Arabs

by Tim Mackintosh-Smith

  Rabi’ah (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Rabin, Yitzhak (i)

  al-Radi, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  radio broadcasting in Arabic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  al-Rafi’i, Mustafa Sadiq (i)

  al-Rahman (divine name) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Rahmanism (i), (ii), (iii)

  raiding (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx)

  by early state of Medina (i), (ii)

  railways (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  al-Raqqah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), Plate 10

  al-Raquti, Muhammad b. Ahmad (i)

  al-Rashid, Caliph Harun (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)

  Rawh b. Hatim (i), (ii)

  Recife (i)

  Reconquista (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Red Sea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  refugees (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); see also migration

  religion, pre-Islamic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv)

  Renaissance, European (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Renan, Ernest (i)

  Retsö, Jan (i), (ii)

  rhetoric (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii)

  Rhodes, Cecil (i)

  al-Riddah (secession from state of Medina; ‘apostasy’) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Rif War (i)

  Riyadh (i)

  Roderick, King (of Visigothic Spain) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Rogan, Eugene (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Roger II, King (of Sicily) (i)

  Romanov dynasty (i)

  Rome, Romans and Roman empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix); see also Byzantine empire and Byzantines

  Roosevelt, Franklin D. Plate 18

  Royal Air Force (i)

  al-Ruha (Urfa) (i)

  Rum, Wadi Plate 1

  Rushdie, Salman (i), (ii), (iii)

  Russia and Russians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Rustam (i), (ii), (iii)

  Rwala (tribe) (i)

  sa’alik see ‘vagabonds’

  Saba (Sheba) and Sabaeans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi)

  political unity expressed in allegiance to deity (i), (ii)

  Queen of Sheba (i), (ii)

  Sabaic language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Sabians (i)

  Sabra and Shatila massacre (i)

  Sabtah (Ceuta) (i)

  Sa’d b. Abi Waqqas (i)

  Sa’d b. Bakr (tribe) (i)

  al-Sadat, Anwar (i), (ii), (iii)

  Saddam Husayn (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Sa’di (i), (ii), (iii)

  al-Safa (i)

  Safaitic language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Safavid dynasty (i), (ii)

  al-Saffah, Caliph Abu ’l-Abbas (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Saffarid dynasty (i), (ii)

  Sahara (i), (ii)

  Sahel (i)

  al-Sahib b. Abbad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Sahili (i)

  Said, Edward (i), (ii)

  al-Sa’id, Nuri (i)

  saj’ (rhyming, rhythmic prose) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Sajah (i), (ii)

  Sakharov, Andrei (i)

  Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf b. Ayyub, Sultan) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Salah al-Din Yusuf b. Ayyub, Sultan see Saladin

  Salafis (i)

  Saleh, Ali Abd Allah see Ali Abd Allah Salih Affash

  Saljuq dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Salman b. Abd al-Aziz, King (i)

  Salman al-Farisi (i)

  Sam (Shem) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Samarqand (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Samarra’ (i)

  Sam’ay (i)

  Samudra-Pasai (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  San’a (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Great Mosque of (i)

  Sanhajah (Berber tribe) (i)

  Sanskrit (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Santayana, George (i), (ii)

  São Paulo (i)

  ‘Saqalibah’ (European slaves in al-Andalus) (i), (ii)

  al-Saqqaf family (i)

  Saracens (i)

  Sarah (i)

  al-Sarah (mountain range) (i)

  Sasanian empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); see also Persia and Persians

  conflict with Arabs (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Satih (i), (ii)

  Sa’ud, Al (clan) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Sa’ud b. Abd al-Aziz, King (i), (ii)

  Saudi Arabia and Saudis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv)

  al-Sawad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Sawakin (i)

  Sayf al-Dawlah (i), (ii)

  Sayf b. Dhi Yazan (i), (ii)

  sayyid (chief, lord) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  as a title of Muhammad’s descendants (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Semar (Javanese spirit) (i)

  Semites (i)

  Semitic languages (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); see also individual languages

  Sergius (i)

  Seville (i), (ii)

  sha’bs (settled peoples) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii)

  political unity expressed in allegiance to deity (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  al-Shafi’i (i), (ii)

  shahadah, meanings of (i)

  Shah-i-Zinda see Qutham

  sha’ir (soothsayer; later, poet) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); see also poetry and poets

  Sha’ir al-Maliyun (‘Millionaire Poet’, television show) (i)

  Shalmaneser III, King (i)

  Shammar, King (i), (ii)

  Shamsi, Queen (i), Plate 3

  al-Shanfara (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  al-Shaqif (i)

  al-Sharah (i)

  sharif (title of Muhammad’s descendants) see sayyid

  Sharif, Omar (i)

  Sharp, Cecil (i)

  Shawqi, Ahmad (i), (ii)

  Shaybah, Banu (clan) (i), (ii)

  Shaybanis (tribe) (i)

  Sheba see Saba and Sabaeans

  Shehadeh, Raja (i), (ii), (iii)

  Shem see Sam

  Shi’ah and Shi’is (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv); see also Shi’ah–Sunnah relations

  Shi’ah–Sunnah relations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)

  al-Shidyaq, Faris (i)

  Shiraz (i), (ii)

  Shirkuh (i)

  Shiva (deity) (i)

  Shaivites (i)

  Shu’ubis (cultural independence movements) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Sicily and Sicilians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Siffin, battle of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Sijilmasah
(i)

  Sijistan see Sistan

  al-Sijistani (i)

  Sikhism (i), (ii)

  al-Sikkit (i)

  Silhin (i)

  ‘Silk Roads’ (i), (ii)

  Sinai (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Sind (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Singapore (i), (ii), (iii)

  Sinjar (i)

  al-Sisi, Abd al-Fattah (i), (ii)

  Sistan (i), (ii)

  siyasah (the breaking-in of horses, camels etc.; by extension, ‘politics’) (i)

  slaves and slavery (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix)

  slave-soldiers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); see also Mamluks

  Slavs (i)

  S1lm b. Mn b. S1lm (i)

  socialism, scientific (i), (ii)

  Socotra Island (i), (ii), (iii)

  Solomon (i), (ii)

  Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (i)

  Somalia (i), (ii)

  Soueif, Ahdaf (i), (ii), (iii)

  South Arabians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv); see also Himyar and Himyaris; Saba and Sabaeans etc.

  export of aromatics and other products (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  languages (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); see also Saba and Sabaeans, Sabaic language

  script (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  South-East Asia see East Indies

  Spain (i), (ii), (iii); see also al-Andalus

  Spanish language (i), (ii), (iii)

  Spanish Sahara see Western Sahara

  Sri Lanka (i), (ii)

  Stack, Sir Lee (i)

  Standard Oil Company (i)

  Stark, Freya (i)

  Stephenson, Robert (i), (ii)

  Stern Gang (i)

  Strabo (i)

  Sudan and the Sudanese (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Suez (i), (ii), (iii)

  Canal (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Crisis (1956) (i), (ii)

  Sufis and Sufism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Sulawesi (i)

  Sulaym, Banu (tribe) (i)

  Sulayman b. Abd al-Malik, Caliph (i), (ii)

  Sulayman al-Mahri (i)

  sultan, meaning of (i)

  su’luks see ‘vagabonds’

  Sumatra (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  sunnah, meanings of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Sunnah and Sunnis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); see also Shi’ah–Sunnah relations

  Surabaya (i)

  al-Suyuti (i), (ii), (iii)

  Swahili coast (i), (ii)

  Swahili language (i)

  Sykes–Picot Agreement (i), (ii), (iii)

  Syr Darya (Jaxartes) River (i)

  Syria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii)

  Syriac language and script (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Syrian Orthodox Church (i)

  Ta’abbata Sharran (i)

  al-Tabari (i), (ii)

  Tabaristan (i)

  Tabua (i)

  Taghlib (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Taha, Mahmud Muhammad (i), (ii)

  Tahart (i)

  al-Tahtawi (i)

  al-Ta’if (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ta’izz (i)

  Tajikistan (i)

  Ta’lab (deity) (i)

  Talas (Taraz), battle of (i)

  Talhah (i)

  Tamerlane see Timur Lang

  Tamil Nadu (i)

  Tamim (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tang dynasty and period (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Tangier (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tanukh (tribe) (i), (ii)

  Tanzania (i), (ii)

  Tarifah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Tariq b. Ziyad (i), (ii), (iii)

  Taraz see Talas

  Tarsus (i)

  Tatars see Mongols

  Tawfiq Pasha (i)

  tawhid (doctrine of unity) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  al-Tawhidi, Abu Hayyan (i)

  Taym (clan) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tayyi’ (tribe) (i), (ii)

  Temer, Michel (i)

  Templars (i)

  Thamud (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  ‘Thamudic’ language (i)

  Thapar, Romila (i)

  Thaqif (tribe) (i)

  Theodosius II, Emperor (i)

  Theophilus, Emperor (i)

  Thomas, Saint (i)

  Thompson, Hunter S. (i)

  Thousand and One Nights, The (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Thu’al, Banu (clan) (i)

  Tibet (i)

  Tien Shan (i), (ii)

  Tifinagh script (i)

  Tiglath-Pileser III, King (i)

  Tigris River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)

  Timbuktu (i)

  Timur Lang (i), (ii)

  al-Tirmidhi (i)

  Toledo (i), (ii)

  trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi)

  Trafalgar Square (i)

  Transjordan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Transoxania and Transoxanians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Trevaskis, Sir Kennedy (i)

  tribes, Arab (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); see also qabilahs and qabilis, and individual tribes by name

  disunity among (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Trincomalee (i)

  Troy (i)

  Trump, Donald (i)

  Tuaregs (i)

  Tughril (i), (ii)

  Tulayhah (i)

  Tulunid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tunis (i), (ii)

  Tunisia and Tunisians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)

  Turanshah (i)

  Turco-Mongols (i), (ii)

  Turkestan (i), (ii)

  Turkey (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Turkmen (i)

  Turkmenistan (i)

  Turks and Turkic peoples (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi); see also Ottoman empire and Ottomans; Qipchaqs; Saljuq dynasty; Turkmen

  Turkish language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Ubayd Allah (Fatimid caliph) (i), (ii)

  Ubayd Allah b. Sulayman (i)

  Ubayd Allah b. Umar (i)

  Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad (i), (ii)

  Udwan (tribe) (i)

  Uhud, battle of (i)

  Ukaz (i)

  Ulays, Banu (tribe) (i)

  Umar b. Abd al-Aziz, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Umar b. al-Khattab, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii
), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx)

  Umar al-Khayyam (Omar Khayyam) (i)

  al-Umari, Ibn Fadl Allah (i)

  Umayyad dynasty and period (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), Chapter 8 passim, (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii)

  architecture (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  in al-Andalus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Umayyah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Umayyah b. Abi ’l-Salt (i)

  Umm al-Arab (i)

  Umm al-Fadl (i)

  Umm Kulthum (i), (ii)

  Umm Mutammim (i)

  ummah (community) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  ummi, meanings of (i)

  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  United Arab Emirates (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  United Arab Republic (i), (ii), (iii)

  United Arab States (i), (ii), (iii)

  United Nations (UN) (i), (ii)

  United States of America (USA) and Americans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv)

  Uqbah b. Nafi’ (i), (ii)

  Urabi, Ahmad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Urban II, Pope (i)

  Urdu language (i)

  Urduja, Princess (i)

  Urfa see al-Ruha

  ’urubah (‘arabness’) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl)

  Urwah b. Mas’ud (i), (ii), (iii)

  Urwah b. al-Ward (i), (ii)

  Usamah Bin Ladin (Osamah Bin Laden) (i)

  Usamah Ibn Munqidh (i), (ii), (iii)

  Uthman b. Affan, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Uzbekistan (i), (ii)

  al-Uzza (deity) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  ‘vagabonds’ (tribal ‘refuseniks’ and outcasts) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  van Gelder, Geert Jan (i)

  Varisco, Daniel Martin (i)

  Venice (i)

  Verdi, Giuseppe (i)

  verse see poetry

  Versteegh, Kees (i)

  Vienna (i)

  Vietnam (i)

  Villehardouin, Geoffrey of (i)

  Vishnu (deity) (i)

  Visigoths (i), (ii)

  viziers see wazirs

  Volga River (i)

  Wadd (deity) (i)

  Wafd Party (i), (ii)

  Wahb b. Munabbih (i)

  Wahballat, Prince (of Palmyra) (i)

  wahdah (isolation; unity) (i), (ii)