The River, the Plain, and the State

by Ling Zhang

  multi-dimensional thesis, 222– 223

  Tangut. See Xixia empire

  Three Gorges Dam, 270, 288– 289

  Tongli Commandery, 198, 220

  trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state concept of, 7n11

  in imperial China, 6, 51– 52 , 109– 110 , 122– 123 , 133– 137 , 286– 289 in modern China, 288– 289

  and the spontaneity of non-human environmental entities, 17– 19 , 180n80

  See also Song dynasty, the state as an environmental force reshaping the land of Hebei

  tunnels, 65n20, 68, 68n25, 92, 256

  Twitchett, Denis, 47n40

  Twitchett, Denis and Paul Jakov Smith, 49n45, 50n47, 56n4, 64n18, 117n18

  van Glahn, Richard, 11n17, 17n27, 54n2, 67n24, 85n2, 87n8

  Wallerstein, Immanuel, 16n26

  Wang Anshi effect of reforms on Hebei population, 191

  and Emperor Shenzong, 149– 153 government downsizing, 150n14, 200, 200n40

  hydraulic works in Hebei, 150– 151 , 154

  Guards and Tithing (baojia) system, 196– 197 , 203, 204

  and hydraulics under Emperor Zhezong, 155

  “measure of agricultural fields and water benefits” policy, 173n71“silting-field measure” (yutian fa), 257– 260 , 265n58

  reform agenda executed by Cheng Fang. See Cheng Fang

  resumption of reforms of supported by the Water Conservancy, 153– 154

  Taizu's perception of state-society relationship compared with, 149n13

  Wang, Gungwu, 127n39

  Wang Jing, 35– 36 , 36n24

  Wang Ju, 246

  Wang, Ling and Lu Gwei-djen, 27n5

  Wang, Lingling, 63n15

  Wang, Tzeng-yu. See Wang Zengyu

  Wang Yansou, 154, 173, 246

  Wang, Yuanlin, 33n16

  Wang, Zengyu and David Wright, 60n11, 63n17

  Water Conservancy (dushuijian) competition with regional authorities across north China, 185, 208– 209

  External Executive (dushui waicheng), 173– 176 , 208, 274

  and Hebei's regional authorities, 172– 176 , 178Du Chun's criticism of, 173– 176

  and the Golden Dyke, 210– 212

  in Nanpi and Leshou, 208– 209 , 213– 214 , 215

  Li Lizhi (chief director of), 152– 153

  plantings of trees along banks and dykes, 275– 278

  resumption of Wang Anshi's reforms supported by, 153– 154

  “wood-grass fee” (shaocao qian), 185, 274

  See also Cheng Fang; Li Zhongchang; Meng Changling; Shen Li; Wu Anchi

  Weber, Edward P., 19n31

  Weilu commandery, 70

  Wen Yanbo, 152, 154

  Western Han dynasty colonization of the North China Plain, 31

  flooding during the reign of Emperor Wu, 35, 128

  White, Gilbert, 109– 110

  White, Richard, 177

  Will, Pierre Etienne, 118n19, 175n74, 178– 179n79 , 180, 180n81, 210n61, 213n64

  winter wheat and crop rotation, 85– 86 , 226n31, 226, 227

  increased consumption of, 230– 231

  millet compared with, 224, 225, n226t4

  Wittfogel, Karl, hydraulic mode of production theory hydraulic leader of, 114, 135, 178– 179n79

  hydraulic mode of consumption compared with, 12n20, 12, 13, 177, 186– 187

  and the rise of despotic states, 12n20, 178– 179n79

  and the Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex, 135, 142

  “world” as a concept. See environmental world

  Worster, Donald, xv, 141– 142

  Wu Anchi, 153– 154 , 175

  Wu Chuhou, 236

  Xin Dynasty, 35

  Xiongzhou, 61, 69, 70, 167– 168 , 220, 236– 237

  Xixia empire, 56, 84, 101

  Xue Xiang, 236, 238, 243

  Yang Huaimin, 163

  Yangzi valley agricultural productivity, 94– 95 early-ripening rice cultivation, 85, 87, 238– 239

  buds of capitalism in, 283

  developmental trajectory advocated by Tang-Song transition theory, 242

  earthquakes in, 101– 102

  Yellow River anliu period of tranquility, 31, 36

  course of lower reaches after 1128, 282illus14, 284

  before 1048, 36illus4, 128– 132

  shifts in the course of, 26illus2, 25– 26 , 284

  course of middle reaches of, 29illus3, 27– 29 , 33, 265n58, 277– 278

  courses 1048–1128, 147illus11, 197

  courses 1048–1128 in Hebei, 2illus1, 1– 2 , 5, 8– 9 , 25– 26 , 160– 161 , 194– 195 , 249– 256 flooding in 1048, 1– 5 , 27, 107– 110 , 132, 143– 145

  land “north of the river”, 36

  and sandification, 262– 267

  course shift encouraged in 972 by Emperor Taizu, 119, 158, 208

  course shift in Mingzhou Prefecture, 208

  deforestation and soil erosion in upper and middle reaches of, 27– 33 , 265n58, 268– 279

  discharge into the Bohai Gulf, 284

  rate of, 30, 34

  flooding before 1048, 34– 35 , 111t2, 125– 126 , 128

  flooding between 1099 and 1102, 198

  flooding from 1048 to 1067, 199

  flooding of Hebei in 1048, 1– 4 , 23– 24 , 27– 33 , 107– 110 , 143– 145

  Great Bend, 29, 31, 32, 277n102

  Henan as a land “south of the river”, 36, 113, 115– 117

  hydrological dynamics as a means to transform the landscape, 205

  and its muddy nature, 30

  and its tendency to flood, 27

  legendary Nine Rivers of, 118– 119 , 152, 158– 159

  “return the river” of Emperor Shenzong, 154

  siltation. See silt, Yellow River siltation

  See also dykes; frontier ponds in Hebei; sand; silt; trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state; Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex

  Yellow River Conservancy, 27n5

  Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex creation of, 4– 5 , 8– 9 , 23– 24 , 27– 33 , 172– 174 , 177– 178

  as an “environmental world”, 5– 9 , 16n26, 19, 24– 25 , 40– 41

  and the hydraulic mode of consumption, 6, 11– 13 , 141– 143 , 177– 180 , 244– 247 , 285– 286 , 287– 288 , 289– 290

  political pressure imposed on the state by the river, 142– 143 , 186, 215

  See also Song dynasty, the state as an environmental force reshaping the land of Hebei

  Yongjing Commandery, desolation of, 200

  Yuhe Canal (or Yongji Canal) abandonment of, 199, 252, 254

  stagnant water on the plain due to, 257

  and waterbased transportation in Hebei, 46, 60– 62 , 68, 250illus13, 265– 266 restoration by the Mongol Yuan, 255

  Yu the Great, 119n21and the 1048 flooding during the reign of Emperor Renzong, 132– 133 , 143

  and Emperor Taizu's politico-hydraulic discourse, 118– 120 , 120– 121n22 , 123– 124 , 128

  and Huizong's 1115 hydraulic project, 158– 159 , 160

  legendary Nine Rivers of, 118– 119 , 120– 121n22 , 152, 158– 159

  Zeng Xiaoguang, 176

  Zhang Cun, 195, 197

  Zhang, De'er, 33n18, 33n19, 33n20

  Zhang, De'er and Sun Xia, 33n20

  Zhang Fangping, 168– 169

  Zhang, Jiayan, 205n54, 210n61, 213n64

  Zhang, Ling, 120– 121n22 , 260n35, 260n37, 272n76, 287n10

  Zhanguo ce, 44n31

  Zhang Xiaohua, 259– 260n34

  Zhao kingdom, 44

  Zhao Pu, 48

  Zhao Zhixi, 266

  Zhao Zi, 169

  Zuozhuan, 44n31

 

 

 
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