A Companion to Late Antique Literature
Page 93
essays, philosophical commentary 302
Ethiopia, Axumite Kingdom of 14
Ethnica (Stephen of Byzantium) 144–145
Eucharist 318
Eucharisticos (Paulinus of Pella) 33, 249, 272, 376
Eucheria (Gallo‐Roman aristocrat) 253
Eucherius of Lyons (d. ca. 449) 38
Euclid 525, 527, 577
Eudocia (Empress) 227, 264, 362, 369 epigrams and occasional poetry 242, 246, 251–252, 254–255
Eugenius 243
Eugenius II (Bishop of Toledo) 256
Eunapius 146–147, 148, 396
Euric (Visigothic king, 466–484) 29
Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 260–339) 55, 76, 97, 148, 161–163, 166, 170, 172–173, 210, 246, 363 and biography 379–380
and chronicles 183, 184, 187, 188, 561
Church History 328, 333
Ecclesiastical History 55, 70, 164, 171, 378
and Greek language/literary works 13, 14
and Latin literature 37, 38
Laus Constantini 209, 217
and pseudepigraphy 408, 411
Eutropius (fl. ca. 375) 37, 149, 153 Breviarium ab urbe condita 150, 444, 591
Eutychianism 441
Evagoras (Isocrates) 200, 212
Evagrius of Pontus 52, 63, 79, 161, 164, 170
Evagrius Scholasticus 13–14, 148, 162, 169
Evangeliorum libri IV (Juvencus) 267
Evangelium libri quattuor (ELQ) (Juvencus) 230
Evangelus 546
Evelyn‐White, H.G. 634
Excerpta Latina Barbari 180
Excerpta Sangallensia 180
exegesis 63, 81 epic poetry 231, 233
Homeric 222
philosophical commentary 299–300, 305, 307
rabbinic 314
Syriac literature 48–49
Exempla elocutionis (Messius) 460
Exodus 34, 48, 232, 267
Expositio totius mundi et gentium 367
Expositions of the Psalms (Augustine) 347
Expositions of the Psalms (Cassiordorus) 584
Ezekiel, commentary on 31
Eznik Kolbac’i (390–455) 79–80
fables 477–478, 485–486
Facta et Dicta memorabilia (Maximus) 431
Fasti Ostienses 178
Faventinus, Cetius 497
Febronia of Nisibis, martyr text of 382–383
Felix, Flavius 243
festal oration 197, 202–204
festivals 194, 197, 203, 543
fictional writing 14
Figulus, Nigidius 541
figural poetry 242, 243, 266
Filocalus (calligrapher) 37
Firminus 396
Fisher, Greg 128, 138
Flavian of Antioch 347
Flavianus, Virius Nicomachus 144, 148, 150, 545
Florilegia 436, 437, 438, 439–441
Florilegium Marcianum 440
Florus, L. Annaeus 149
forgeries 402, 407, 410 see also pseudepigraphy (falsely‐attributed works)
anti‐Jewish 408–409
apologetic 410
Le Mans Forgeries 411
form, and genre 7
Fortunatus, Venantius (ca. 530–600/609) 5, 30, 33, 34, 35, 232–233, 464, 588, 635 epigrams and occasional poetry 242–243, 250, 255
Forum of Trajan, Rome 246, 254, 509, 510, 516, 517, 518
Fotheringham, John Knight 184
Four Books of the Evangelists (Juvencus) 585
Fragmenta Vaticana 421
Frahang ī Ōīm‐ēwag (Middle Persian dictionary) 113
Frahang ī Pahlawīg (Middle Persian dictionary) 113
frahangestān, “House of Culture.” 112–113
French Symbolists 632
Frier, Bruce 419
Frodebert of Paris 35
Fronto 209, 212, 252
Fuhrmann, Manfred 492
Fulgentius (fl. ca. 500) 284, 288, 290, 592
Gaius 301
Galen 16, 57, 304, 405, 444, 494, 497, 527, 559, 570, 576
Gallic Chronicle (452) 185
Gallic Chronicle (511) 185
Gamaliel (Jewish patriarch) 10
Garsoian 95
Gaufrid of Vitry 589
Gaul, state of 32, 33, 36 collapse 185, 255
Germanic tribes in 272
post‐invasion 248
Gautier, Théophile 630
Gelasius of Caesarea (d. 395) 92, 168
Gellius, Aulus 434, 440
Genesis 34, 48, 232, 267, 323, 441 biblical commentary 314, 317, 318, 321
Gennadius 186
genres ecclesiastical works 163–166
epideictic speeches 197
and form 7
Greek 13, 14
itineraries 364
new genres and Christianity 435–437
parahistoriographical 162
sermons 346–347
geographical texts, Pahlavi (Middle Persian) literature 110–111
George of Alexandria 619
George/Georges of Pisidia 5, 13, 225, 226, 256, 266, 565, 566
Georgia/Georgian literature 88–102 see also Caucasian region; K’art’li region
acculturating Parthians 95, 96
Christianization of eastern Georgia 93
Church 94
conversion stories 92–95
earliest original 88–91
hagiography 88–91, 92, 98, 99
Hambavi mepʻetʻa 96, 98, 99
historiography 95–96, 99, 100
inscriptions 91–92
Iranian Commonwealth 91–92
and Islam 89, 98
K’art’li, Christian 91–92
Kʻartʻvelian monarchy 88, 97, 98
and language 88, 91
vitae 89, 90
Zoroastrianism 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99
Georgics, books of (Virgil) 244, 271
Gibbon, Edward 151, 217, 218, 592, 611–626 case study on Ammianus Marcellinus 617–622
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 611, 613, 616, 623–624
reading of late antique literature 614–617
Gide, André 634, 635
Gigantomachy (Claudian) 223
Gildo (African warlord) 228
Gizistag Abāliš (The Accursed Abāliš) 108
Gnostics 306
Golden Ass (Apuleius) 288
Golden Verses of Pythagoras 304
Gospels 64, 66, 230, 532 apocryphal 163
Christian poetry 267–268
Christian theological literature 329
Diatessaron of Tatian 48
Gospel of John 13
Juvencus’s versification of 33–34
and sermons 344
set into Georgian 89
synoptic 227
Gosse, Edmund 634
Grafton, Anthony 408
grammar 451–470 accents 455, 456
bilingual texts 462
books 28
grapho‐phonemes 455
Interpretari 464–466
Latin 451–455
lexicon/lexica 461–463
metrics 453, 463–464
morpholexical level 457–458
orthography 456
parts of speech 457–458
punctuation signs 455
and rhetoric 458–460
sublexical level 455–457
syllables 455
syntax 460–461
textual typology 451–455
translation 528
virtues vs. vices 459
grapho‐phonemes 455
Gratiarum Actio (Ausonius) 29, 209
gratiarum actiones 212, 213
Graumann, Thomas 330
Great Western Schism 603
Greco‐Roman historiography 163
Greek Christian poetry 260–266 and buildings 265
Christian epics 264–265
liturgy 13, 261–262
poetics, Christian 260–261
spiritua
l uses 262
Greek education 403, 525
Greek epic poetry 5, 13, 221–227 see also Greek language/literary works
Christian 225–227
didactic 225
ekphrastic poems 224
hexameters 224, 226
iambics see iambics
mythological 222–223
panegyrical 223–225
Greek epigraphical poetry 251
Greek language classical vs. late antique role 10
and Coptic language 10–11, 63, 66, 71
dispute between Christians and Neoplatonic philosophers 12–13
knowledge of 602
as medium of theological exchange 11
New Testament 11
sociocultural role 9, 15
translation into Syriac 12, 15, 16, 56–58, 526, 533
value in late antiquity 9–10, 12, 15, 16, 17
Greek literature biography 14
ecclesiastical history 168
letters and letter collections 10, 390
novels 14, 361, 531
and Pahlavi literature 114–115
pseudepigraphy 402
rhetoric 68
theological and monastic texts 15–16
Greek Middle Ages 145
Greek philosophy 11–12, 54 see also Aristotle/Aristotelianism; Plato; Socrates
Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric (Progymnasmata) (Kennedy) 472
Gregory of Nazianzus (late 320s–390) 47, 58, 77, 263–264, 353, 374, 506 and Byzantium period 558, 560, 565
Christian poetry 260, 261, 262, 376
Christian theological literature 335, 336
De vita sua 374, 377
epic poetry 221, 225, 226
epideictic oratory 202, 203
epigrams and occasional poetry 248, 249–250, 251
and letters/letter collections 391
Gregory of Nyssa 202, 335, 336, 361, 616
Gregory of Tours (573–594) 38, 153, 186, 592
Gregory the Great (590–604) 31, 35, 584, 604
Gregory the Illuminator 77, 78, 81, 83, 95
Grigor Arsharui (650–729) 81
Gwrobandak/Evstat’i (Iranian hero) 89–90, 91
al‐Ḥārith al‐Kindī, Ḥujr ibn 134
Hadjakhapatoum Djark 81
Hadrian 225
Hägg, Tomas 374
hagiography 374–375, 380–381 see also biography
Armenian 78
vs. biography 378
centrality in late antique literature 373–374
Christian 37–40
desert fathers 39
ecclesiastical history 166
epic poetry (Latin) 232–233
Georgian 88–91, 92, 98, 99
monastic 39
multiform nature of 380
prologues 380
prose 264
scholarship 373
Syriac 52–53
Hall, Stuart 378
Hambavi mepʻetʻa (Georgian composition) 96, 98, 99
hamīstagān (limbo or purgatory) 109
handbooks 6, 474, 475 and Florilegium 439–441
Hariulf of Saint‐Riquier (d. 1143) 590
Harklean/Syro‐Hexaplan translations (c. 616) 15
Harpur, James 286
Harris, Joseph 281
Hazār Afsān (A Thousand Tales) 116
heaven 109
Hebraic Questions on Genesis 315
Hebrew 13, 264 Hebrew Bible 11, 65, 533, 607 see also Old Testament
Hebrews 352
Hector, monodies of 200
Hegesippus 162
Heliodorus 14, 406
hell 108, 109, 268
Helladius of Antinupolis 245, 256, 439–440
Hellenism/Hellenistic period 11, 148, 149, 183, 260, 285, 345 pseudepigraphy 403, 405
Hellenization 15
Helm, Rudolf 184
Heptateuch 34
Heraclianus 245
Heraclitus 297
Heraclius 55, 93, 156, 225
hermeneutics 298, 330
Hermogenes of Tarsus 461, 474
Herod 547
Herodotus 143, 144
Heroides (Ovid) 244
hero‐kings 95, 97
Herzog, Reinhart 230, 330
Hesiod 222, 227, 331, 485
Hexaemeron (Basil of Caesarea) 226, 318, 319
hexameters 224, 226, 243–245, 250, 406 Christian poetry 266, 272, 273
hexameter panegyrics 209
Homeric 264
Hieracas 66
Hierocles 304
Hilary of Poitiers (315–367?) 248, 270, 335
Hill, Charles 346
Himerius 198, 199–200, 201, 203
Ḥimyar peoples 125–126
Ḥimyaritic language 125, 126
Hippocrates 304, 402
Hippolytus 55, 80, 332, 333
Historia Augusta (collection of imperial biographies) 36, 37, 149, 150, 407
Historia Nova (Zosimus) 146–147
historians 147 Armenian 82–84
Byzantine 148
Latin 38
historiography see also historians; history
classical 162
Georgian 95–96, 99, 100
Greco‐Roman 163
Greek 13–14
Latin 36–37, 144, 149, 153, 156
parahistoriographical genres 162
Syriac 14, 55–56
travel/pilgrimage literature 368
historiography/historical writing 110–111
history see also historians
Christian 37–40, 97–100
and chronicles 143
church history 92, 153
classicizing 143–159
Coptic literature 62–63
ecclesiastical see ecclesiastical history
historical epitomes 6, 36, 143–159
“real” 167
received 95
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The, (Gibbon) 611, 613, 616, 623–624
history writing, Latin 36–37
Holy Land 39, 361, 365 see also Jerusalem
monasteries in 89
sacred sites in 361–362
Homer 37, 200, 218, 242, 331, 435, 443, 444, 480, 546, 558 see also Iliad
Christian poetry 260, 264, 267
composition principles 264
epic poetry 222, 227, 230
hexameters 264
philosophical commentary 297, 298, 306
poetic language of 297
homilies 13, 63, 81, 346, 352
Homilies (Gregory of Nazianzus) 58
Homilies (Pseudo‐Clementine) 408, 410
Homilies on Genesis (Origen) 314, 317
Homilies on Providence (Theodoret) 167
Honorius 228
Horace 31, 250, 251, 259, 319, 433, 614, 629 and grammar 464, 465
Hoyland, Robert 127
Hrip’sime (martyr) 81
humanism 456, 597, 598, 599, 600
Huns 36, 50
von Hutten, Ulrich 608
Huysmans, Joris‐Karl 628–629, 630, 637
Hydatius of Tuy (d. 469) 38, 185
hymnody 244, 248
hymns 48, 64, 106, 114, 226, 244, 248, 250, 256, 317, 377, 530 see also Christian poetry; Christian theological literature; Christianity; liturgy
Armenian literature 79, 81
and Christian poetry 261, 262, 263, 270, 271, 273
Homeric 263
Latin 33, 248
liturgical 262
Neoplatonic 248
and Western Middle Ages 584, 586
Hypatia 393, 639
iambics 224, 250 iambic meters 256
iambic trimeters 250
Iamblichus (ca. 245–325CE) 300, 304
Icarius 245–246
identity 507–508
Idylls (Theocritus) 212
Iliad 200, 222 see also Homer
Ilias Latina (abridged version of Homer, in Latin) 37, 443
images, inscriptions 5
14–517
immoral poetry 261
Importunus of Tours 35
In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris 30, 229, 246
In laudibus Dei 250
incantations, Greek 13
Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (ISTC), British Library 601
Indicopleustes, Cosmas 12, 14, 367–368
inflectional paradigms, bare 458
innovation individual letters 396–398
late antique letter collection 394–396
inscriptions 506–521 agency and identity 507–508
Arabian 126–128
audiences and reception 517–519
editions 508–510
engraving 507–508
“epigraphic habit” 508
Georgian 91–92
images 514–517
milestones 511, 512
Pahlavi 104
sources 510–512
texts 512–514
tombstones 511, 512
Institutes 39, 419
Institutions of Divine and Secular Learning (Cassiodorus) 28, 434
Interpretari 464–466
interpretation techniques 317
intertextuality 6, 268
Iohannis (Corippus) 246
Iran banquet etiquette 112
Christian history 97–100
culture 76, 99
epic tradition 96
Iranian Commonwealth 91–92
Iranian Plateau 103
Iranian World 103
Middle Iranian terminology 95
Sasanian rule 95
Iraq 133, 570, 576
Irenaeus 63, 80
Isaac, sacrifice of 226
Isagoge (Porphyry) 81
Isagoge Saluberrima (Pseudo‐Soranus) 405
isagogical issues 300
Isidore of Pelusium (bishop) 10, 390