Arabs

by Tim Mackintosh-Smith

  maqamat (stories in rhyming, rhythmic prose) (i), (ii)

  al-Ma’qil (tribe) (i)

  Mardaites (i)

  Marianus (i)

  Marib (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Awam temple (i), (ii)

  Dam (ancient) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), Plate 4

  Dam (modern) (i)

  pilgrimage (i), (ii)

  Marj al-Suffar, battle of (i)

  Mark Antony (i)

  Maronites (i), (ii), (iii)

  Marw (i), (ii)

  Marwan b. al-Hakam, Caliph (i)

  Marwan II b. Muhammad, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii)

  Marwanids (Umayyad dynastic line) (i), (ii)

  Marxism and Marxists (i), (ii), (iii); see also socialism, scientific

  Mary (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Marzuqi, Muhammad Munsif (i), (ii)

  al-Mashhad (i)

  Mashriq (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Masmudah (Berber tribe) and Masmudis (i)

  mass and social media in Arabic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); see also radio broadcasting in Arabic

  al-Mas’udi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)

  Matagalpa (i)

  Mauritania (i), (ii)

  mawlas (‘clients’ or affiliates of Arab tribes) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)

  Mecca and Meccans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), Chapter 5 passim, (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii); see also Ka’bah of Mecca

  pilgrimage (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx)

  Media (country) (i)

  Medina (al-Madinah/Madinat Rasul Allah) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), Chapter 6 passim, (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii); see also Yathrib

  Constitution of (i), (ii), (iii)

  Mediterranean Sea and region (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)

  Melaka see Malacca

  Memphis (Egypt) (i)

  Menem, Carlos (i)

  Mercia (i)

  Mesopotamia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  migration (i), (ii); see also hijrah

  around the Indian Ocean and sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 12 passim

  from Palestine (i), (ii)

  into Arabia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  out of Arabia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), Chapter 7 passim, (vii), (viii), (ix)

  to Europe and the Americas (i), (ii)

  within Arabia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Mihrajan (i)

  Milton, John (i)

  Minaeans (i), (ii), (iii); see also Ma’in

  Ming dynasty and period (i)

  misr, meanings of (i); see also amsar

  Mithraism (i)

  mkrb (Sabaean ruler) (i), (ii)

  mobility see migration

  Mogadishu (i), (ii)

  Mongols (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)

  Mongolian language (i)

  Monophysites (i), (ii)

  monsoon system (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Montagu, Edwin (i)

  More, Sir Thomas (i)

  Morocco and Moroccans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix)

  Morris, Jan (i)

  Moses (i), (ii)

  Mosul (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Mozambique (i)

  Mozarabs (i)

  Mu’adh b. Jabal (i)

  Mu’awiyah b. Abi Sufyan, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix)

  Mu’awiyah II b. Yazid, Caliph (i)

  al-Mu’ayyad b. al-Mutawakkil (i)

  Mubarak, Husni (i)

  mubaya’ah (allegiance-giving) (i)

  Mudar (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Mughal dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Mughirah b. Sa’id al-Bajali (i)

  al-Mughirah b. Shu’bah (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Muhallab (i)

  Muhammad, the Prophet (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), Chapters 5 and 6 passim, (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), Plate 7

  and language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also Qur’an

  attitudes to a’rab (i), (ii), (iii)

  dates of career (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  death and legacy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  opposition to (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  recognized as prophet (i), (ii)

  unites Arabian peoples and tribes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)

  use of slogans (i), (ii)

  use of writing (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Year of Delegations (i), (ii), (iii)

  Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab (i), (ii)

  Muhammad b. Ali b. Abi Talib (Ibn al-Hanafiyyah) (i)

  Muhammad Ali Pasha (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)

  Muhammad al-Badr b. Ahmad Hamid al-Din, Imam (i)

  Muhammad b. Salman b. Abd al-Aziz (i)

  Muhammad b. Sa’ud (i)

  Muhammad Shams al-Din, Sultan (of the Maldives) (i)

  Muhammad b. Tughluq, Sultan (i), (ii)

  Muhammad b. Tumart (i)

  Muhanna b. Isa (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Muharish b. al-Mujalli (i)

  al-Muhtadi, Caliph (i)

  al-Mu’izz (Fatimid caliph)

  Mu’izz al-Dawlah (i)

  al-Mukhtar (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Muktafi, Caliph (i)

  al-Mundhir III, King (i)

  al-Muntasir, Caliph (i), (ii)

  Murcia (i)

  al-Mursi, Muhammad (i)

  muru’ah (honour) (i)

  Musa, Salamah (i)

  Musa b. Nusayr (i)

  Musa b. Shakir brothers, Banu (i), (ii)

  Mus’ab b. al-Zubayr (i), (ii)

  Musaylimah (i)

  al-Mushamrij b. Amr (i)

  Muslim Brotherhood (i), (ii), (iii)

  Muslims see Islam

  Mussolini, Benito (i)

  al-Musta’in, Caliph (i)

  al-Mustakfi, Caliph (i)

  al-Mustakfi II b. Sulayman (‘puppet’ caliph) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Mustansir, Caliph (i), (ii)

  Mustansiriyyah madrasah (i)

  al-Mustarshid, Caliph (i)

  al-Musta’sim, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Mu’tadid, Caliph (i)

  al-Mu’tamid, Caliph (i)

  al-Mu’tamid b. Abbad (i)

  al-Mu’tamin b. Harun al-Rashid (i), (ii)

  al-Mutanabbi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  al-Mu’tasim, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Mutawakkil, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Mutawak
kil III (‘puppet’ caliph) (i)

  Mu’tazilah (i), (ii)

  al-Mu’tazz, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Muti’, Caliph (i)

  al-Muttaqi, Caliph (i), (ii)

  muwahhidun (unitarians) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); see also Almohads; Wahhabis

  al-Muwaffaq (i)

  Muza (i)

  myrrh (i)

  nabat (‘Nabataeans’, i.e. non-Arabs in Iraq) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Nabataeans (i), (ii), (iii)

  language (i)

  script (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  al-Nabighah (i)

  al-Nadir, Banu (tribe) (i)

  Nafisah, Sayyidah (i), (ii)

  Naga sanyasis (i)

  al-Nahdah (nineteenth-century Arab ‘Awakening’) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv)

  Naipaul, V.S. (i), (ii)

  Najd (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Najran (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also Ka’bah of Najran

  al-Nakhilah, battle of (i)

  al-Namarah inscription (i), (ii), (iii)

  Napoleon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), Plate 16

  nasab see genealogy

  al-Nasir, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qalawun, Sultan (i), (ii), (iii)

  Nasrid dynasty (i)

  Nasser (Jamal Abd al-Nasir) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), Plate 19

  nationalism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)

  Navarre (i)

  Nawbahar (i)

  Nazism (i)

  Nebuchadnezzar (i)

  Negev (i), (ii)

  Neguib, General (i), (ii)

  Nelson, Lord (i)

  Neoplatonists (i), (ii)

  Nestorians (i)

  Netherlands (i), (ii); see also Dutch people

  New York (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  newspapers and magazines, Arabic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Nicaragua (i)

  Nicephorus I, Emperor (i)

  Nicholson, Reynold (i), (ii)

  Nietzsche, Friedrich (i)

  Nigeria (i), (ii)

  Nihawand, battle of (i), (ii)

  Nile River (i), (ii), (iii)

  battle of the (i)

  Delta (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Nishapur (i)

  Nizam al-Din (Delhi saint) (i)

  Nizam al-Mulk (i), (ii)

  Nizamiyyah madrasah (i)

  Nizaris (‘Northern’ Arabs) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Noah (i)

  nomads (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); see also badawah

  Non-Aligned movement (i)

  Normans (i), (ii)

  North Africa see Maghrib

  nostalgia (i), (ii), (iii)

  as a force in history (i), (ii)

  Nowak, Martin (i), (ii)

  al-Nu’aymi, Khalil (i), (ii), (iii)

  Nubians (i)

  al-Nu’man III, King (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  al-Nu’man b. Jabalah (i)

  Nusayb b. al-Rabah (i)

  Nusayr (i)

  al-Nuway’imah (i)

  Offa, King (i), (ii), (iii), Plate 11

  Oghuz (Turkic tribal grouping) (i), (ii)

  oil see petroleum

  Oman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)

  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (i)

  Orientalism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  post-Orientalism (i)

  Orontes River (i)

  Orwell, George (i)

  Oslo accords (i)

  Otto, Emperor (i)

  Ottoman empire and Ottomans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl)

  Owens, Jonathan (i)

  Oxford (i)

  Oxus River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Pahlavi language (i), (ii); see also Persia and Persians, language and culture

  painting (i), (ii)

  Pakistan (i), (ii); see also Sind

  Palaeologue dynasty (i)

  Palermo (i), (ii), (iii)

  Palestine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)

  Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Palgrave, Gifford (i)

  Palmyra and Palmyrenes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  pan-Arabism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii)

  paper, manufacture and use of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  papyrus, manufacture and use of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Paris (i), (ii), (iii)

  peace conference (i)

  University of (i)

  ‘Party Kings’ (in al-Andalus) (i), (ii)

  Pasai River (i)

  pearling (i)

  Periplus Maris Erythraei (i)

  Perlis (i)

  Persia and Persians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix); see also Iran; Sasanian empire

  language and culture (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); see also Pahlavi language

  Petra (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Petrarch (i)

  petroleum (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)

  Philby, St John (i)

  Philip the Arab, Emperor (i)

  Philippines (i)

  philology see Arabic studies

  Phoenicians (i), (ii)

  Phoenician script (i), (ii), (iii)

  Pilate, Pontius (i)

  pilgrimage see Marib, pilgrimage; Mecca and Meccans, pilgrimage

  Plato (i), (ii)

  Pliny the Elder (i), (ii), (iii)

  poetry and poets, Arabic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii)

  Polisario Front (i)

  poll tax (i), (ii)

  Pompeii (i)

  Poro society (Guinea) (i)

  Portugal and the Portuguese (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  preachers see khatibs

  Procopius (i)

  propaganda, Arabic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  prophecy and prophets (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  false prophets (i), (ii)

  prose in Arabic, development of (i), (ii)

  rhyming and rhythmic prose see saj’

  Protestantism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ptolemy, Claudius (i), (ii)

  Pythagoreans (i)

  Qabbani, Nizar (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv)

  qabilahs and qabilis (tribes and tribesmen) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); see also tribes and individual tribes by name

 
Qabus b. Sa’id, Sultan (i)

  Qabus b. Wushmagir, Sultan (i), (ii), Plate 12

  al-Qadhdhafi, Mu’ammar (i), (ii), (iii), Plates 21 and 22

  al-Qadisiyyah, battle of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Qahir, Caliph (i)

  al-Qa’idah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  al-Qa’im, Caliph (i)

  Qahtanis (‘Southern Arabs’) (i), (ii), (iii); see also South Arabians

  Qalam (musician of Cordova) (i)

  al-Qali (i)

  al-Qalqashandi (i)

  qariyahs (caravan emporia) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Qarmatis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Qaryat Dhat Kahl (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Qaryat al-Faw see Qaryat Dhat Kahl

  qasidahs (odes) (i), (ii)

  Qasim, Abd al-Karim (i)

  al-Qasim b. Muhammad (son of the Prophet) (i)

  al-Qasim b. Sallam (i)

  Qataban and Qatabanians (i), (ii), (iii)

  Qatar and Qataris (i), (ii)

  qawmiyyah see nationalism

  al-Qayrawan (i), (ii), (iii)

  Qays (deity) (i)

  Qays (tribe) (i)

  Qedar (tribal grouping) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Qipchaqs (Turkic people) (i), (ii)

  Qirwash (i)

  Quanzhou (i), (ii)

  Quda’ah (tribe) (i)

  Qur’an (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii)

  false ‘qur’ans’ (i)

  passages quoted (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv)

  Qur’anic studies (i), (ii), (iii)

  Quraysh (tribe) and Qurashis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv)

  Qurayzah, Banu (tribe) (i)

  Qus (i)

  Qusayr Amrah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Qusayy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Quss b. Sa’idah (i), (ii)

  Qutaybah b. Muslim (i)

  Qutb Minar (i)

  Qutham b. al-Abbas (i), (ii)

  qwls (warlords) (i), (ii)