prelims
Page 25
pathological, 29
Neutrality
Life experiences, 111, 112f
establishing of, 95
Listening
evidence collection, 54
active. See Active listening
signaling of, 96
importance of, 75
value of, 94–96
need for, 75
Noncustodial interview, 51, 120
signs of, 74
Nonjudgmental understanding, 79
types of, 75
Nonstructured approach for interview,
Location of participants during interview
154
chair positioning, 143–144
Nonverbal signs
conversation, 143–144, 144f, 154
of active listening, 82–87
definition of, 143
of deception, 27–28, 133
intimate, 146–147, 155
of neutrality, 96
moderate, 145–146, 154
Note-taking, 55
moving closer, 143
personal space considerations, 142
O
shifting of position, 146–147
Open-minded approach to interview, 95,
types of, 142–143
116, 122–123
Loss of control, 16
Open questions
Lying
characteristics of, 161–163
eye contact and, 159
directive, 164
reasons for, 28–29
diversion, 165
242
Index
Open questions cont.
“bones,” 127, 153
goals accomplished using, 163
case study example of, 180–194
indirect, 164–165
“consequences” question, 130
leading, 166
description of, 125
pointed, 164
“expanding inquiry” question, 132
reflective, 163
flowchart of, 126f
self-appraisal, 165
hidden persuaders used during, 127
uses of, 169
inconsistencies during, 151
Opinions, 95, 158
“instruction” question, 130
Organization
“kind to do it” question, 131
ethical leadership in, 5–6
narration question, 127
ethical strategies in, 3–4
“suspicion” question, 129
internal security personnel of, 63–64
“they say they saw you” question, 132
thefts not disclosed to public, 64
“they say you did it” question, 131–132
Output, 103
“thoughts” question, 130
“verification” question, 129
P
“what would you say” question, 132
Paralanguage, 102
“who” question, 128
Part I offenses, 62
“why it happened” question, 131
Part II offenses, 62–63
“willingness” question, 130
Participant location during interview
“you” question, 128
chair positioning, 143–144
Privacy, 141–142
conversation, 143–144, 144f, 154
Private investigators
definition of, 143
cooperation with, 66
intimate, 146–147, 155
definition of, 61
moderate, 145–146, 154
evidence collection by, 65
moving closer, 143
increasing use of, 61
personal space considerations, 142
investigations handled by, 63–64
shifting of position, 146–147
methods used by, 65
types of, 142–143
Miranda warnings not required, 52
Pathological liar, 29
white-collar crime investigations by, 64
Patience, 80–82
Probable cause, 49
Peer pressure, 31
Professional integrity, 7
Personality
Projection, 32
elements of, 18
Proxemics, 119, 142
psychopathic, 30–31
Psychological preparations, 116–117
Personal space, 142
Psychopathic personality, 30–31
Persuasion, 152
Public investigators
Pointed questions, 164
cooperation with, 66
Polygraph examination, 136, 152, 183
definition of, 61
Positive attitude
law enforcement professionals. See Law benefits of, 36
enforcement professionals
components of, 37–38
laws that govern, 65
Positive regard, unconditional, 37
suing of, 67
Positive silence, 85–87
Pygmalion effect, 100–101
Power
definition of, 89
Q
expression of, 89–90
Questions
positive uses of, 91–92
affirmative answers to, 169–170
Precontact stage of interview
“approach,” 129
case study examples of, 176
attitude conveyed through, 73
description of, 113–114
closed, 161–162
Prejudice, 111
“consequences,” 130–131
Preliminary inquiry, 114
conversational approach to, 161
Premature conclusions, 94
definition of, 160
Primary phase of interview
directive, 164
“approach” question, 129
diversion, 165
Index
243
emotion-laden, 170
“why it happened,” 131
encouraging of cooperation by, 167–169
“willingness,” 130
“expanding inquiry,” 132
wording of, 159
eye contact while answering, 159
“you,” 128
failure to answer, 170–171
formulating of, 159
R
gall to ask, 167
Rapport
guidelines for using, 166–168
active listening and, 73
indirect, 164–165
barriers to, 74
initiating of, 160
building of, 72–75, 117, 153
“instruction,” 130
definition of, 72
“kind to do it,” 131
question asking and, 72–73
leading, 166
self-image and, 73
mental assumption of affirmative
silence and, 85–86
answers to, 169–170
Rationalization, 31–32, 91, 151
narration, 127
Real evidence, 47–48
objective approach to, 160
Reflective questions, 163
open
Refusal to cooperate, 19, 66, 168
characteristics of, 161–163
Reports
directive, 164
accuracy of, 56
diversion, 165
characteristics of, 55–57
goals accomplished using, 163
clarity of, 56
indirect, 164–165
completeness of, 56
leading, 166
conciseness of, 56
pointed, 164
definition of, 54
reflective, 163
factual nature of, 55–56
self-appraisal, 165
legibility of, 57
uses of, 169
mechanical corrections in, 56
pointed, 164
note-taking, 55
presentation of, 160–161
objective nature of, 56
rapport building for, 72–73
punctuality of, 57
reflective, 163
statement in, 55
repeating of, 170
writing of, 54–55
rewording of, 171
Restrained authority, 93–94
self-appraisal, 165
Review, 148–149
silence after asking, 86
Rewards, 106
spontaneity of, 159
Role playing, 42
for structured approach for interview,
Role reversal, 74
152–153
Rosenthal, Robert, 101
“suspicion,” 129
Rules of conduct
termination of interview after, 172–173
purpose of, 2
“they say they saw you,” 132
societal creation of, 2
“they say you did it,” 131–132
“thoughts,” 130
S
tone during, 160
Sapir, Edward, 43
“trial balloon,” 172
Scientific method, 32
“trick,” 161
Scott County cases, 67–68
“trust,” 129
Search warrants, 48
unanswered, 170–171
Seating during interview, 121–122
uneasiness by interviewee, 171
Self-appraisal questions, 165
“verification,” 129
Self-belief, 104
“what-if,” 172
Self-confidence, 106, 137
“what would you say,” 132
Self-disclosure, 19–20
“who,” 128
Self-efficacy, 35, 106
“why,” 162–163
Self-esteem, 16–17, 22
244
Index
Self-expectations, 100
Miranda warnings, 49–52
Self-expression, 38
voluntary, 49–52
Self-fulfilling prophecy
definition of, 48
applying of, 103–105
interviewing as method of collecting,
basis of, 99
49, 66
elements of
legal presentation of, 57–58
climate, 102
“They say they saw you” question, 132
description of, 101–102
“They say you did it” question, 131–132
feedback, 102–103
“Thoughts” question, 130
input, 103
Tone
output, 103
of interview, 121, 123, 179–180
interpersonal communication effects,
of questioning, 160
99
of voice, 84, 96
investigative interview uses of, 100
Touching, 85
power of, 105
“Trial balloon” questions, 172
Self-image
“Trust” question, 129
description of, 16–17
Trustworthiness, 41
fearing of harming others, 20
Truthfulness, 24–25, 134
preservation of, 22, 31
Truth seeking, 44, 72, 151, 159
rapport building and, 73
silence and, 87
U
Selfishness, 30
Unanswered questions, 170–171
Semistructured approach for interview,
Unconditional positive regard, 37
153
Universal human needs, 15–16
Sex-abuse cases, 67–68, 199–209
Silence, 85–87
V
Situational ethics, 4
Values
Social needs, 18
ethics and, 4
Statement
moral lessons associated with, 2
definition of, 55
responsibility for actions, 3
witness, 58
sources of, 2
Stress
Verbal signs, of deception, 26–27
deception and, 25
“Verification” question, 129
intimate location and, 146
Victim
law enforcement professionals, 22–23
hiding of information by, 134
personal space violations and, 142
self-control by, 124–125
Structured approach for interview,
Voice tone, 84, 96
152–153, 180
Voluntary confessions, 49–52
Subpoena, 48, 66
Suspect in custody
W
consent obtained by, 52
“What-if” questions, 172
constitutional rights waived by, 52
“What would you say” question,
interrogation of, 49
132
probable cause for picking up, 49
White-collar crime
Suspicion, 41, 137
law enforcement professional
”Suspicion” question, 129
investigation of, 63
private investigations of, 64
T
“Why it happened” question, 131
Telephone interview, 120
“Why” questions, 162–163
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 3
“Willingness” question, 130
Tension, 95, 166
Witness
Testimonial evidence
interviewing of, 124, 158
collection of, 49, 66
legal challenges to, 58
confessions
observations by, 158
description of, 48
statements by, 58
legal tactics in obtaining, 52–53
withholding of information by, 134
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