The River, the Plain, and the State
Page 43
Emperor Gaozong, 280
Emperor Huizong, 156– 159 , 160, 280
Emperor Qinzong, 160, 280
Emperor Renzong, 99– 100 1048 flooding during reign of, 1, 107– 110
edict of 1055 proclaiming “Hebei is the root of All-Under-Heaven”, 246
Qingli (Festive Era) reign, 84
Qingli reforms, 98– 100 , 104– 105
and the unsustainable growth of Hebei's military and the state's corrupt financial system, 98, 99– 100
Emperor Shenzong, 146– 150 , 152, 154flooding during reign of, 149– 153
governance. See Wang Anshi
Emperor Shizong, 112
Emperor Taizong, 56
Emperor Taizu 972 edict, 120n22, 118– 121 , 124, 126, 128, 158
attempt to conquer the Northern Han, 117
and the demilitarization of the Song, 64, 117
as hydraulic leader, 114, 115, 123– 124 , 133
northward-flowing Yellow River advocated by, 125, 133, 143, 149
and Tian Gao, 123– 124
Emperor Wu, 31, 35, 128
Emperor Zhenzong, 58, 126, 227n32, 232– 233
Emperor Zhezong, 153, 155– 156 , 219, 276
Empress Dowager Gao, 154
environmental entities as actors, 6, 14, 15– 16 , 17– 19 , 205, 248– 249 Yellow River as, 37– 38 , 107– 110 , 132, 145– 146
Song state as an environmental force, 8, 14, 67– 73 , 114
See also climatic conditions; locust infestation; salt/salinization; sand; silt; trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state; Yellow River; Yellow River-Hebei environmental complex
environmental world as a concept, 16n26
and the role of non-human environmental entities, 17– 19 , 205, 248– 249
and the Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex, 6, 9, 14– 15n24 , 16n26, 19, 40– 41 , 284– 290
Europe Song fiscal administration compared with later European historical periods, 182
Song's progress contrasted with Eurocentric notions of lineal history, 10, 54– 55
Evans, Peter B., 19n31, 120– 121n22
Evans, Peter, et al., 19n31, 120– 121n22
Fan Chunren, 154, 174, 175
Fan Zhen, 95
Fan Zhongyan, 91, 99, 104
Frank, Andre Gunder, 16n26, 18
frontier ponds in Hebei 1048 flooding of, 142– 143
and defensive tunnels, 65n20, 68, 68n25, 92, 256
economic impact of, 168– 172
environmental impact of, 67– 73 , 167– 168
map of, 71illus8
and rice cultivation, 69, 234
size of, 72
state management of, 80– 81 , 161– 167 , 169– 170 as a defensive system, 68– 73 , 162– 163 , 167
and public access, 169– 171
vegetation surrounding, 275– 276 , 278
Fu Bi (prefect of Qingzhou), 3, 3n2, 98, 99, 104, 193, 246
Gates, Hill, 10n13
Golas, Peter J., 10n15, 96n33, 182n82–83, 183n86, 220n20, 186
Gong Dingchen, 198
Guantao County (southern Hebei), 267
guojia, 90, 120– 121n22
guwen movement, 90
Han, Peng, 259– 260n34
Han Qi, 98, 99, 104
Hartman, Charles, 55n3, 62n14, 65n20, 82
Hartwell, Robert M., 10– 11 , 18n28, 54n2, 62n14, 190n1
He, Chengju, 69– 70 , 165, 168, 234
He Tonghui and Wang Naiang, 32n14
He Zhu, 201
Hebei annual quota of vegetative materials demanded of, 274
climate. See climatic conditions
demographics, 189– 190 , 190t3, 204
dependence on wood produced on the Loess Plateau, 185
economic prosperity before 1048 flooding, 2, 10
and the empire's core-periphery power structure, 6, 13– 14
Song period proto-capitalist economy starting in the Song, 10, 86– 88
ethnic hybridity and mixed social and cultural practices of, 43, 48– 49 , 49n43
frontier ponds. See frontier ponds
geography, 38– 39 , 40n27, 42as a land “north of the river”, 36
early Song administrative districts, 59illus7
geopolitics in the mid-eighth century, 46– 47
geopolitics in the tenth century, 39illus5
iron mining and smelting, 63, 63n15, 268, 275
as a “land of famine”, 43, 94– 95 , 202n45, 205n54, 218– 219 , 283contrasted with the Tang-Song transition theory of economic theory, 11, 282– 283
martial characteristic of the early Hebei people, 44– 46 , 205n54
militarization baojia (Guards and Tithings system), 196– 197 , 203, 204
and the demilitarization of Hebei's civil society, 62, 65– 67 , 204
Dingzhou's military expenditure, 241
and its agricultural production, 62– 63 , 94n26, 93– 94 , 95
and state control, 12– 13 , 58– 61 , 65
Strong Valiants and Righteous and Brave militia, 93, 93n22, 93n23, 94n24, 94, 95, 192, 203– 204
of the swampy landscape created by frontier ponds, 68– 69
modern Hebei Province distinguished from, 39
state management of, 64n18, 67– 73 , 134n51and militarization, 12– 13 , 45, 58– 61 , 65
and the restoration of a stable agricultural society and economy, 73– 79 , 81
taxes quotas of Summer-Autumn taxes in 1077, 231t5
quotas of Summer-Autumn taxes in 1080, 231– 232 , 232t6
as the “the root of All-Under-Heaven”, 6, 217, 246
water system, 250illus13
Yellow River courses in. See trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state Yellow River Yellow River, courses 1048–1128 in Hebei Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex
Zhili region, 39, 263
See also Daming prefecture; Dingzhou prefecture; Juma River; Yuhe Canal
Hebei–demographics, refugees displaced by 1048 flooding, 2– 3 , 9
Helian Bobo deforestation of Tongwan City established by, 32
Tongwan City established in the Ordos, 31– 32
Henan as a land “south of the river”, 36, 113, 115– 117
flooding in the summer of 1077 of, 151– 152
and the Song dynasty, 55– 56
winter wheat cultivation, 85– 86
“wood-grass fee” (shaocao qian) demanded of, 185
Hong Mai, 171– 172
Ho, Ping-ti, 30n10
Hou, Renzhi and Deng Hui, 30n9
Huang Mao, 234
Huang Tingjian, 197
Huang-Yun (Yellow River-Grand Canal), 136, 286, 287
hydraulic cycle scholarship, 178– 179n79
hydraulic mode of consumption concept of, 6
and deforestation, 6, 9, 268, 275– 279 , 284, 287
and developmental strategies in contemporary China, 288– 290
and Elvin's notion of “technological lock-in”, 13n21
and the inversion of core-periphery relations in Hebei, 6, 8, 9, 13– 14 , 186– 187 , 244– 246 , 287
and state management of frontier ponds, 166– 167
Wittfogel's productive mode contrasted with, 12n20, 12, 13, 177, 186– 187
and the Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex, 5– 8 , 9, 12– 13 , 141– 143 , 177– 187 , 244– 247 , 285– 286 , 289– 290
hydraulic mode of production. See Wittfogel, Karl, hydraulic mode of production theory
Hymes, Robert P., 10n13, 15n25, 88n11
Jia Changchao, 4, 93n19, 144, 193
Jingrong Commandery, 70
Juma River as the de facto northern boundary of Song-occupied Hebei, 38– 39 , 40n27, 160, 167
and the Hebei transportation infrastructure, 61n13
merging with the Yellow River, 143
Jurchen defeat of the Liao, 160
defeat of the Northern Song, 160– 161 , 280– 281
Jin Dynasty of, 286– 287
Juma Riv
er crossed by, 167, 280– 281
See also Liao dynasty
Kaifeng breaching of dykes to inflict a flood in, 134, 134n51
everyday life depicted in the “Qingming shanghe tu” scroll attributed to Zhang Zeduan, 88
fiscal policy, 221, 240
flooding in the summer of 1077 of, 152
Jurchen besieging of, 280
proximity to convenient water transportation, 115– 117
refugees from 1074 flooding in Hebei, 197
severe drought in, 101
Khitan. See Liao dynasty
Kidder, Tristram R., 35
Lamouroux, Christian, 18n28, 127, 133, 134, 144n5, 274n90
Lan Dingyuan, 265
Late Zhou dynasty, 112treatment of floods, 113– 114
Lau, Nap-yin and Huang K'uan-chung, 64n18, 117n18
Lefebvre, Henri, 7n11, 135
Leonard, Jane Kate, 27n5, 173n71
Levine, Ari Daniel, 105n55, 150n14, 154n23, 175n73
Li Chui, 124– 128 , 143, 152– 153 , 158, 159
Li, Jinshui, 150n14
Li, Lillian M., 43n30, 202n45, 205n54, 283
Li Qingchen, 194, 197
Li Zhongchang, 145– 146 , 175
Liang, Gengyao, 221n18
Liang Tao, 219
Liang Yantong, 208, 276
Liao dynasty earthquakes in Shaanxi in the eleventh century in, 102
and Hebei as a buffer zone, 51, 57
Nanjing district of northern Hebei controlled by, 39, 50
and Song frontier-pond defensive tunnels, 65n20, 68, 68n25, 92, 256
and Song resistance against the Khitan, 58, 84
Juma River border with the Song state, 38– 39
Mongolian Steppe origins of, 50
Song dynasty peace settlement with, 56– 57 , 84, 92
Linghu Duanfu, 207– 208
Liu Chang, 1n1, 109, 144, 192
Liu, Dongsheng, 28n6
Liu, Heping, 119n21, 120– 121n22 , 122n24
Liu, James T. C., 65n19, 158, 243, 284n7
Liu Kai, 49
Liu Xiu (founding emperor of the Eastern Han), 45
Liu Yu (Leshou's magistrate), 208– 209
Liyang Commandery, 200
locust infestation, 76– 77 , 79– 80 , 100, 101, 108, 131, 146, 195, 218
Loess Plateau and the 1048 flooding of the Yellow River, 132
deforestation, 31, 277n102
environmental conditions three thousand years ago, 30, 30n9, 35
wood-rich northwestern regions of southern part of, 185
Lorge, Peter, 49n45, 50n47, 56n5, 69– 70n29
Lou Yao, 264
Lü Dafang, 154, 173
Ma, Junya, 136, 284– 286 , 287
McDermott, Joseph, 10n13, 46n34, 86n7, 190n1, 223n21, 223n22
McNeill, John R., 12n19, 14– 15n24
Makita, Tairyō, 264n54, 265n55
Man, Zhimin, 108n1
manorial economy of medieval China, 45– 46 , 86– 87
Marks, Robert B., 30n10, 67n24, 85n2, 205n54
Meng Changling, 158, 160, 175
Mesopotamia, 256
Migdal, Joel S., 120– 121n22
millet as a dietary staple, 231
and drought, 218
and the flooding, 219
and the grain tax, 231– 232
and pressure on laborers to serve as hydraulic labor, 219
and salination, 170
and traditional dry-land farming in north China, 223– 224 , 229, 231n42, 237
winter wheat as a competitor of, 230
winter wheat compared with, 224, 225, 226t4
winter wheat rotated with, 226n31, 226, 227, 227n33
yields during the Tang-Song transition, 73, 79, 223– 224
Mitchell, W. J. T., 122n25, 124, 137– 138 , 138n56, 187
Miyazaki, Ichisada, 10n13
Mongolian Steppe dust in Beijing, 265n58
and Hebei in early China, 43, 45– 46
Ordos, 28, 29, 31– 32
Morita, Akira, 178– 179n79
Mostern, Ruth, 66n22, 117n18, 119n21, 137n55, 200n40
Muscolino, Micah S., 27n5, 134n51, 201n42, 202n45, 205n54, 262n42, 280– 281 , 281n1–2
Naitō Torajirō, 10n13, 10n14, 54n1
Nationalist government, 134n51, 201n42, 280– 281 , 281n2
Neo-Confucianism, 89– 90 , 135
Ni, Jinren, 259– 260n34
Nile River, 25, 257– 258 , 258n30
Nixon, Rob, 134, 134n51
Ordos, 28, 29, 31– 32 , 265n58
Ouyang Xiu, 3n3, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 104, 109, 144, 145, 175, 221– 222 gongli (state-merchant profit sharing) recommended by, 243
on Hebei disasters, 101, 169, 218, 220
Hebei population estimates of, 192
Peng Ruli, 199
Perdue, Peter C., 121n23, 180n81, 205n54, 210n61, 213n64
Pietz, David A., 18n28, 27n5, 281n3, 287n13
Pomeranz, Kenneth, 136, 278– 279 , 283n4, 284– 286 , 287
Qianning Commandery, 168, 200, 206– 207 , 235
Qin dynasty, 30– 31 , 32Jing Ke's assassination attempts, 44
Lord Shang, 44
“Qingming shanghe tu” scroll attributed to Zhang Zeduan, 88
Radkau, Joachim, 256
Ren Boyu, 199, 200
rice cultivation, 69, 233– 239 early-ripening variety of, 85, 223, 234, 238– 239
introduced to Cangzhou Commandery by He Chanegju, 234
in the Yangzi valley, 85, 87, 238– 239
Roumasset, James, 225n26
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 19n31, 120– 121n22
Sakugen, 265
salt/salinization, 262– 264 , 267, 279, 284
sand Hebei sandification, 221, 262– 267 , 279
Mongolian steppe dust in Beijing, 265n58
Ordos desert, 28, 29, 31– 32
sandstorms (yutu), 32, 33, 267
Schoppa, Keith R., 205n54
Scott, James C., 14, 142– 143 , 179– 180 , 180n80, 187, 212, 214n65, 216n1, 225n26, 261
Shaanxi agricultural production in the eleventh century, 220
earthquakes, 101– 102
ethnic diversity of, 48
Qin state in, 44
trade between Chang'an and Hebei, 46
Shapiro, Judith, 288n13
Shen Gua, 164– 165 , 168, 169, 236, 275, 279
Shen Li, 262– 263 , 265n58, 269, 270
Shi, Nianhai, 27n5, 30n9, 30n10, 32n15, 33n17, 265n58
Shi, Nianhai, Cao Erqin, and Zhu Shiguang, 30n10
Shiba, Yoshinobu, 10n14, 46n34, 67n24, 86n7, 190n1, 223n21, 223n22
Shi ji, 44n31
Shun'an Commandery, 70, 200, 220, 235
Sichuan, 67n24, 117, 148
silt and the Nile River, 257– 258 , 258n30
“silting-field measure” (yutian fa), 257– 260 , 265n58
in the Wei River running through Chang'an, 32– 33
Yellow River siltation and the agricultural economy of Han Chinese farmers, 31
during drought years, 132
and flows of, 25, 28n6, 27– 28 , 30, 34, 258n30
silt loads of local rivers compared with, 29
and southward shifting of, 250illus13, 253– 255
See also sand
Sima Guang, 3, 148, 149– 150 , 154, 157, 162, 167, 174, 175, 193, 218, 263
Skinner, G. William, 10– 11 , 17, 17n27, 18n28, 278
Skocpol, Theda, 19n31, 120– 121n22
Smil, Vaclav, 202
Smith, Paul Jakov, 54n2, 64n18, 67n24, 87n2, 149n13, 150n14
Soja, Edward W., 7n11, 7n12
Song dynasty agricultural revolution during, 86
cultural vibrancy, 54, 65– 66 , 88– 90
long-distance trade, 86
Neo-Confucianism, 89– 90 , 135
Northern Song emperors. See Emperor Huizong Emperor Qinzong Emperor Renzong Emperor Shenzong Emperor Taizong Emperor Taizu Emperor Zhenzong Emperor Zhezong
and the e
nvironmental entwinement of the Yellow River and the Hebei Plain. See trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state, in imperial China Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex
geopolitics, 55illus6, 116illus10, 117– 118 Hebei's administrative districts, 59illus7
Jurchen invasion, 134n51, 244
Khitan Liao invasion, 58
territorial disputes, 84, 92
war against, 92
See also Liao dynasty
self-consciousness of, 53– 55 , 60, 120– 121n22
Tangut Xixia territorial disputes, 84, 92
war against, 92
See also Xixia
Southern Song, emperors. See Emperor Gaozong
the state as an environmental force reshaping the land of Hebei, 7n12, 8, 9, 53– 57 , 67– 73 , 131– 132 , 215
state management of the Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex. See Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex
See also Hebei, militarization; trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state; Water Conservancy (dushuijian)
Song Qi, 99n41, 246
Song, Yuqin and Zhang Lixiao, 33n19
South-North Water Transfer, 288– 289
Standard History of the Song Dynasty (Song shi), 71– 72 , 132– 133 , 143, 238, 260– 261 , 262
Standen, Naomi, 49n43, 112n9and Hugh Clark, 49n45, 50n47
Su Shi, 242
Su Zhe, 154, 175, 243– 244
Sun Minxian (prefect of Shenzhou), 152– 153
Sun, Xia, 33n20
Taihang Mountains deforestation of, 271, 272, 274n90, 275, 279, 280– 281
geographical location, 38, 39
Meng Changling's plan to create a channel through, 158
water originating from, 42, 249, 251
Tan, Qixiang, 27n5, 30n9, 265n58
Tang dynasty, Chang'an, environmental conditions, 32– 33
Tang Jie, 169– 170 , 206, 214
Tang-Song transition, 190n1millet yields, 73, 223– 224
theory of economic growth, 10, 10n13, 54n2and Hebei's counter image, 11, 238– 239