The Wisdom of Menopause
Page 87
50. Bauer, D. C., et al. (2004). Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine, and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: The fracture intervention trial, J Bone Miner Res, 19, 1250–1258; Kwek, E. B., et al. (2008). An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fractures: A long-term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury, 39, 224–231; Neviaser, A. S., et al. (2008). Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma, 22, 346–350; Parker-Pope, T. (July 15, 2008). Drugs to build bones may weaken them. New York Times, available online at www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/health/15well.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss; Cheung, R. K., et al. (2007). Sequential non-traumatic femoral shaft fractures in a patient on long-term alendronate. Hong Kong Med J, 13, 485–489; American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) 2010 Annual Meeting: Abstract 241, presented Mar. 10, 2010; Abstract 339, presented Mar. 11, 2010.
51. Guyatt, G. H., et al. (2002). Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis and the relationship between bone density and fractures. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 31 (3), 659–679, xii; Cranney, A., et al. (2002). Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IX: Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev, 23 (4), 570–578; Black, D. M., et al. (1996). Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet, 348 (9041), 1535–1541; McClung, M. R., et al. (Feb. 1, 2001). Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med, 344 (5), 333–340; Harris, S. T., et al. (1999). Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: A randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA, 282 (14), 1344–1352.
52. Alonso-Coello, P., et al. (2008). Drugs for pre-osteoporosis: Prevention or disease mongering? BMJ, 336, 126–129.
53. DeGroen, P. C. (1996). Esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate. N Engl J Med, 335, 1016–1021.
54. Ruggiero, S. L., et al. (2004). Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: A review of 63 cases. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg, 62, 527–534.
55. Watts, N. B., & Diab, D. L. (2010). Long-term use of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, 1555–1565; Speroff, L. (2005). Is long-term alendronate treatment a problem? Ob/Gyn Clinical Alert, 22, 9–10.
56. Delmas, P., et al. (1997). Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med, 337, 1641–1647; Ettinger, B., et al. (1999). Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: Results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA, 282 (7), 637–645.
57. Silverman, S. L., & Azria, M. (2002). The analgesic role of calcitonin following osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int, 13 (11), 858–867.
58. Phoosuwan, M., et al. (2009). The effects of weight bearing yoga training on the bone resorption markers of the postmenopausal woman. J Med Assoc Thai, 92 (suppl. 5), S102–S108.
59. Nelson, M., et al. (1994). Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 272 (24), 1909–1914.
60. Nelson, M. (2000). Strong Women Stay Young. New York: Bantam.
61. Fiatarone, M., et al. (1994). Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med, 330 (25), 1769–1775.
62. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. (2009). Effect of extended physiotherapy and highdose vitamin D on rate of falls and hospital re-admission after acute hip fracture: A randomized controlled trial. Presented at the 31st annual meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), Denver, CO.
63. Sinaki, M., & Mikkelsen, B. A. (1984). Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: Flexion vs. extension. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 65, 593–596.
64. Rosen, C., et al. (1994). The effects of sunlight and diet on bone loss in elderly women from rural Maine. Maine J Health Issues, 1 (2), 35–48. (Study done by Michael Holick in Bangor, Maine.)
65. Vieth, R. (1999). Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 842–856. (Anyone who is serious about gathering more information on vitamin D and sunlight should read this impressive review article on the subject.)
66. Ibid.
67. Dobnig, H., et al. (2008). Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med, 168, 1340–1349.
68. Neer, R. M., et al. (1971). Stimulation by artificial lighting of calcium absorption in elderly human subjects. Nature, 229, 255.
69. Holick, M. F. (1995). Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr, 61 (suppl. 3), 638S–645S.
70. Dawson-Hughes, B., et al. (1991). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med, 115 (7), 505–511.
71. Ibid.
72. Sanders, K. M., et al. (2010). Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 303, 1815–1822.
73. McNeil, T. (Spring 1998). The vitamin D guru: School of medicine professor sees the light and spreads the news. Bostonia, 34–35.
74. Veith, R. (1999). Op. cit.
75. Berger, J. (1998), 64–72. Herbal Rituals. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
76. Weed, S. (1989). Healing Wise: Wise Woman’s Herbal (262). Woodstock, NY: Ashtree Publications.
77. Munger, R. G. (1999). Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 69 (1), 147–152.
78. Abraham, G. (1991). The importance of magnesium in the management of primary postmenopausal osteoporosis: A review. J Nutr Med, 2, 165–178; Gaby, A., & Wright, J. (1990). Nutrients and osteoporosis: A review article. J Nutr Med, 1, 63–72.
79. Buckley, L. M., et al. (1996). Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation prevents bone loss in the spine secondary to low-dose corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Ann Intern Med, 125 (12), 961–968.
80. Nielson, B. E., et al. (1987). Effects of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB, 1, 394–397.
81. Cauley, J. A., et al. (2008). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk for hip fractures. Ann Intern Med, 149, 242–250.
82. Koshihara, Y., et al. (2003). Vitamin K stimulates osteoblastogenesis and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in human bone marrow cell culture. J Endocrinol, 176, 339–348; Hidaka, T., et al. (2002). Treatment for patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis who have been placed on HRT and show a decrease in bone mineral density: Effects of concomitant administration of vitamin K2. J Bone Miner Metab, 20, 235–239; Hirano, J., &Ishii, Y. (2002). Effects of vitamin K2, vitamin D, and calcium on the bone metabolism of rats in the growth phase. J Orthop Sci, 7, 364–369; Shiraki, M., et al. (2000). Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res, 15, 515–521; Iwamoto, J., et al. (2000). Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Orthop Sci, 5, 546–551.
83. Iwamoto, J., et al. (2003). Treatment with vitamin D3 and/or vitamin K2 for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Keio J Med, 52, 147–150; Iwamoto, J., et al. (2000). Op. cit.
84. Booth, S. L., et al. (2003). Dietary phylloquinone depletion and repletion in older women. J Nutr, 133, 2565–2569; Binkley, N. C., et al. (2002). A high phylloquinone intake is required to achieve maximal osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation. Am J Clin Nu
tr, 76, 1055–1060.
85. Manonai, J., et al. (2008). Effects and safety of Pueraria mirifica on lipid profiles and biochemical markers of bone turnover rates in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause, 15, 530–535; Urasopon, N., et al. (2007). Pueraria mirifica, a phytoestrogen-rich herb, prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats. Maturitas, 56, 322–331; Urasopon, N., et al. (2008). Preventive effects of Pueraria mirifica on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Maturitas, 59, 137–148.
86. Li, Y., et al. (2010). Bone mineral content is positively correlated to n-3 fatty acids in the femur of growing rats. Br J Nutr, 104 (5), 674–685; Griel, A. E., et al. (2007). An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans. Nutr J, 6, 2.
87. Potter, S. M., Baum, J. A., Teng, H., Stillman, R. J., Shay, N. F., & Erdman, J. W. (1998). Soy protein and isoflavones: Their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 68 (6, suppl.), 1375S–1379S.
88. Zhang, X., et al. (2005). Prospective cohort study of soy food consumption and risk of bone fracture among postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med, 165 (16), 1890–1895.
89. Lydeking-Olsen, E., et al. (2004). Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss—a 2-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr, 43 (4), 246–257. Epub Apr. 14, 2004.
90. Bonfield, T. (June 15, 1999). Research backs benefits of soy—postmenopausal women take note. Cincinnati Enquirer. This study, which was conducted by Dr. Michael Scheiber, of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at the University of Cincinnati, and Dr. Kenneth Setchell, director of mass spectrometry at Children’s Hospital Medical Center, demonstrated that eating three servings of soy foods per day containing a total of about 70 mg of soy isoflavones had definite bone-building effects that may be as good as those of estrogen.
91. Urassopon, N., et al. (2008). Preventive effects of Pueraria mirifica on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Maturitas, 59, 137–148; Urassopon, N., et al. (2007). Pueraria mirifica, a phytoestrogen-rich herb, prevents bone loss in orchidectomized rats. Maturitas, 56, 322–331.
92. Hegarty, V., et al. (2000). Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 1003–1007.
Chapter 13: Creating Breast Health
1. Toikkanene, S., et al. (1991). Factors predicting late mortality from breast cancer. Eur J Cancer, 27 (5), 586–591.
2. Chen, C. C., et al. (1995). Adverse life events and breast cancer: Casecontrol study. BMJ, 311, 1527–1530.
3. Dreher, Henry. (Oct. 12, 2005). Personal communication.
4. Levy, S., et al. (1987). Correlation of stress factors with sustained depression of natural killer cell activity and predicted prognosis in patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 5, 348–353.
5. Spiegel, D., et al. (1989). The effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet, 2 (8668), 888–891.
6. Prior, J. (1992). Critique of estrogen treatment for heart attack prevention: The Nurses’ Health Study. A Friend Indeed, 8 (8), 3–4; Schairer, C., et al. (2000). Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA, 283 (4), 485–491.
7. Bulbrook, P. D., Swain, M. C., Wang, D. Y., et al. (1976). Breast cancer in Britain and Japan: Plasma oestradiol-17b, oestrone, and progesterone, and their urinary metabolites in normal British and Japanese women. Eur J Cancer, 12, 725–735.
8. Seely, S., et al. (1983). Diet and breast cancer: The possible connection with sugar consumption. Med Hypotheses, 11, 319–327; Kazer, R. (1995). Insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor I and breast cancer: A hypothesis. Int J Cancer, 62, 403–406; Bruning, P., et al. (1992). Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. Int J Cancer, 52, 511–516.
9. Tavani, A., et al. (Oct. 25, 2005; epub ahead of print). Consumption of sweet foods and breast cancer risk in Italy, Ann Oncol.
10. Coleman, B. C. (Mar. 10, 1999). Fatty diet and breast cancer: No link? Portland Press Herald.
11. Adlercreutz, H., et al. (1982). Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet, 2 (8311), 1295–1299.
12. Goldin, B. R., Adlercreutz, H., et al. (1982). Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med, 307, 1542–1547.
13. Percival, M. (1997). Phytonutrients and detoxification. Clinical Nutrition Insights, 1–4. Published by the Foundation for the Advancement of Nutritional Education. Available from Metagenics North East, P.O. Box 848, Kingston, NH 03848.
14. Zava, D., & Duwe, G. (1997). Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of genistein and other flavonoids in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Nutr Cancer, 27 (1), 31–40.
15. Shu, X. O., et al. (2009). Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA, 302, 2437–2443.
16. Kang, X., et al. (Oct. 18, 2010). Effect of soy isoflavones on breast cancer recurrence and death for patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. Can Med Assoc J, 182 (17), 1857–1862.
17. Ramnarine, S., et al. (2009). Phyto-oestrogens: Do they have a role in breast cancer therapy? Proc Nutr Soc, 68 (OCE), E93.
18. Thomsen, A. R., et al. (2005). Influence of Prevastein, an isoflavone-rich soy product, on mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in Tg.NK (MMTV/c-neu) mice. Nutr Cancer, 52 (2), 176–188; Allred, C. D., et al. (2004). Soy processing influences growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors. Carcinogenesis, 25 (9), 1649–1657.
19. Allred, C. D., et al. (2004). Op. cit.
20. Nagata, C., et al. (1997). Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women. Nutr Cancer, 29 (3), 228–233; Lu, L. J., et al. (2000). Increased urinary excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone but not 16alpha-hydroxyestrone in premenopausal women during a soya diet containing isoflavones. Cancer Res, 60 (5), 1299–1305; Cassidy, A., Bingham, S., & Setchell, K. D. (1994). Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 60 (3), 333–340.
21. Council for Responsible Nutrition. (June 17, 2009). International researchers convene meeting on isoflavones. Press release. Available online at www.npicenter.com/anm/anmviewer.asp?a=24304&print=yes.
22. Ritchie, M. (June 2009). Personal communication.
23. Xu, X., et al. (1998). Effects of soy isoflavones on estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7 (12), 1101–1108.
24. Wood, C. E., et al. (2004). Breast and uterine effects of soy isoflavones and conjugated equine estrogens in postmenopausal female monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89 (7), 3462–3468.
25. Bagga, D., et al. (1997). Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst, 89 (15), 1123–1131.
26. Brasky, T. M., et al. (2010). Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 19, 1696–1708.
27. Bougnoux, P., et al. (2009). Improving outcome of chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer by docosahexaenoic acid: A phase II trial. Br J Cancer, 101 (12), 1978–1985.
28. Garland, C. F., et al. (2009). Vitamin D for cancer prevention: Global perspective. Ann Epidemiol, 19, 468–483.
29. Garland, C. F., et al. (2007). Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: Pooled analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 103, 708–711.
30. Anderson, L. N., et al. (2010). Vitamin D and calcium intakes and breast cancer risk in pre-and postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 91, 1699–1707.
31. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2008 Annual Meeting: Abstract 511. Preview presscast, May 15, 2008.
32. Goodwin, P. J., et al. (2009). Prognostic effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 27, 3757–3763.
33. Kessler, J. H. (2004). The effect of supraphysiologic levels of
iodine on patients with cyclic mastalgia. Breast J, 10, 328–336.
34. Ghent, W. R., et al. (1993). Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast. Can J Surg, 35, 453–460.
35. Fitzgibbons, P. L., et al. (1998). Benign breast changes and the risk for subsequent breast cancer: An update of the 1985 consensus statement. Cancer Committee of the College of American Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 122, 1053–1055; Hartmann, L. C., et al. (2005). Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 353, 229–237.
36. Garcia-Solis, P., et al. (2005). Inhibition of N-methyl-N-nitrosoureainduced mammary carcinogenesis by molecular iodine (I2) but not by iodide (I-) treatment. Evidence that I2 prevents cancer promotion. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 236, 49–57.
37. Shrivastava, A. (2006). Molecular iodine induces caspase-independent apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cells involving the mitochondriamediated pathway. J Biol Chem, 281, 19762–19771.