if we lived for ever. As it is, we must hold to other things, because Death is coming. I love Death—not morbidly, but because He explains. He shows me the emptiness of Money. Death and Money are the eternal foes. Not Death and Life. Never mind what lies behind Death, Mr. Bast, but be sure that the poet and the musician and the tramp will be happier in it than the man who has never learnt to say ‘I am I.’ ”

  “I wonder.”

  “We are all in a mist—I know but I can help you this far—men like the Wilcoxes are deeper in the mist than any. Sane, sound Englishmen! building up empires, levelling all the world into what they call common sense. But mention Death to them and they’re offended, because Death’s really Imperial, and He cries out against them for ever.”

  “I am afraid of Death as any one.”

  “But not of the idea of Death.”

  “But what is the difference?”

  “Infinite difference,” said Helen, more gravely than before.

  Leonard looked at her wondering, and had the sense of great things sweeping out of the shrouded night. But he could not receive them, because his heart was still full of little things. As the lost umbrella had spoilt the concert as Queen’s Hall, so the lost situation was obscuring the diviner harmonies now. Death, Life, and Materialism were fine words, but would Mr. Wilcox take him on as a clerk? Talk as one would, Mr. Wilcox was king of this world, the superman, with his own morality, whose head remained in the clouds.

  “I must be stupid,” he said apologetically.

  While to Helen the paradox became clearer and clearer. “Death destroys a man: the idea of Death saves him.” Behind the coffins and the skeletons that stay the vulgar mind lies something so immense that all that is great in us responds to it. Men of the world may recoil from the charnel-house that they will one day enter, but Love knows better. Death is his foe, but his pe
er, and in their age-long struggle the thews of Love have been strengthened, and his vision cleared, until there is no one who can stand against him.

  “So never give in,” continued the girl, and restated again and again the vague yet convincing plea that the Invisible lodges against the Visible. Her excitement grew as she tried to cut the rope that fastened Leonard to the earth. Woven of bitter experience, it resisted her. Presently the waitress entered and gave her a letter from Margaret. Another note, addressed to Leonard, was inside. They read them, listening to the murmurings of the river.

  Chapter XXVIII

  For many hours Margaret did nothing; then she controlled herself, and wrote some letters. She was too bruised to speak to Henry; she could pity him, and even determine to marry him, but as yet all lay too deep in her heart for speech. On the surface the sense of his degradation was too strong. She could not command voice or look, and the gentle words that she forced out through her pen seemed to proceed from some other person.

  “My dearest boy,” she began, “this is not to part us. It is everything or nothing, and I mean it to be nothing. It happened long before we ever met, and even if it had happened since, I should be writing the same, I hope. I do understand.”

  But she crossed out “I do understand”; it struck a false note. Henry could not bear to be understood. She also crossed out “It is everything or nothing.” Henry would resent so strong a grasp of the situation. She must not comment; comment is unfeminine.

  “I think that’ll about do,” she thought.

  Then the sense of his degradation choked her. Was he worth all this bother? To have yielded to a woman of that sort was everything, yes, it was, and she could not be his wife. She tried to translate his temptation into her own language, and her brain reeled. Men must be different, even to want to yield to such a temptation. Her belief in comradeship was stifled, and she saw life as from that glass saloon on the Great Western, which sheltered male and female alike from the fresh air. Are the sexes really races, each with its own code of morality, and their mutual love a mere device of Nature to keep things going? Strip human intercourse of the proprieties, and is it reduced to this? Her judgment told her no. She knew that out of Nature’s device we have built a magic that will win us immortality. Far more mysterious than the call of sex to sex is the tenderness that we throw into that call; far wider is the gulf between us and the farmyard than between the farmyard and the garbage that nourishes it. We are evolving, in ways that Science cannot measure, to ends that Theology dares not contemplate. “Men did produce one jewel,” the gods will say, and, saying, will give us immortality. Margaret knew all this, but for the moment she could not feel it, and transformed the marriage of Evie and Mr. Cahill into a carnival of fools, and her own marriage—too miserable to think of that, she tore up the letter, and then wrote another: