Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King

by Antonia Fraser

  31 Bremond, p. 146; Milhiet, p. 15.

  32 This seems the most certain link; see Demoiselles, p. 19, which mentions the Allée but refers to the great house itself as having ‘disappeared’; Petitfils, Montespan, p. 295.

  33 See Bryant (2001), pp. 15–16, for ‘subtle alterations to the original communications’ and ‘invented new letters’; Leroy & Loyau, Sagesse, p. 31; Desprat, p. 437.

  34 Castelot, p. 79; Petitfils, Montespan, p. 117.

  35 Geffroy, Maintenon, pp. 39, 57; see Chandernagor & Poisson, passim.

  CHAPTER 9 Throwing Off a Passion

  1 Petitfils, Montespan, p. 123.

  2 Burke, p. 23; J.-P. Landry, ‘Bourdaloue', DGS, I, p. 225.

  3 Daeschler, p. 225; Bourdaloue, Preface; Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 57, note 2.

  4 Bourdaloue Sermons, p. 41; Couton, p. 123; Daeschler, pp. 284ff.

  5 Wolf, p. 319.

  6 Hilton, p. 139.

  7 Minois, p. 303.

  8 Réflexions sur la Miséricorde, no. 1, p. 17.

  9 Minois, pp. 302ff.

  10 Sévigné (1955), p. 97.

  11 Couton, p. 141; Decker, Montespan, pp. 132–3.

  12 Decker, Montespan, p. 152.

  13 Beaussant, Lully, pp. 579–92.

  14 Fumaroli, p. 416.

  15 Caylus (1986), p. 44.

  16 Visconti, p. 117.

  17 Solnon, Versailles, p. 107; Kroll, p. 91.

  18 Bussy-Rabutin, II, pp. 167–9.

  19 Norton, Sun King, p. 90; Wolf, pp. 321ff.

  20 Fumaroli, p. 425; La Rochefoucauld, p. 73; Saint-Évremond, p. 21.

  21 Dangeau, I, p. 34; see Bassenne, passim.

  22 Mallet-Joris, p. 272.

  23 Norton, Sun King, p. 91.

  24 Bertière, II, p. 217.

  25 Petitfils, Vallière, p. 293; Hilton, pp. 176ff.

  26 Desprat, p. 192.

  27 Chandernagor & Poisson, p. 66.

  28 Dangeau, I, p. 220; Bertière, II, pp. 342ff.

  29 Desprat, 1674 then not until 1679; Bertière II, end of December 1679 (when Dame d'Atour); Dulong, Amoureuses, 1680; Cordelier, 1680; Hilton, c. 1680; Petitfils, Montespan, ‘doubtless in 1680, perhaps a little earlier, perhaps a little later'.

  30 Geffroy, Maintenon, II, p. 527.

  31 Duprat, p. 261.

  32 Desprat, p. 187.

  33 Sévigné (1955), p. 253.

  CHAPTER 10 Madame Now

  1 Sévigné (1959), p. 104.

  2 See also Mongrédien (1953); Mossiker (1972).

  3 Hilton, p. 187.

  4 Bluche, Louis, p. 275.

  5 Sévigné (1959), p. 120.

  6 Hilton, p. 49.

  7 Decker, Montespan, pp. 157ff.

  8 Mossiker, p. 223.

  9 Whittaker, pp. 104–5.

  10 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 146; Bluche, Vie quotidienne, p. 41; Solnon, Cour, p. 360.

  11 Bonneville, pp. 40ff; Vigarello, pp. 22ff; Somerset, p. 64; Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 69; see Da Vinha, passim.

  12 Somerset, pp. 287–8.

  13 Bluche, Louis, p. 280.

  14 Beaussant, Fully, p. 617, et seq.

  15 Petitfils, Montespan, p. 246.

  16 Lear, pp. 220–1; Saint-Simon (1856), I, p. 241; Brême, p. 99; Norton, First Lady, p. 75.

  17 Beaussant, Lully, p. 617; Visconti, p. 155.

  18 Réflexions sur la Miséricorde, no. V, p. 30.

  19 Visconti, p. 155.

  20 Kroll, p. 43.

  21 Journal de la Santé, p. 387; Norton, First Lady, p. 77.

  22 Kroll, pp. 37ff.

  23 Kroll, p. 113.

  24 See Liselotte Briefe, passim.

  25 Spanheim, p. 45; Visconti, pp. 296–7.

  26 Solnon, Versailles, pp. 119ff.

  27 See Himmelfarb, pp. 307ff.

  28 Chandernagor & Poisson, p. 50.

  29 Aumale, p. 81.

  30 Petitfils, Montespan, p. 232; Desprat, p. 212.

  31 Haldane, p. 264.

  32 Levron, p. 36.

  33 See Solnon, Versailles, passim.

  34 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 15, note 3.

  35 Dunlop, p. 211; see Solnon, Versailles, p. 369, Annexe no. 2: ‘La Cour de Versailles'.

  36 Cortequisse, pp. 153ff.

  37 See Cortequisse, Annexe, pp. 165–89.

  CHAPTER 11 The King's Need

  1 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 470 & note 1; Kroll, p. 47.

  2 Voltaire, p. 296.

  3 Kroll, Sophie, pp. 178–9.

  4 Chandernagor & Poisson, p. 50.

  5 Wolf, p. 332.

  6 Bouyer, p. 252; Pitts, p. 208.

  7 Duchêne, Femme, p. 151; Kroll, Sophie, p. 120.

  8 Kroll, p. 41.

  9 Solnon, Cour, p. 190; Bottineau, p. 290.

  10 Caylus (1908), pp. 154ff; Desprat, pp. 215ff.

  11 Desprat, pp. 216–17.

  12 Dangeau, I, p. 92.

  13 The following recent writers are among those who propose October 1683: Bertière, Chandernagor, Desprat, also Sarmant, AHG, to the author; but see Bryant for January 1684.

  14 Chandernagor & Poisson, p. 38; Kroll, pp. 47, 49.

  15 Langlois, ‘Saint-Siège’, pp. 33–72; Bryant, ‘Maintenon', p. 33; Neveu, ‘Institut', p. 141.

  16 Chandernagor & Poisson, p. 47; Aumale, p. 81.

  17 See Himmelfarb, passim; Sarmant, p. 344.

  18 Wolf, pp. 423–4; p. 648, note 30.

  19 Dangeau, I, p. 81.

  20 Recent historians accept that her role has been exaggerated; see Petitfils, Louis, p. 478, for the effect of La Baumelle's forgeries; Goubert, p. 118; Garrison, passim.

  21 Kroll, p. 46; Molière, Dom Juan, Act I, scene 1; Vie des Français, p. 51.

  22 Burke, p. 102; Petitfils, Louis, p. 459.

  23 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 38.

  24 Les Petits Cahiers Secrets de Madame de Maintenon, BMV, Registre 28; Langlois, ‘Petits livres secrets', passim.

  25 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, pp. 36ff.

  26 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 40; Leroy & Loyau, Sagesse, p. 261.

  27 See Demoiselles de Saint-Cyr, passim.

  28 Desprat, p. 270.

  29 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 39; Aumale, p. 81.

  30 Milhiet, pp. 19ff; Chandernagor & Poisson, pp. 10ff.

  31 Chandernagor & Poisson, pp. 33, 153.

  32 Beaussant, Artiste, p. 245; Blanc, pp. 330ff.

  33 Dubu, Racine, p. 117; Racine, Esther, Prologue.

  34 Duchêne, Sévigné, pp. 492ff.

  35 See Journal de la Santé, passim; Beaussant, Roi-Soleil, p. 50.

  36 Forster, p. xxvi.

  37 Bluche, Louis, pp. 468–9.

  38 Wolf, pp. 443–4; Burke, p. 16.

  39 Kroll, pp. 60ff.

  40 Visconti, p. 151.

  41 Beaussant, Roi-Soleil, p. 115.

  42 Bertière, II, p. 354.

  CHAPTER 12 Grandeurs of the World

  1 MacCarthy, ‘A Hundred Thanks to God', p. 99.

  2 Sévigné (1955), p. 313.

  3 Oman, pp. 18–19.

  4 Strickland, pp. 301ff; Sévigné (1959), p. 313.

  5 Dangeau, III, p. 166.

  6 Corp, ‘Elizabeth Hamilton'; Saint-Simon (1967), I, pp. 216–17; Dangeau IV, passim.

  7 Louis, Gardens, pp. 10ff.

  8 MacDonogh, p. 139; Saint-Simon (1967), III, p. 115, note 2; Dangeau, II, p. 105.

  9 Dangeau, III, p. 216.

  10 Evelyn, II, p. 232; Goubert, pp. 166ff.

  11 Dangeau, V, p. 180, ‘Annexe sur l'Argenterie du Royaume'; pp. 261–2.

  12 Bluche, Louis, p. 444, Leroy & Loyau, Estime, pp 73–5.

  13 Bassenne, pp. 11ff; p. 310.

  14 La Fayette, p. 159.

  15 Dangeau, IV, p. 228; Kroll, p. 62.

  16 Dangeau, IV, p. 230.

  17 Pitts, p. 231; Bouyer, p. 231.

  18 Dangeau, V, pp. 175, 198.

  19 Kroll, p. 104.

  20 Caylus (1986), p. 98.

  21 Saint-Simon (1856), I, pp. 15–16
.

  22 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 442; Kroll, pp. 72ff.

  23 Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 442–3.

  24 Kroll, p. 40; Wolf, p. 284; Ariès, Childhood, pp. 79–80; Farmer, pp. 366ff.

  25 Bluche, Vie quotidienne, pp. 65ff; Farmer, p. 366.

  26 Farmer, p. 370.

  27 See Maroteaux, passim; Dangeau II, pp. 90, 112; Strong, pp. 62–3; Oresko, ‘Banquets', p. 75; Kroll, p. 108.

  28 Racine, Athalie, Act II, scene 2, Barthes, p. 128.

  29 Dubu, pp. 121ff.

  30 Neveu, ‘Institut', pp. 143ff; Pepys, IV, p. 100.

  31 Kroll, pp. 64, 144 note 1, 149.

  32 Melchior-Bonnet, p. 34.

  33 Cornette, ‘Bossuet', p. 466.

  CHAPTER 13 Becoming a Child Again

  1 Melchior-Bonnet, p. 91.

  2 Oresko, ‘Sabaudian Court', p. 231.

  3 AST, fol. 170 (1698 nd); Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 219.

  4 Melchior-Bonnet, p. 76.

  5 Norton, First Lady, pp. 15–16; Elliott, p. 50.

  6 Norton, First Lady, p. 60.

  7 Kroll, p. 68.

  8 Forster, p. 54; Gourdin, pp. 31ff; Kroll, p. 80.

  9 Carré, Bourgogne, p. 20; Melchior-Bonnet, p. 81.

  10 Norton, First Lady, pp. 64–5.

  11 Forster, p. 95.

  12 Norton, First Lady, pp. 117–18; pp. 101ff.

  13 Haussonville & Hanotaux, I, pp. 225–6.

  14 Melchior-Bonnet, pp. 34ff; Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 53, 227.

  15 Kroll, p. 74.

  16 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 163; Forster, p. 95.

  17 Maxwell, p. 46.

  18 Haussonville & Hanotaux, I, p. 225; Norton, First Lady, p. 115.

  19 Dubu, ‘Racine the Courtier', p. 127.

  20 Bernot, p. 128; Kroll, p. 158.

  21 Forster, p. 80; Bluche, Vie quotidienne, p. 71.

  22 Leroy & Loyau, Sagesse, p. 137.

  23 Lear, p. 525; Saint-Simon (1967), I, pp. 96–8.

  24 AST, fol. 170 (1698 nd).

  25 Desprat, pp. 311ff; Bryant, ‘Maintenon', pp. 8–9.

  26 Desprat, p. 326; Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 112–14.

  27 Bryant, ‘Maintenon', p. 8.

  28 Haussonville & Hanoteaux, I, pp. 88, 112–14.

  29 Saint-Simon (1908), XX, p. 254 & note 5; Sweetser, pp. 107–8; Leibacher-Ouvrard, passim.

  30 Burke, p. 137; Duprat, pp. 294–5; Livres Défendus, FF, 21743

  31 Leibacher-Ouvrard, p. 110.

  32 Bluche, Louis, p. 441.

  33 Desprat, p. 366.

  34 Wolf, p. 509; Kroll, p. 93.

  35 Saule, pp. 104–5; Forster, p. 125.

  CHAPTER 14 Gaiety Begins to Go

  1 AST, fol. 170 (16 Nov. 1700).

  2 Norton, First Lady, p. 177.

  3 Prescott-Wormeley, p. 202.

  4 AST, fol. 170 (16 June 1698 & 22 Jan. 1702).

  5 Erlanger, p. 244; Saint-Simon (1967), I, pp. 158ff.

  6 Cruysse, pp. 411ff.

  7 Le Roy Ladurie, p. 52.

  8 Nordmann, p. 91; Corp, ‘Jacobite Court', pp. 245–8; Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 316.

  9 Oman, p. 195; Bryant, ‘Maintenon', pp. 85–6; Blet, p. 174 (reference courtesy of Prof. Edward Corp).

  10 Add. MSS, 20, 919, fol. 275; MacCarthy, ‘A Hundred Thanks to God', p. 101; Sévigné (1955), p. 315.

  11 Southorn, p. 7.

  12 Wolf, p. 109; Norton, First Lady, p. 566.

  13 AST, fol. 11 (31 Dec. 1708).

  14 Add. MS 20918 fol. 31; Wolf, p. 524.

  15 Carré, Bourgogne, pp. 162–3; Norton, First Lady, p. 116.

  16 She did not cross ‘the Rubicon', Melchior-Bonnet, pp. 155, 257; Caylus (2003), pp. 128–9.

  17 Caylus (2003), p. 128.

  18 Niderst, p. 278.

  19 AST, fol. 11 (3 May nd).

  20 Marie-Adelaide, p. 29; AST, fol. 170 (14 Mar. 1707).

  21 Leroy & Loyau, Sagesse, p. 65.

  22 Bertière, II, p. 413; Aumale, p. 94.

  23 AHG, A1 189 fol. 249.

  24 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, pp. 85, 97, 94.

  25 Le Roy Ladurie, pp. 107, 210; Petitfils, Montespan, pp. 262–7, 273; Hilton, p. 297; La Liborlière, p. 171.

  26 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 337; Hilton, p. 297.

  27 Kroll, p. 104; Lair, pp. 350–1.

  28 Haussonville & Hanoteaux, I, pp. 106–7.

  29 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 58.

  30 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 58.

  31 See Aumale, passim; Milhiet, p. 64 & note 233, p. 218 & note 260.

  32 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, pp. 19–20, 66.

  33 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 72.

  34 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 353.

  35 Southorn, p. 7.

  36 Norton, First Lady, pp. 253–4.

  37 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 362; Norton, First Lady, p. 253.

  38 Add. MSS, 20, 918 fol. 24.

  39 Loyau, Ursins Correspondance, pp. 63, 67.

  40 Prescott-Wormeley, p. 206.

  41 Loyau, Ursins Correspondance, p. 63.

  42 Marie-Adelaide, p. 16; Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 390.

  43 Melchior-Bonnet, pp. 237ff.

  44 Elliott, p. 378.

  45 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 403; AST, fol. 98 (4 Feb. 1709 & 23 Feb. 1709); Cruysse, pp. 457–8.

  46 Loyau, Ursins Correspondance, p. 289; Egerton MS 23, p. 133.

  47 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 278.

  48 Loyau, Ursins Correspondance, pp. 143ff; Leroy & Loyau, Estime, pp. 231–3.

  CHAPTER 15 We Must Submit

  1 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 233; Saint-Simon (1967), I, pp. 440–1.

  2 AST, fol. 98 (9 Dec. 1709); Add. MS 20, 919 fol. 270; Aumale, p. 185; Bryant (2001), pp. 27–8; Bluche, Louis, p. 574; see Chandernagor, ‘Maintenon', in DGS, II, pp. 936–7; Burke, pp. 137ff.

  3 Burke, p. 137; Haldane, p. 224.

  4 Barthélemy, I, pp. 296ff; Niderst, p. 271; Saint-Simon (1967) II, pp. 180ff.

  5 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 65 & note; Kroll, p. 150.

  6 Elliott, p. 406.

  7 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 46.

  8 Barthélemy, I, p. 41; AST, fol. 98 (23 June 1710 & 10 July 1710).

  9 Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 332, 446ff; Le Roy Ladurie, p. 153.

  10 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 185.

  11 Madam Life's a piece in bloom Death goes dogging everywhere; She's the tenant of the room, He's the ruffian on the stair.

  – W. E. Henley (1849–1903)

  12 Kroll, pp. 140ff; Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 143.

  13 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 144.

  14 Beaussant, Artiste, p. 271.

  15 Kroll, p. 148.

  16 Elliott, pp. 430ff.

  17 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 297.

  18 Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 221–2.

  19 Marie-Adelaide, pp. 49–50.

  20 Melchior-Bonnet, p. 266.

  21 AST, fol. 98 (7 Dec. 1711); Elliott, p. 205.

  22 Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 217– 19; III, p. 321, Elliott, pp. 440ff; Melchior-Bonnet, pp. 284ff; Norton, First Lady, pp. 366ff.

  23 Kroll, pp. 155–6; Carré, Bourgogne, p. 124.

  24 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 234.

  25 Kroll, Sophie, p. 271.

  26 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 223.

  27 Carré, Bourgogne, p. 219.

  28 Bluche, Vie quotidienne, p 74.

  29 Melchior-Bonnet, p. 294.

  30 Adelaide is not believed to be a traitor by those who have studied her in detail; she was on the contrary ‘ardent for all that concerned the honour of her husband', Geffroy, Maintenon, II, pp. 307–8; Norton, First Lady, p. 234; Prescott-Wormeley, p. 182; Elliott, p. 321.

  31 Melchior-Bonnet, pp. 21, 194ff.

  32 Kroll, p. 340; Voltaire, p. 340.

  33 Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 223.

  CHAPTER 16 Going on a Journey

  1 Cole, pp. 16–18.

  2 Barthélemy, I, pp. 131ff.

  3 Pevitt, p. 248; Wolf, p. 612. />
  4 Dangeau, III, p. 26; I, p. 35; Dupont-Logié, p. 51.

  5 Dupont-Logié, pp. 41ff; Béguin, p. 24ff; Cessac & Couvreur, p. 9.

  6 Gourdin, pp. 153ff.

  7 Gourdin, p. 147.

  8 Loyau, ‘Double Mort', p. 295.

  9 Hatton, ‘Louis', p. 233.

  10 For the death of Louis XIV, see Saint-Simon (1967), II, pp. 467ff; Aumale, pp. 198ff; Déon, pp. 333ff; Bluche, Louis, p. 99.

  11 Leroy & Loyau, Estime, p. 254; Kroll, p. 168.

  12 Aumale, pp. 198ff.

  13 Saint-Évremond, p. 10.

  14 See Loyau, ‘Double Mort', passim.

  15 Levron, pp. 52 ff; Saint-Simon (1967), II, p. 501.

  16 Sawkins, p. 3, Duprat, p. 12, see Massillon, passim.

  17 Add. MSS, III, fol. 332; Anmale, pp. 205, 85.

  18 Hatton, ‘Louis', p. 260; Lebrun, ‘Derniers jours', p. 50.

  19 ‘Lettres adressées à Madame de Maintenon …’, G. 328 BMV.

  20 See Tovar de Teresa for Justo sentimento de la Santa Iglesia, trans. Hugh Thomas.

  21 Aumale, p. 86 & note 1; Leibacher-Ouvrard, p. 122; Langlois, ‘Petits livres secrets', p. 367.

  22 Milhiet, pp. 85ff.

  23 Add. MSS, III, fol. 332; Saint-Simon (1967), III, p. 108; Kroll, pp. 150–1; Chandernagor & Poisson, p. 52.

  24 Haldane, p. 268; Kroll, p. 187.

  25 Ó Neachtain, trans. Niall Mackenzie; for Irish see Ó Neachtain pp. 20–4.

  26 Aumale, p. 234; Kroll, p. 245.

  27 Gourdin, p. 337; Cessac & Couvreur, p. 10; Mortier, pp. 15, 20; Dupont-Logié, p. 201.

  CHAPTER 17 Never Forget

  1 Cornette, ‘Bossuet', p. 467; Bussy-Rabutin, Histoire amoureuse, II, p. 49.

  2 Doscot, p. 26; Combescot, p. 420.

  3 Flaubert, p. 199, trans. Wall.

  4 Racine, Bajazet, 2nd Preface, trans. Hollingshurst.

  5 Saint-Simon (1967), I, p. 32; Erlanger, p. 53; Lear, p. 75.

  6 Racine, Athalie, Act V, scene 8.

  7 Backer, p. 16.

  8 Hedley, p. 120.

  9 Kroll, p. 102.

  SOURCES

  Place of publication of French editions is Paris and of English editions is London unless otherwise noted. Translations from French editions are my own if the name of a translator is not given; the translator's name is supplied for German, Italian and Spanish material.

  ABBREVIATIONS

  AHG Archives Historiques de la Guerre, Vincennes

  AN Archives Nationales, Paris

  AST Archivio di Stato di Torino, Corte, Real Casa, Letteri principi diversi, mazzo 26, Turin

  BL British Library MSS, London

  BMV Bibliothèque Municipale, Versailles

  BN Bibliothèque Nationale MSS, rue de Richelieu, Paris