Washington's Immortals
Page 49
French and Indian War, 3, 7–8, 13, 16, 39, 40, 41, 43, 87, 170, 193, 243, 279
Freshwater, Thomas, 24–25
frostbite, 176
Gadsden flag, 95
Gage, Thomas, 4
gangrene, 134, 222
Garde de Corps, French, 247
Gassaway, Robert, 26
confession of, 27
Gassaway Watkins, 82
Gates, Horatio, 13–14, 107, 170, 229, 242, 244–46, 247–48, 249–50, 254, 257, 268, 269, 285, 298
General George Washington Resigning His Commission (Trumbull), 375n
George III, King of England, 6
Georgetown, 329
Georgia, 6, 231, 277, 278
Germantown, Battle of, 155–62, 167, 351, 352, 377
Gibbon, John, 216, 217
Gibraltar, 231
Gibson, Mel, 242
Gist, Christopher, 3
Gist, Independence, 201
Gist, Mary “Polly” Starrett, 18, 68
Gist, Mordecai, 3–6, 10, 16–17, 18, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 48, 54, 70, 80, 97, 102, 103, 105, 113, 114, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 135, 140, 145, 146, 153, 154, 177–78, 185, 201, 202, 204, 211, 224, 227, 235, 249, 256, 267, 268, 269, 356, 358, 364, 369–70, 372, 374, 375, 377, 380
in attack on Vechte-Cortelyou house, 66–69
at Brooklyn, xii–xiii, 61–62, 63
at Camden, 250–54
in command of light infantry, 192–93
at Germantown, 156, 159–60
as Mason, 229–30
in Paoli Massacre, 153–54
retreat to Brooklyn Heights of, 64–65
at White Plains, 91–92
at Yorktown, 361–62
Gloucester Point, 362–63
Glover, John, 74–75, 113
Gooding, James, 149, 256, 323, 374
Gowanus Canal, 65
Gowanus Creek, 68
Gowanus Heights, 55, 59, 60, 64
passes through, 58
Gowanus Road, 58, 59, 60
Grand Army, 242–43, 249–50, 253, 257
baggage train of, 254
troop strength of, 246
Grant, James, 59–61, 62, 63, 67, 71, 144
grape shot, 44
Grasse, François-Joseph-Paul de, 328, 357, 358
grasshoppers, 44, 277, 285, 291
Graves, Thomas, 358
Gravesend Bay, Brooklyn, 53, 58
Great Bridge, Battle of, 34
Great Britain, 27, 30, 67
debts owed to, 28
declaration of war on France by, 171
economic warfare by, 203
embargo of goods from, 6–7, 9
French and indian War and, 7–8
Irish insurrection and, 10
treatment of prisoners by, 117
war with Spain of, 231
see also army, British; navy, British
Great Wagon Road, 245, 333
Greene, Nathanael, 49–50, 54, 79, 84, 93, 100, 150, 156, 161, 168, 169, 176, 189, 229, 242, 268, 275, 276, 277, 278, 297, 299, 300–301, 302, 303, 305–7, 308–9, 311, 312, 316, 321, 329, 330, 331–32, 337–38, 359, 369, 370, 372, 380
as commander of southern army, 269–70
at Eutaw Springs, 348–54
executions of deserters by, 273
at Guilford Courthouse, 314–15, 319–20, 325–26
at Hobkirk’s Hill, 332–33, 334, 335, 336
as master of Carolina terrain, 300, 302
at Ninety Six, 340–47
as quartermaster general, 269–70
Green River Road, 280, 284
Green Spring, 359–60
Green-Wood Cemetery, 62
grenades, 42
Grenadier Guards, British, 65
grenadiers, 42
Grey, Charles, 154, 194
Guards Regiment, British, 159
guerrilla warfare, 242–43, 244, 260
Guilford Courthouse, Battle of, 308, 313–28, 315, 328, 359, 365
artillery bombardment in, 316–17
casualties of, 326–27
Gunby, John, 28–29, 256, 321, 334, 335
Gunby, Kirk, Sr., 28–29
gunpowder, 23–24
British seizures of, 24
gunsmiths, 22
Hackensack, N.J., 100
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 98, 194
Hall, Josias, 157
Hamilton, Alexander, 105–6
Hampton, Va., 360
Hampton Road, 363
Hancock, John, 10, 14, 229
letter to Maryland Convention by, 38
Hand, Edward, 59, 85, 119, 121
Hanson, Lieutenant, 296
Harcourt, William, 183
Hardman, Henry, 350
Harlem, N.Y., 80–81, 87
Harlem Heights, Battle of, 81–84
Hartley, David, 372
Haslet, John, 61, 70, 75, 90, 100, 106, 114, 126, 127
Hawkins, Christopher, 98
Hays, Mary Ludwig “Molly Pitcher,” 188
Hazelwood, John, 165
Head of Elk, Md., 142, 239
Heister, Leopold von, 60, 64
Henry, Robert, 303, 304
herbal remedies, 134
Hessian Jaegers, 112, 152
Hessian mercenaries, 37, 38, 44–45, 63–64, 67, 71, 76, 88, 89, 90, 94, 96, 98, 103, 106, 109, 136, 152, 164, 225, 364
in Battle of Brandywine, 144–45
in Battle of Brooklyn, 60
discipline of, 45
massacre of prisoners by, 95
plunder of New Jersey farms by, 109–10
ruthlessness of, 64, 68, 95
surrender at Trenton of, 117–18
Hessian mercenaries (continued)
in Trenton, 112–22
in Trenton counterattack, 121–22
Hillsborough, N.C., 240, 241, 257
History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America, A (Tarleton), 379
Hobkirk’s Hill, 329–38, 340
casualties at, 336
Holmes, Coll., 204
Holy Ground, 50
Honduras, 231
Hood, George, 224
Horndon, William, 221
House of Burgesses, 28
Howard, James, 370
Howard, John Eager, 51, 52, 82, 91, 105, 132, 152–53, 157, 161, 177, 199, 202, 224, 230, 239, 251, 253–54, 256, 269, 275, 281, 288–90, 291, 292, 295, 301, 302, 306–7, 319, 321, 322, 324, 350, 352, 370, 375, 377
court-martial of, 178, 200–201
at Hobkirk’s Hill, 333, 335
Howard, William, 60
Howe, Richard, 39–40, 41, 45, 53, 73, 84, 85, 103–4, 189
peace summit set up by, 46
sympathy for colonists expressed by, 39
Howe, William, 38n, 39–40, 43, 45, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 71, 76, 84, 85, 88–89, 99, 100, 101, 103–4, 109, 129, 135–36, 146, 151, 152, 163, 170, 176, 183, 194
attack on Brooklyn Heights stopped by, 72–73
in Battle of Brandywine, 141–50
capture of Philadelphia by, 155–56
at Fort Washington, 94
in Manhattan invasion, 80
mistress of, 98
peace summit set up by, 46
sympathy for colonists expressed by, 39
in Trenton, 110–11
howitzers, 44
Hubertusburg, Treaty of, 8
Hudson River, 209
Hughes, John, 19, 49, 68, 73–74, 89
Huguenots, 241
hunger, 176
hyperinflation, 203, 227<
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Iclenburg, see Murray Hill
Immortal 400, 71
Immortals, xiii, 235
lack of uniforms and supplies in, 137
indentured servants, 20
independent companies, 24
formation of, 4–5, 9
voluntary enlistment in, 10
India, 66, 162
inoculation, 133
Intolerable Acts, 4, 6, 8–9
Iroquois Confederacy, 191
Irving, Washington, 209
Irwin’s Ferry, 309, 312
Jacobite Rebellions, 44
Jaegers, 103
Jamaica Pass, 58, 60, 62
James Island, 371, 372
James River, 362
Jaquett, Peter, 100, 379
Jay, John, 372
Jefferson, Thomas, 28, 308, 359
Jeffries Ford, 144, 145
Jersey City, N.J., 225
Johns Island, 370, 372
Johnson, Dick, 352
Johnson, Henry, 216, 217, 218–19
Johnson, William, 371
John Sterrett & Company, 18
John the Evangelist, Saint, 230
Jones’s Ford, 144
Josef Friedrich Wilhelm, prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, 180
Jumonville Glen, Battle of, 7
Kalb, Johann “Baron” de, 230, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 248, 252, 253
Keener, Mr. (gunsmith), 22
King’s Ferry, N.Y., 209
Kings Mountain, 280
Kings Mountain, Battle of, 263, 316
Kingston, N.Y., 106
Kips Bay, 78, 92
amphibious landing at, 78–79
Kirkwood, Robert, 135, 152, 235, 250–51, 256, 276, 288, 290, 294, 309, 313, 316, 318, 330, 331, 333, 336, 345, 349, 352, 353, 354, 378
Knowlton, Thomas, 81–82
Knox, Henry, 116, 158
Knyphausen, Wilhelm Reichsfreiherr (Baron) zu Inn und, 112, 116, 144, 145, 146, 148–49
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 273–74, 339, 340, 371
Lady Washington (ship), 374
Lafayette, Marquis de, 147–48, 172, 184, 185, 187, 229, 238–39, 343n, 359
Lamb, Roger, 303, 317, 319, 363
landing barges, 38n
Laurens, Henry, 364, 372
Laurens, John, 337, 364, 370, 372
Lee, Charles, 13–14, 40, 86–88, 107–8, 129, 183–85
court-martial of, 199
personality of, 87
surrender of, 108
Lee, Fort, 100, 269
Lee, Henry “Light Horse,” 210–11, 212, 225, 229, 269, 309, 310–12, 316, 329–30, 340, 341, 345, 363, 370, 380
at Guilford Courthouse, 313–14, 325
Lee, Robert E., 211, 380
Leslie, Alexander, 276, 298, 304
Lexington, Battle of, 13, 43
Liberty (sloop), 222
Life Guard, American, 355
Light Dragoons, British, 43, 105, 108, 112, 276
light infantry, American, 7, 42, 43, 192–93, 213, 225
light infantry, British, 7, 42, 60, 81
Lincoln, Benjamin, 232, 235, 239, 242, 243, 365
liquor, 142
Little Turtle, 378
Logtown, 331
Long Island, Battle of, see Brooklyn, Battle of
Long Island, N.Y., 37, 46, 50
American disarray in camp on, 54
American escape from, 72–77
British invasion of, 53–54
defenses on, 54–58
looting, 45, 79, 109, 138–39
Loring, Elizabeth (Sultana), 39
Loring, Joshua, 39, 98
Lossberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 112, 116
Louisiana, 8
Louis XVI, King of France, 147
Loyalist militia, 34
Loyalists, 26–30, 45, 130–32, 136, 137, 141, 183, 244, 255–56, 259–62, 264–65, 339, 340–41, 342, 345
numbers of, 24–25
regiments raised by, 30
on Staten Island, 139–40
at Stony Point, 210
Lucas, Barton, 68, 73–74
Luct, Captain, 166
McConkey’s Ferry, 113
McCurtin, Daniel, 37
McDonough, Thomas, 61
McDougall, Alexander, 102, 156
McGowan’s Pass, 80
McHenry, Fort, 378
McJunkin, Joseph, 340
Mackenzie, Roderick, 287
McLane, Allen, 211–12, 216
McLeod, John, 324
McMillan brothers, 19, 49, 68, 98–99
Magaw, Robert, 94
Magil, Charles, 252–53
Maham, Hezekiah, 330
Maham tower, 330–31, 341, 343
Majoribanks, John, 351, 353
malaria, 49
Malvern, Pa., 153
Mangers, Nicholas, 275
Manhattan, N.Y., 37, 46, 78–84, 92, 100, 328
bordello district in, 50
Manning, Edward, 351
Mann’s Tavern, 376–77
Marblehead, Mass., 74
Marblehead Mariners, American, 74–75, 113, 114
Marion, Francis “the Swamp Fox,” 242–43, 244, 257, 260, 268, 300, 329, 330, 332, 340, 342, 346
Martin, Joseph Plumb, 69, 73, 164, 167, 173, 175, 188
Martin, Thomas Plumb, 78
Maryland, 14, 20
British debt of, 28
Council of Safety in, 27–28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 50n, 103, 131
Eastern Shore of, 27
Flying Camp members from, 50–52
founding of, 7
geographic division of, 27
independent companies of, 50n, 65
Loyalist revolt in, 130–32
Loyalists in, 26–30, 130–32
nickname of, xiin
provincial assembly of, 16
recruitment in, 202
regiments raised in, 132
trade in, 27
Maryland Assembly, 131
Maryland Convention, 14, 38
Maryland Division, American, 235–44, 245, 252, 254, 268
Maryland 400, see Immortal 400; Immortals
Maryland Gazette, 68, 199, 200, 373, 376
Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, 24–25
Maryland Line, 28, 65, 67, 68–74, 80, 86, 87, 90–91, 101, 102, 104, 105–6, 113–14, 115–16, 119–20, 130, 141, 142, 144, 145, 153, 154, 156–57, 159–60, 178–79, 185, 191, 192, 199, 201–2, 204–5, 225, 226, 251, 269, 344, 356, 376–77
in Battle of Harlem Heights, 82–83
as captured prisoners, 95–96
casualties of, 91–92
charge on Cornwallis of, xii, 67, 71
courts-martial in, 199–200
at Fort Washington, 93–96
Masons in, 230
at White Plains, 88–92
see also Smallwood’s Battalion
Maryland Loyalist Regiment, 131–32, 185–86, 379
Masons, 229–30
Massachusetts, 4, 9, 13
matrosses, 335
Mawhood, Charles, 126–27
medicine, 134
Mercer, Fort, 164
Mercer, Hugh, 113, 114, 116, 126, 127
Merlin, HMS, 167
Methacton Hill, 156
Middleton, Alexander, 131
Middletown, N.J., 203
Mifflin, Fort, 163–69
British capture of, 172–74
construction of, 164
evacuation of, 173
supply situation at, 168
Mifflin, Th
omas, 76, 79
militia companies, 26
minute companies, 22–23
minutemen, 28
Mohawks, 191
Mohicans, 191
molasses, 245
Monmouth, N.J., Battle of, 184–89, 192, 199
casualties at, 188–89
Monmouth County, N.J., 204–5, 261
Montreal, 97, 169
Montresor, John, 76, 164, 165
Morgan, Daniel, 269, 274–78, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 306–7, 309, 314
at Cowpens, 279–96
Morgan’s Hill, 280, 289
Morristown, N.J., 130, 135, 226
smallpox in, 132–33
mortars, 44
Mosquito Coast, 231
most-favored-nation status, 171
Moultrie, Fort, 87n
Mount Vernon, 13, 356, 376
Mud Island, 163–69, 172–74, 175
British shelling of, 166–68
Münchhausen, Friedrich von, 168, 173
Munrow, Briant, 344
Murfree, Hardy, 214, 218
Murray, Mary Lindley, 80
Murray Hill, 78–79
Musgrave, Thomas, 157–59, 161
muskets, 21–22, 42
inaccuracy of, 22
mutinies, 204, 227–28
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 270
Narrows, 138
Nassau, Bahamas, 128
Nassau Hall, 129
National Park Services, 381
Native Americans, 43, 99, 191–92, 231, 241
Newark, N.J., 101
Newark Academy, 135
New Brunswick, N.J., 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 118, 125, 130
New Jersey, 100, 103, 104, 137, 183, 227
British fortification of, 111
British occupation of, 109, 135–36
Washington’s retreat through, 100–111
New Jersey Line, 204
mutiny in, 228
Newport, R.I., 189, 327
New York, Battle of, 45–46, 53
New York, N.Y., 49, 50, 56, 95, 195, 225, 259, 297, 328
British evacuation of, 373
British invasion of, 37–46
British move to, 183
burning of, 84
Loyalist population of, 45–46
New York Harbor, 104
New York Public Library, 80
Nicaragua, 231
Nighten, John, 303
night terrors, 379
Ninety Six, 276, 277, 329, 338, 339–47, 371, 374
Ninham, Abraham, 192
Ninham, Daniel, 191, 192
“Non-Associators,” 28
Norfolk, Va., burning of, 34
North Carolina, 260, 261–62
Norwood, Edward, 199–200
Nourse, Joseph, 136
Nowell, James, 322
nurses, 48
O’Hara, Charles, 298–99, 304, 311, 318–19, 320, 326, 363, 365
O’Hara, John, 219