The Heroine with 1001 Faces
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Eva Prima Pandora (Cousin), 162, 162
Eve, 162
as archetype, 203
curiosity and, 74, 153, 156, 167
Pandora and, 158, 162, 302n19
reimaginings of, 266, 267, 268
sexuality and, 163
Evelina (Burney), 136
Everneath (Ashton), 47
Ex Machina (Garland), 240, 270–72, 271
Extremities, 247
Fabulae (Hyginus), 275
fairy tales
Campbell on, xx, 1–2, 3–4, 11, 18, 236
cultural influence of, 79–80
de Beauvoir on, 25
discrediting of, xx, xxi–xxii, 112–13, 114–18, 129, 164
educational theory on, 179
evolution of, 30, 273–74, 292n11
bowdlerization for children of, xx, 115–16, 126–28
female avengers and, 252–56
female tricksters and, 240, 247, 250
film and, 79–80, 127, 250, 259
gender binary stereotypes in, 25, 141
healing in, 129–35
heroine’s mission in, 4, 11, 291–92n6
intermediaries in, 80–88
Jane Eyre and, 105
male appropriation of, 98, 113, 117, 117
oral vs. written traditions and, 114, 116, 117, 118–19
power of, 137–38
self-reflexivity in, 80, 81
silencing of women in, xxii, 79, 80–81
speaking out and, xviii, 11–14, 90–91
as static, 143
transformation of gossip into, 123–26
trials in, 5–6
wisdom and, 113–14
women as powerful in, 4, 144–45
See also fairy tales, women’s reimaginings of
Fairy Tales Every Child Should Know (Mabie), 179
fairy tales, women’s reimaginings of, 128–29, 137–47
Atwood, 144–47, 149
Carter, 138, 140–44, 149, 150
self-reflexivity in, 48, 146–47
Sexton, 138–40, 149, 250, 283
family. See domesticity
Far from the Tree (Solomon), xix
Farrow, Ronan, 94
Faust (Goethe), 28
female avengers, 240, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251–57
female detectives, 205–27
altruism and, 209, 210
autonomy of, 206–7
Blanche White (Neely), 226–27
Cagney and Lacey, 224
Clarice Starling, 224
Cordelia Gray (James), 226
dismissal of, 219–20
Harry Potter series and, 214–15
Jessica Fletcher, 219, 224, 304n14
justice and, 154, 209–10, 215, 223, 226, 227
Kate Fansler (Cross), 225–26
Miss Climpson (Sayers), 154, 219, 220–21
Miss Marple (Christie), 154, 206–7, 208, 219, 220, 221–24, 304n14
Nancy Drew (Keene), 154, 207–14, 224, 304n14
origins of, 218–19
tricksters and, 247
twentieth-century changes, 224–25
V. I. Warshawski, 224
Wonder Woman and, 228
female labor force participation, xix, 24, 228–29
female tricksters, 239–40
androgyny and, 268, 269
as detectives, 247
fairy tales and, 240, 247, 250
future of, 269–70
Lex (Jurassic Park), 249–50
Lisbeth Salander (Millennium trilogy), 242–48, 249, 265, 269, 307n13, 308n16, 308n17
Lyra (His Dark Materials), 267–68
Pippi Longstocking, 248–49, 284, 308n17
robots as, 270–72
transformation and, 269, 309n37
vengeance and, 240, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252
warrior women as, 263
women’s reimaginings and, 137
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 198
feminism
de Beauvoir and, 24
on dismissal of women’s writing, 172
on domesticity, 198
female detectives and, 225–26
literary girl heroines and, 181
New Age men’s movement and, 22
Wonder Woman and, 232
femme fatale, 29, 158, 241
Ferrero-Waldner, Benita, 57
Field, Syd, 21
film, 236–38
Bechdel test, 259, 308n27
fairy tales and, 79–80, 127, 250, 259
female avengers in, 245, 247, 251–57
gender binary stereotypes in, 241, 258–59
The Hero with a Thousand Faces and, xiv, 17–18, 21, 144
regeneration of myth and, 241–42
women’s exclusion from, 240–41
See also female tricksters; warrior women
Final Girl trope, 241, 247, 258
Fincher, David, 243, 251–52
Finley, M. I., 293n40
“Fitcher’s Bird” (German folktale), 111, 129–35, 145, 146
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 25
Fitzhugh, Louise, 189–91, 193
Flaubert, Gustave, 26, 154
Flying Dutchman, The (Wagner), 28
Flynn, Gillian, 251–52
folktales. See fairy tales
Fontane, Theodor, 154
Forrester, Andrew, 206, 304n13
Forster, E. M., 27
For the Love of Hades (Summers), 47
Fortunata and Jacinta (Galdós), 152
Foucault, Michel, 155
Fox, Margalit, 198
Frank, Anne, 184–88, 189
Freeway (Bright), 253–54
Freud, Sigmund, 200, 271, 289
Friedan, Betty, 198, 203
Frobenius, Leo, 109
“Frog King, The” (German folktale), 3–4, 80
Frog Princess, The (Dearmer), 3
From the Earth to the Moon (Verne), 154
Frozen films (Disney), 214, 259–60
Fry, Stephen, 8, 151, 278
Furniss, Henry, 217
Gaiman, Neil, 21
Galdós, Benito Pérez, 152
Galloway, Mary, 284
Game of Thrones, 257–58
Gamergate, 32–33
Ganymede, 295n21
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 55–56
Garland, Alex, 240, 270–72
Gaslight, 237, 241
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 46
Gates, Philippa, 304n14
Gedin, Eva, 308n16
Geertz, Clifford, 125–26
gender binary stereotypes
action/conflict and, 26–27
Campbell and, xv–xvi, 2–3, 152, 268
de Beauvoir on, 24–25
definitions of heroes/heroines and, 8, 25–26
empathy and, xix
exceptions to, 26
in fairy tales, 25, 141
in film, 241, 258–59
importance of understanding, 8
in The Odyssey, 14–15, 29–30
traditional women’s work and, 59
writing and, 172
gender fluidity
Amazons and, 26
“Bluebeard” and, 309n41
gender binary stereotypes and, 8
imitation of male models and, 269
Pullman on, 268
tricksters and, 239, 245, 307n5
Genealogy of the Gods, The (Boccaccio), 61
Gentileschi, Artemisia, 60
Gentleman’s Agreement, 237
Geras, Adèle, 293n36
German Popular Stories (Brothers Grimm), 117
See also Grimms’ fairy tales
Gerwig, Greta, 237
Get Out (Peele), 272–74
Ghost Writer, The (Roth), 186–87
Gilbert, Sandra, 172
Gilligan, Carol, 209, 210
Gilmore Girls, 199
Ginsberg, Allen, 135
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 209
Girls, 168, 199, 203–5
Girl Who Played with Fire, The (Larsson), 203
See also Millennium trilogy
“Girl without Hands” trope, 63
Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The (film) (Fincher), 243, 244, 245, 247
Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The (Larsson), 242, 245
See also Millennium trilogy
Girodet, Anne-Louis, 61
Glück, Louise, 293n36
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 28
Golden Ass, The (Apuleius), 112
“Golden Bracelet, The” (American folktale), 83
“Gold Key, The” (Sexton), 139–40
Gone Girl (film) (Fincher), 251–52, 253
Gone Girl (Flynn), 251
Goodings, Lennie, 150
“Goose Girl, The” (German folktale), 80–81, 83, 87
gossip, 102–3, 107–8, 119–26, 221, 299n36
Gottschall, Jonathan, 291–92n6
Graves, Robert, 280
Grazer, Brian, 152
Great Expectations (Dickens), 216–18, 217
Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 26
Greek mythology
as canonical, 30, 71–72
cultural influence of, 135, 137
bowdlerization for children of, 159–61
healing in, 282–83
intermediaries in, 79, 93
peripheral role of women in, 28, 29, 53, 137
silencing of women in, 35, 58–59, 61–62, 63, 72, 102, 265
speaking out and, xvii–xviii
trials in, 4–5
trickster in, 238, 239
war in, 282–83
women’s voices in, 39–40
See also Iliad, The; Odyssey, The; rape in Greek mythology; specific characters and stories
Greenblatt, Stephen, 163
Green Mile, The, 193
Grey Album, The (Young), 149
Grimms’ fairy tales
bowdlerization for children and, 127
film and, 79–80, 127, 259
healing in, 129–35
The Hero with a Thousand Faces and, 3–4
male appropriation of fairy tales and, 98, 117, 117
New Age men’s movement and, 22
silencing of women in, 80–81
speaking out and, 90–91
women as powerful in, 144–45
women’s reimaginings of, 138–40, 283
See also fairy tales
Gubar, Susan, 172
Hades, 47, 52
Halloween, 241
Hamilton, Edith, 52–53, 59, 64, 159, 280
Hamilton, 47
Hamlet (film), 237
Hanna (Wright), 255–57, 257
Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters, 262
“Hansel and Gretel” (German folktale), 80, 250
“Happy Women” (Alcott), 171, 178, 200
Hard Candy (Slade), 240, 247, 254–55
Hardy Boys, 208, 210
Hare, 238, 247
Harriet the Spy (Fitzhugh), 189–91, 193
Harris, Trudier, 298n6
Harry Potter series (Rowling), 172, 214–15
Hate U Give, The (Thomas), 152, 193–96
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, xvii, 26, 159–61, 175
Haynes, Natalie, 15, 42–43, 277
healing
beauty and, 134
in fairy tales, 129–35
war and, 281–83, 284–87
witches and, 287–88
Hecuba, 39–40
Hedren, Tippi, 241
Heidegger, Martin, 120, 155
Heidi (Spyri), 177
Heilbrun, Carolyn, 220, 225–26, 293n36
Helen of Troy, 29, 30, 41, 278–80, 279, 281
Hercules, 230
Hermes, 157, 239, 245, 246, 247, 250, 272
Hero, The: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama (Raglan), 20
hero cults, 27
Heroes (Fry), 8
heroic behavior
action/conflict and, xx, 7, 8, 27, 37–38, 40
defamiliarizing, 44–45
definitions of, 6–9
as exclusively male, 26
bowdlerization for children and, 128
female detectives and, 210, 212
in The Odyssey, 27, 28–29, 37–38, 42–43, 46
oral vs. written traditions and, 27, 30
Penelope and, 36–37, 293n40
self-effacement and, 193
unpredictability of, 1–2
See also hero’s journey
heroine
definitions of, 7–8
malleable nature of, 281
See also heroic behavior; heroine’s mission
Heroine’s Journey, The (Murdock), 23
heroine’s mission, 4–5
altruism and, 5, 6, 75–76, 169–70, 173, 183
childbirth as, 197
curiosity and, 4, 152, 153, 154
defiance and, 4
domesticity and, 177–78
endurance and, 4–5, 25, 26, 37, 128
in fairy tales, 4, 11, 291–92n6
future of, 290
imagination and, 176–77, 178, 179
as imitation of male models, 2, 26, 238, 244–45, 250, 251–57, 262, 268–69
justice and, xiv, 14, 152–53, 246, 269
new film reimagining of, 237–38, 259–61
in The Odyssey, 37
“The Search for the Lost Husband” tale type, 6
trials and, 4–6
See also female avengers; storytelling; warrior women; writing as heroine’s mission
hero’s journey
action/conflict and, 6, 16, 20, 26–27, 292n24
cultural influence of, xiv, 17–18, 26
female detectives and, 226
immortality and, 6, 20–21, 23, 29, 199
as monomyth, 2, 18–20
new film reimagining and, 260–61
in nineteenth-century children’s fiction, 177
Rank-Raglan mythotype, 19–20
stages of, 18–19, 20
as stereotype, 280
toxic masculinity and, 20
women as peripheral in, xiii, 2–3, 8, 22–24, 28, 29, 292n24
women’s reimagining of, 15–16
World War II and, 17
Hero with a Thousand Faces, The (Campbell)
cultural influence of, xiv, 17–18, 21–22, 144
fairy tales in, 3–4
women as peripheral in, 2–3, 28
See also Campbell, Joseph; hero’s journey
Herskovits, Frances S., 125
Herskovits, Melville J., 125
Hesiod, 157
Hestia, 78, 296n46
Hillman, James, 296n46
His Dark Materials (Pullman), 266–68
Hitchcock, Alfred, 241
Hobbit, The (film), 262
Hoffmann, E. T. A., 271, 284
Holloway, Sadie Elizabeth, 232
Hollywood. See film
home. See domesticity
Homeland (film), 252
Homer, 9, 48
See also Iliad, The; Odyssey, The
horror genre, 241, 273
Horta, Paulo, 296n44
Hoskins, Bob, 262
Hosseini, Khaled, 88
Houasse, René-Antoine, 66
House of Mirth (Wharton), 26
“How a Husband Weaned His Wife from Fairy Tales” (Russian folktale), 98–100
“How the Spider Came to Be” (Lenape folktale), 69
Human Condition, The (Arendt), 37
Hume, Kathryn, 292n11
hunger. See appetite
Hunger Games trilogy (Collins), 263, 264–65
Hunger Games trilogy (films), 152, 195, 214, 263–66
Hunneric, 63
“Hunter and the Tortoise, The” (Ghanian folktale), 110
Hurston, Zora Neale, 107–8, 110, 147–48
Hurt Locker, The (Bigelow), 240–41
Hutcheon, Linda, 294n45
Hyde, Lewis, 238–39, 307n4
Hyginus, 275
h
ypersystemizing trait, xix
Iconologia (Ripa), 157
Iliad, The (Homer)
action/conflict in, 27, 40
healing in, 282
women’s reimaginings of, xvii, 15–16, 32, 40–42, 44–45, 47–48
imagination, 44, 176–77, 178, 179–80, 182–83, 202
immortality
hero’s journey and, 6, 20–21, 23, 29, 199
storytelling and, 9, 46, 49–50
women’s reimaginings and, 43, 47, 48
women’s writing and, 186, 188, 199
In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 209
incest, 126, 127
intermediaries, 79, 80–88, 89, 91, 92, 93
intertextuality, 149–50
“Introducing Wonder Woman” (Marston), 230
Invisible Man (Ellison), 148
Io, 295n21
Iphigenia, 282
Irishman, The (Scorsese), 237
Irma la Douce, 241
Iron John: A Book about Men (Bly), 22
Irving, John, 63
I Spit on Your Grave, 247
Ithaka (Geras), 293n36
Jackson, Shirley, 197
Jacobs, Joseph, 117, 127
James, Henry, 168
James, P. D., 220, 226
James Joyce Murder, The (Cross), 225
Jane Eyre (Brontë), 105–7, 172
Jason, 53
Joan of Arc, 26, 261
Job, 26
Johnson, Samuel, 59
Joker (Phillips), 237
Jolie, Angelina, 258
Jonson, Ben, 7
Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth, xiv
Joyce, James, 18
Judith, 26
Jungian philosophy, xv, 22
Jurassic Park (Crichton), 249
Jurassic Park (film) (Spielberg), 249–50
Jurich, Marilyn, 235
justice
beauty and, 134
empathy and, 196
female detectives and, 154, 209–10, 215, 223, 226, 227
female tricksters and, 269
heroine’s mission and, xiv, 14, 152–53, 246, 269
literary girl heroines and, 152–53
multiple perspectives and, 38, 39
speaking out and, 195, 196
storytelling and, xviii, 10–11, 92
vs. vengeance, 251, 254
women’s reimaginings and, 32–33
Wonder Woman and, 230–33
See also #MeToo movement; speaking out
Juvenal, 121
Kalevala, 28
Kant, Immanuel, 119
Kantor, Jodi, 95
Kares (Aeschylus), 57
Keats, John, 57
Keene, Carolyn, 206
See also Nancy Drew stories
“Keep Your Secrets” (Ghanian folktale), 113–14
Kelley, Florence, 232
Kierkegaard, Søren, 119
Kill Bill (Tarantino), 252
“King Who Wishes to Marry His Daughter, The,” 127
Kipling, Rudyard, 177
Kitt, Eartha, 258
Knausgaard, Karl Ove, 26
Knight, Charles, 296n35
knowledge. See curiosity
Know My Name: A Memoir (Miller), 94
Knox, Ronald, 218–19
Lachesis, 65