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Secret Warriors

Page 46

by Taylor Downing


  colour film, 295, 296

  A Day in the Life of a Munitions Worker, 311

  Department of Information and, 318

  developments in 1895–1914 period, 290–1

  documentary films, 291, 294–8, 301–11, 314

  ‘electric picture palaces’, 290

  fake footage of ‘over the top’ moment, 303–4, 306, 308

  film cameramen at the front, 11, 293–4, 298–309, 311, 314

  film cameramen with army, 11, 293–4, 296, 297, 298–309, 311, 314

  film cameramen with Royal Navy, 294, 295–7

  German propaganda films, 292–3, 310

  The German Retreat and the Battle of Arras, 310

  Hollywood, 291, 312, 357

  images of the dead and the dying, 304, 307, 308

  initial banning of film-makers from front, 292, 293, 295

  international nature of, 291, 292

  invention of, 26

  limitations of film cameras, 299

  Mrs John Bull Prepared, 311

  newsreel companies in Britain (Topical companies), 291–2, 293–4, 300–1, 311

  NWAC and, 330

  official films at Imperial War Museum, 332, 333

  Pictorial News (Official), 311

  popularity of, 35, 290, 305–6

  recruitment pictures, 292

  in Second World War, 334

  severe restrictions at front, 299–300

  standard 50mm lens, 299, 306

  US Army Signal Corps film unit, 312

  War Office Cinematographic Committee, 310–11

  War Office Topical Film Committee, 293, 301, 304

  Wellington House Cinema Committee, 294

  Circuit des Ardennes, 28, 44

  Clarendon Films, Croydon, 300, 303

  Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, 345

  Clark, Alan, 164

  Clarke, Russell, 105–6

  Clarke, William, 118–19

  coal mines, industrial health in, 10

  coal tar, 20

  code-breaking, 8, 11, 12

  Admiralty and, 11, 102–3, 106–14, 117, 118–19, 121–3, 125, 126–7, 128, 138, 339

  capture of code books, 106–8, 116–17, 125, 126, 131

  diplomatic service code books, 125, 126, 131, 144, 145

  Ewing and, 101, 102, 103, 106, 108, 126

  Government Code and Cypher School, 339

  Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 339–40

  legacy of, 339–40

  at War Office, 126

  Cody, Samuel E, 56–7, 58, 59, 70

  Coke, Sir Charles, 130–1

  Cold War, 339

  Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 338

  Committee of Imperial Defence, 58, 69, 194

  communications and signals, 15, 18, 19, 24, 52, 163, 354

  on Eastern Front, 103–4

  failures of the command-and-control system, 164

  interception of, 2, 8, 102, 103–6, 109–14, 116–17, 118–19, 121–3, 138, 163

  interception of diplomatic cables, 110, 111, 125, 126–7, 131–2, 138, 139–44, 145–6

  lack of improvements in, 163–4; see also intelligence; radio (wireless telegraphy)

  conscription, 168, 357

  Conservative Party, 53, 117–18, 277, 315

  Constantinople (Istanbul), 124

  Cook, Sir Edward, 287–8

  cordite, 166, 169–70

  HMS Cornwallis, 131

  Courtney, Captain Ivon, 79

  courts martial for cowardice or desertion, 263–5

  Coventry Sewing Machine Company, 27

  Craiglockhart Hospital for Officers, 256–9

  cricket, 36, 273, 318

  Crimean War, 37, 215

  Crippen, Dr, arrest of (1910), 19

  Crompton, Colonel, 199

  Crookes, Sir William, 7

  Crystal Palace Technical College, London, 34, 63

  CS Alert, 1–2, 101

  Cunliffe-Owen, Sir Hugo, 324

  Curie, Marie, 21, 341

  Daily Chronicle, 316

  Daily Express, 51, 281, 322

  Daily Mail, 25, 49, 50, 51, 62, 276, 281, 287, 310

  Daily Mirror, 25, 275–6

  Daily News, 279, 288

  Daily Telegraph, 127, 274

  Daimler, Gottlieb, 27

  Daimler-Knight petrol engine, 201

  Dakin, Henry, 227

  Darracq Motor Company, 43

  Dartmouth Naval College, 102

  Darwin, Charles (grandson of evolutionist), 153

  Darwin, Horace, 59, 156

  de Grey, Nigel, 127, 139–40, 142, 144, 366

  de Havilland, Geoffrey, 34, 63–5, 71, 91

  de Valera, Eamon, 132

  Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), 105, 271–2

  Dejerine, Jules, 23, 242, 255, 262

  DeMille, Cecil B., 312

  Denniston, Alexander, 102–3, 109, 364

  Denniston, Mrs Alexander, 128

  Deperdussin aircraft, 70

  Deptford generating station, 16

  Derby, Lord, 227

  Derflinger (German warship), 114, 115

  d’Eyncourt, Eustace Tennyson, 198, 200, 210

  Dickens, Charles, Our Mutual Friend, 340

  Dickson, Bertram, 66

  diphosgene, 185, 189

  Diplock, Bramah, 196

  dirigibles, 58

  disease and fever, 15, 21–2, 214–15, 216

  bacteria in shrapnel and, 219–20, 221

  gas gangrene, 220, 231

  inoculations, 216

  DNA, discovery of, 153

  Dodd, Francis, 313

  Donald, Robert, 316–17, 320

  Doncaster international air show (1909), 62

  Dover, 1, 2, 3, 51, 156

  Downing College, Cambridge, 97

  Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 133, 195, 280, 286

  Driver, Hugh, 57

  Duchess of Westminster’s War Hospital, Le Touquet, 242–3

  Dulux paint, 338

  Dunne, John William, 57, 59

  DuPont, 338

  dyes, synthetic, 19, 168, 170

  dynamite, 166

  dysentery, 214

  Earp, Private, 264

  Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, 67, 68, 72

  Eastern Telegraph Company, 17

  Eastman, George, 26, 83–4

  Edgerton, David, 354

  Edison, Thomas, 16, 26, 191

  education system, British, 24, 51, 349

  public schools as anti-technology, 32–3, 34–5, 36

  technical schools, 34, 48, 63

  Edward VII, King, 32

  Egypt, 97, 98, 269, 311

  Ehrlich, Paul, 21

  Einstein, Albert, 14, 149, 341

  Electric Lighting Company, US, 191

  electricity, 10, 15–16, 356

  domestic consumption, 16–17, 357

  electrical industries, 16–17, 21

  generating stations, 16

  as key technology, 35

  motor cars and, 29

  power stations, 16

  replacement of gas street lighting by, 16, 356

  electrocardiograph devices, 21

  endocrinology, 261

  engineering, 9, 10, 12

  at Cambridge, 33, 102, 187

  precision, 29

  vocational training in, 33–4

  engines, internal combustion, 15, 27–8, 29, 30, 31–2, 33, 43, 60, 61, 123, 201, 356

  see also aircraft engines

  epilepsy, 23

  Esher, Lord, 58

  ethnographic studies, 242, 256

  Evelyn, John, 6

  Evening News, 305, 310

  Evening Standard, 322

  Ewing, Sir Alfred, 101–3, 105, 106, 108, 126, 364–5

  HMS Excellent, 354

  explosives, 9, 20, 33, 78, 155, 165–8, 169, 170–2, 337, 338

  amatol, 167, 170

  ammonal, 167, 171

  Ballisite (propellant), 166

  F
airbanks, Douglas, 312

  Fairey, Richard, 34

  Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 175, 176, 193, 207

  Faraday Laboratory, Royal Institution, 346

  Farman, Henri, 42–3

  Farman aircraft, 4, 42–3, 66, 70, 80, 91

  Farnborough: Airship Company based at, 67

  Balloon Factory at, 52–3, 56, 57, 58–9, 63, 64, 71

  RFC School of Photography at, 91–2

  Royal Aircraft Establishment at, 355

  Royal Aircraft Factory at, 71, 73–4, 90–1, 342–3, 350

  Farr, Gertrude, 264, 265

  Farr, Harry, 264, 265

  Faunthorpe, Captain, 298, 301

  Faversham, ‘the Great Explosion’ at, 171

  Ferranti company, 16

  fertilisers, agricultural, 20, 338

  Ffoulkes, Charles, 331, 332

  film-makers see cinema

  Finsbury Technical College, London, 34, 48

  First World War: American Expeditionary Force, 146

  Armistice (November 1918), 97, 208–9, 259, 329–30

  British declaration of war (4 August 1914), 1, 6, 77, 105, 129

  British public support for, 273–4, 284, 314

  casualty figures, 93, 176, 177, 179, 187, 189, 202, 217, 228, 231, 240, 251

  causes of, 76–7

  Eastern Front, 103–4, 174–5, 189, 206–7

  first aerial combat, 89–90

  Hindenburg Line, 206

  initial patriotic fervour, 75, 76

  outbreak of (August 1914), 1, 6, 75–8, 105, 129, 150–1, 269–71

  Russia’s departure from (1918), 95, 207, 321–2

  scale of conflict, 38

  trenches on Western Front, 9, 83–4, 87–8, 93, 154, 161, 174, 193, 194–5, 222

  US entry (6 April 1917), 97, 145, 207, 322, 328

  vast scale of casualties, 213, 230

  Ypres salient, 175, 179

  First World War (battles and campaigns): Allied counter-offensive (July 1918), 96–7, 208, 231–2

  Arras (1917), 95, 188, 230

  Britain’s first offensive act (1914), 1–2

  Cambrai (1917), 153, 205–7, 208, 209, 210, 321

  Caporetto (1917), 321

  Dogger Bank (1915) (naval), 113–16, 118

  Gallipoli (1915–16), 116, 117

  German advance through Belgium (August 1914), 77, 161, 192–3

  German retreat in West (1918), 97, 208–9, 329

  German spring offensive (1918), 95–6, 188, 207–8, 231

  Jutland (1916) (naval), 118–22, 123, 138, 238, 352

  Le Cateau (1914), 217

  Loos (1915), 181–3, 203, 227–8, 288

  the Marne (1914), 193

  the Menin Road Bridge (1917), 172

  Mons (August 1914), 81–2, 217, 272–3

  Neuve-Chapelle (March 1915), 87, 89, 117, 156, 287

  Palestine campaign (1917–18), 97–8, 311, 324–5

  the Somme (1916), 93, 138, 160, 165, 167, 185, 202–4, 228–30, 236, 250–3, 264–5, 289, 301–10, 314, 315

  Tannenberg (1914), 103–4

  Verdun (1916), 138, 163, 185

  Vimy Ridge (1917), 153

  First Battle of Ypres (October 1914), 242

  Second Battle of Ypres (1915), 175, 176–9, 282, 288

  Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) (1917), 153, 186–7, 205, 207, 237–8, 253, 311, 321

  Fisher, Lord, 102, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118

  flags, 163

  Fleming, Alexander, 226, 338–9

  Fleming, Professor John Ambrose, 10, 11, 365

  Flint, Charles R., 52

  Foch, Marshall, 207, 208

  Fokker aircraft, 90, 91, 94, 95

  food and drink, 35, 78, 157

  Food Investigation Board, 157

  Ford, Henry, 30

  Foster & Co, Lincoln, 199, 200

  Foulkes, Colonel Charles, 180, 181, 182

  Fowler, R.H., 352

  France: aircraft engines, 47–8

  annual manoeuvres (1910), 66

  ballooning in, 30–1, 44

  as centre of aviation in Europe, 42–3, 45, 49

  cinema in, 26, 291

  defeated by Prussia (1870–1), 38

  development of motor car, 27, 43, 45

  intellectuals and writers support war, 277

  motor races in, 28

  patriotic fervour in, 75, 277

  population growth, 38

  Schlieffen Plan and, 77

  treatment of mental conditions in, 23, 261–2

  war correspondents at front, 288

  Wilbur Wright’s aeroplane displays in, 32, 64

  see also French army

  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, assassination of, 77

  Fraser, Lionel, 127

  Freemantle, Michael, 165

  French, General Sir John, 5, 81–2, 83, 193, 287

  French army: aerial photography and, 84, 97

  Algerian divisions, 173, 176

  annual manoeuvres (1910), 66

  artillery of, 153–4

  Battle of Mons and, 81–2, 272

  BEF on left flank of, 77, 79, 192

  development of the tank and, 209

  infantry uniforms, 78

  July 1918

  counterattack, 208

  machine guns and, 154

  poison gas and, 173, 176, 180, 185

  protection against poison gas, 177–8

  shell shock and, 261–2, 266

  size of, 38

  ‘sound ranging’ and, 151

  Freud, Sigmund, 14, 23–4, 255

  friendly fire incidents, 82

  Fuel Research Board, 157

  fuel supply industry, 29, 349

  Fuller, Colonel J., 205

  Fulton, John, 66

  Gallipoli, 116, 117

  Galsworthy, John, 280

  gas engines, 27

  gas masks, 177, 181, 184, 185–6

  Gaumont, 291–2, 293–4, 300

  gelignite, 166

  gender reassignment surgery, 339

  General Electric Company (GEC), 16–17, 336–7

  George V, King, 277, 295, 298, 332

  German army: advance through Belgium (August 1914), 77, 161, 192–3

  aerial observation techniques, 89

  anti-tank tactics, 206

  atrocity and barbarism stories, 274–5, 278, 330, 333

  British propaganda leaflets and, 329, 333–4

  field grey uniforms, 78

  film cameramen with, 310

  grenades and, 158

  heavy artillery of, 153, 161, 207–8

  impact of of British tanks, 203

  light mortars, 161

  machine guns and, 154, 192

  Pioneer Regiment, 175–7, 184

  shell shock and, 261, 262–3, 266

  size of, 38

  ‘stabbed in the back’ argument, 333–4

  use of mustard gas, 186–7, 188

  use of poison gas, 173, 175–7, 179, 288

  as victims of poison gas, 183

  German Navy: challenge to British

  supremacy, 25, 75

  code books, 106–8, 116–17

  radio communications, 104–6, 108–9, 110–17

  shelling of Scarborough and Hartlepool, 112, 113

  use of code, 101, 103, 105–8

  Germany: armament production, 154

  aviation and, 56, 58

  British naval blockade of, 118, 122, 135, 136, 167

  communications interception, 103–5

  diplomatic mission in USA, 125, 129, 131–2, 138, 139–42

  diplomatic service messages intercepted, 110, 111, 125, 126–7, 138, 139–44, 145–6

  domination of chemical industry, 20

  at forefront of technological changes, 38

  Harmsworth’s warnings on, 25

  intellectuals and academics support war, 277–8

  invention of motor car, 27

  Irish nationalists and, 129–30

  Mexic
o and, 139, 140–1, 142, 143, 145

  patriotic fervour in, 75

  population growth, 38

  propaganda in Nazi era, 334

  Schlieffen Plan, 77

  ‘stabbed in the back’ argument, 333–4

  tank development in, 209

  Technische Hochschulen (technical schools), 34, 341

  telegraphic cables cut, 1–2, 8, 101, 104, 138

  unrestricted submarine warfare, 122, 138–10, 142, 146

  use of code, 8, 101, 102, 103

  vocational training in, 34

  Zimmermann telegram, 139–42, 143–6

  Gilbert, Sandra, 171

  Gillies, Harold, 233–9, 339, 365–6

  Glasgow University, 285

  Glazebrook, Dr Richard, 59, 156

  gliders, man-carrying, 31, 32

  Goebbels, Joseph, 334

  Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 234, 242

  Gordon Bennett races, 28–9, 43

  Gough, General Sir Hubert, 251

  Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 339–40

  Graves, Robert, 401–2

  Greece, 74

  Green, Frederick, 63, 64

  Gretna munitions factory, 170

  Grey, Edward, 54

  Grierson, General Sir James, 71–2

  Griffith, D.W., 312

  The Birth of a Nation, 291, 305

  gunpowder, 166

  Haber, Fritz, 20, 174–5, 176, 184, 187

  Haggard, Lieutenant, 127

  Haggard, Henry Rider, 306

  Hague Conventions (1899/1907), 174, 175

  Hahn, Otto, 175

  Haig, Douglas, 54, 65, 72, 87, 172, 301

  Allied counter-offensive (July 1918), 208

  ‘backs to the wall’ Order (1918), 96, 207

  becomes British commander-in-chief on Western Front, 202, 228, 288–9

  executions for cowardice or desertion and, 264–5

  Field Service Regulations, 54–5

  poison gas and, 181–2, 203, 288

  tanks and, 203, 204

  treatment of the wounded and, 218, 228, 230

  Haldane, Professor John, 10, 168, 178, 181, 367

  Haldane, Richard Burton, 53–5, 57–8, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 77, 349

  accused of pro-German sentiment, 276–7

  on Keogh, 221

  medical reforms of, 215, 216

  Royal Aircraft Factory and, 73

  Halifax bomber, 48

  Hall, William, 109–10, 111, 115, 116, 123

  Casement’s ‘Black Diaries’ and, 133

  diplomatic service intelligence and, 125, 126–7, 138, 139–44, 145–6

  eastern Mediterranean network of, 138

  Ireland and, 129–32

  Mata Hari and, 134–5

  monitoring of overseas mail, 135–6

  recruitment of women, 127–8

  Sayonara escapade and, 131–2

  use of misinformation, 110, 116, 136–8

  Vergemere cruise to Spain

  and, 133–1

  Zimmermann telegram and, 139–42, 143–4, 145–6

  Hambro, Lady, 128, 324

  Hambro, Sir Eric, 324

  Hamshaw-Thomas, Hugh, 97–8, 367–8

 

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