The Age of Napoleon
Page 140
sees N. for last time, 721
leaves Paris for Blois (1814), 724–25
and N.’s abdication, 726–27
and Marie Walewska’s visit to Elba, 735
N.’s letters to, 734, 738, 740, 772
in N.’s will, 767, 772
later life, 772
Marienburg, 713, 754
Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de Bourbon, Madame Royale (1778–1851), 50, 65
Marigny, Abbé Augier de (d. 1762), 93
Marino Faliero (Byron), 623
Markos, Ivan, 683
Marmion (Scott), 505
Marmirolo, 103
Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de (1774–1852): in Italian campaign (1796), 99
in Spain, 538–39
in 1813 campaign, 716, 718, 722, 723
in 1814 campaign, 724, 725, 726
Marne River, 59, 722, 723
Marriage of Cana (Vermeer), 279
Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The (Blake), 415
Marseillais, The (Rudé), 280
“Marseillaise, The,” 37, 38, 40, 137
Marseilles, 15
and the blockades, 118, 262, 693
economy of during Revolution, 5, 6, 8, 75
Fédérés from, 38, 44
Girondins in, 34, 56, 62
in Hundred Days, 740
Jews in, 275
Terror in, 69
White Terror in, 84, 753
Martigny, Switzerland, 171, 172
Martini, Padre Giovanni Battista (1706–84), 612
Martini, Simone (1283?–1344), 611
Martinique, 95
Martyrs de Dioclétien, Les (Chateaubriand), 319, 320
Marx, Karl (1818–83), 329, 346, 621, 684
and Hegel, 649, 650, 657–58
on Spain, 537
Masdeu, Juan Francisco de (1744–1817), 534
Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Eve (1572), 61, 138
Masséna, André (1758–1817), 97, 173, 269
besieged at Genoa (1800), 170–72
jealous of N., 185–86
leads Army of Italy (1805), 202
in Portugal, 538
suppresses Naples insurrection, 216
in Switzerland (1799), 116, 117, 119
Masson, Frédéric (1847–1923), 244
mathematics, 142, 322–23, 608
Mathews, Rev. A. S., 413
Matrimonio segreto, II (Cimarosa), 553
Maupeou, René-Nicolas de (1714–92), 162
Mavrokordatos, Prince Alexandros (1791–1865), 498
Maximilian, Archduke (1782–1863), 348
Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne (r. 1784–1801), 568–69
Maximilian I Joseph, King of Bavaria (r. 1806–25), Elector as Maximilian IV (r. 1799–1806), 206, 294, 387, 772
maximum: prices, 54, 55–56, 62, 75, 695–96
wages, 80, 83
abolished by Convention, 84
Mayer, Constance (1778–1821), 283
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72), 552, 590, 660
McAdam, John Loudon (1756–1836), 342
McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis (1866–1925), 658
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy of, 206
Médecin de campagne, Le (Balzac), 773
Médée (Cherubini), 137
medicine, 324–25, 392–93, 551
Medwin, Thomas (1788–1869), 494
Méhul, Étienne-Nicolas (1763–1817), 137
Meissen pottery, 593
Melas, Baron Michael Friedrich Benedikt von (1729–1806), 170–74, 545
Melbourne, Elizabeth Lamb, Viscountess, nee Milbanke (1749–1818), 460–62
Melbourne, Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount (1748–1819), 460
Melbourne, 2d Viscount, see Lamb, William Memel, 593, 596–98
Mémoires (Chateaubriand), 313–14
Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes (Larrey), 324
Mémoires d’outre-tombe (Chateaubriand), 320
Mémoire sur la décomposition de la pensée (Maine), 331
Memoirs (Mme. de Staël), 106–7
Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (Las Cases), 762, 763
Mendelssohn, Brendel, later Dorothea von Schlegel (1763–1839), 603, 605, 634, 640
conversion of, 602, 630, 634
death of, 635
Mendelssohn, Felix (1809–47), 614, 630
Mendelssohn, Moses (1729–86), 634
Méneval, Claude-François, later Baron de Méneval (1778–1850), 241, 767
on Confederation of Rhine, 207
on émigré plot, 190–91
memoirs of, 187
as N.’s secretary, 87, 194, 239, 246
in Russia, 700, 707
serves Marie Louise, 715, 735
at Tilsit, 212
Mengs, Anton Raphael (1728–79), 519, 611
Menus Plaisirs, Hôtel des, 13, 15, 16
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 373
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien (1740–1814), 51, 135
Mercure de France, 20, 319–20
Méricourt, Thérèse de (1762–1817), 133*
Merlin of Douai, Philippe-Antoine (1754–1838), 106, 117, 180
Merveilleux, Merveilleuses, 86, 135
meteorology, 323
Methodists, 359, 367, 516
metric system, 87, 142, 154
Metternich, Eleonore von Kaunitz, Princess von, 561
Metternich, Prince Franz Georg Karl von (1746–1818), 560
Metternich, Prince Klemens Wenzel Lothar von (1773–1859), 370, 560–62
early life, 560–61
Austrian ambassador to France, 225, 561
urges war against France (1809), 225, 231
appointed as foreign minister, 562
helps arrange marriage of Marie Louise to N., 234, 235, 562
at Dresden (1812), 700
and Austria’s desire to break French alliance (1813), 712
mediates between Allies and N., 716
at Congress of Vienna, 624, 732–34
Metz, 24, 722
Metz, Parlement of, 130
Meuse River, 97
Mexico, 609
Mexico, Gulf of, 311
Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791–1864), 612, 613
Mézières, military academy at, 323
“Michael” (Wordsworth), 431
Michaelis, Caroline, see Schelling, Caroline von Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), 141, 379, 553, 630
Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), 30–31, 657, 660, 778
Milan, 541
architecture in, 554
Cathedral of, 556
center of Cisalpine Republic, 105, 187, 544, 546
Jews in, 275
liberals in, 543
morals in, 551
N. at as victor (1796), 100–103, 104*
N. crowned at as king of Italy (1805), 202, 546
and Pius VII, 232
retaken for Austria (1799–1800), 117, 170
won back by N. (1800), 172, 173, 175
Milan Decree (1807), 219
Milbanke, Annabella, see Byron, Annabella Milbanke, Lady Judith, nee Noel (d. 1822), 465–66, 494
Milbanke, Sir Ralph, 465, 466, 481
Mill, James (1773–1836), 358, 362, 503–4
and Bentham, 404, 407, 503
Mill, John Stuart (1806–73), 359, 404, 407, 503
Millaud, Deputy (1793), 52
Millesimo, battle of (1796), 98
Millingen, Dr. Julius (fl. 1823), 499
Milner, Emily (fl. 1814), 463
Milo, Titus Annius (d. 48 B.C.), 194, 543
Miloradovich, Mikhail Andreevich (1771–1825), 704
Miloš Obrenovich, Prince of Serbia (r. 1817–39), 669
Milton, John (1608–74), 362, 396, 451, 456, 479–80
Mincio River, 174–76 passim
miniature painting, 281
mining and metallurgy, 5, 590, 597, 600
Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, The (Scott), 505
Miollis, Fra
nçois (1759–1828), 549
Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel-Victor Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), 15, 29–31, 129
early life, 15
pleads for emancipation of Jews (1787), 275
visits Germany, writes impressions, 596, 602, 603
in States-General, 13–16
in National Assembly, 17, 23, 24, 29–30
his dealings with King and Queen, 29–30
death of, 30, 143
discovery of Louis’ payments to, 31, 51
Misogallo (Alfieri), 552
Missolonghi, Greece, 457, 498–99, 501
Mistress to an Age (Herold), 200*
Modena, 101, 294, 541, 544
Modena, Duke of, 101
Modern Painters (Ruskin), 385
Moldavia, 201, 228, 669, 671, 689, 696
Moldechno, 710
Molé, Count Louis-Mathieu (1781–1855), 276
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–73), 93, 138
Mollien, François-Nicolas (1758–1850), 323, 730
Mona Lisa (Leonardo), 102
Monastery, The (Scott), 506
Moncey, Bon-Adrien-Jeannot de (1754–1812), 726
Mondego River and Bay, Portugal, 225, 536
Mondovi, battle of (1796), 98, 99
Monet, Claude (1840–1926), 385
Monge, Gaspard (1746–1818), 64, 142, 246, 265, 266, 322, 323
on Egyptian expedition, 108, 114, 120
Moniteur, he, 119, 135, 188, 287, 315, 598
becomes government organ, 167
Monsieur Necker’s Character and Private Life (Staël), 293
Montagnards (Mountain), 34
in Convention, 47–83 passim
fall of, 83, 84
and religion, 43, 72
and September Massacres, 45
Montagu, Basil (1770–1851), 421, 422, 439
Montagu, Basil, Jr. (b. 1793), 422
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689–1762), 393
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–92), 34, 388, 654
Montalivet, Jean-Baptiste Bachasson, Comte de (1766–1823), 264
Montbéliard, 730
“Mont Blanc” (Shelley), 478
Montcalm, Marquis Louis-Joseph de (1712–59), 380
Montebello, battle of (1800), 173, 270
Montenotte, battle of (1796), 98, 99
Montereau, battle of (1814), 723
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1689–1755), 14, 27, 34, 93, 300, 597, 685
Montesquiou-Fezensac, Marquis Anne-Pierre de (1739–98), 49
Monte Zemoto, 99
Montferrand (Auguste Ricard; 1786–1858), 682
Montholon, Comte Charles-Tristan de (1783–1853), 763
accompanies N. after 2d abdication, 751, 757 ff.
at St. Helena, 217, 758–60, 763, 764, 767–69
and Napoleonic legend, 774
Montholon, Comtesse Albinie de, nee de Vassal, 757, 759, 763
Monti, Vincenzo (1754–1828), 552
Montmirail, battle of (1814), 723
Montmorency, Mathieu de (1767–1826), 273, 274, 294
Montmorin, Comte Armand-Marc de (1745?–92), 64, 314
Montpellier, 753
Mont St. Jean, 746
Moore, Sir John (1761–1809), 229–30, 537
Moore, Thomas (1779–1852), 358, 370, 409
and Byron, 459, 464, 487, 500, 508
Moratín, Leandro Fernández de (1760–1828), 534
Moravian Brethren, 299, 601
More, Hannah (1745–1833), 359, 362
Moreau, Jean-Victor (1763–1813), 64, 85
military operations of in Bavaria and Italy (1796–1800), 97, 116–17, 171, 173, 176
recommends N. to lead coup (1799), 119
under consideration as replacement for N., 172, 176
and generals’ plots against N., 185–86, 190, 192–93, 195, 273
joins Allies, 716
death of, 193, 718
Morelli, Cosimo (1732–1810), 554
Morelly (socialist, fl. 1755), 89
Morgan, John Pierpont (1837–1913), 379
Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (1838–1923), 74*
Morning Post, 378, 408, 433, 436, 437
Mornington, Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of (1735–80, 535
Mornington, Richard Colley Wellesley, 2d Earl of, later 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842), 535–36
Morris, Gouverneur (1752–1816), 21
Mort de César, La (Voltaire), 227, 287
Mort de Pompée, La (Corneille), 284
Mortier, Édouard-Adolphe (1768–1835), 189, 204, 722–25
Moscow: burning of (1812), 239, 283, 320, 704–6
French retreat from, 707–10
Moscow, University of, 674, 680
Moscow Hospital, 675
Moskovsky zhurnal, 685
Moskva River, 703
Moulin, Jean-François-Auguste (1752–1810), 117, 122
Moulins, France, 69, 72
Mounier, Jean-Joseph (1758–1806), 13, 16, 25
Mountain, see Montagnards
Mousehold Heath (Crome), 381
Mozart, Leopold (in full, Johann Georg Leopold; 1719–87), 568
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), 377, 553, 564, 570, 612, 613
Beethoven and, 568, 571, 574, 582
in Berlin, 594
death of, 569
Mozhaisk, 707
Muiron, Colonel (d. 1796), 104
Mulgrave, Sir Henry Phipps, 3d Baron, later 1st Earl of Mulgrave (1755–1831), 200–201
Mulhouse, 730
Müller, Adam Heinrich (1779–1829), 617
Müller, Felix, 226
Müller, Johannes von (1752–1809), 305, 591, 619, 659, 660
Munchausen, Baron (Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von Münchhäusen; 1720–97), 503
Munich, 97, 388, 589, 624
Munich, University of, 625
Münster, 588, 590, 593
Murat, Caroline, nee Maria Carolina Bonaparte (1782–1839), 92, 191, 220, 547, 771
Murat, Joachim (1767–1815), King of Naples (r. 1805–15), 220, 282, 771
and 13th-Vendémiaire coup (1795), 87
in 1796 Italian campaign, 99, 103, 220
sent by N. to bring Josephine to Italy, 100
on Egyptian expedition, 114, 220
marriage to Caroline Bonaparte, 220
and 18th-Brumaire coup (1799), 123
at Marengo (1800), 173, 220
jealous of N., 185
at N.’s coronation, 199
in 1805 campaign, 202, 203, 204
at Jena (1806), 209
at Eylau (1807), 211
as grand duke of Berg and Cleves, 215, 220, 590
named grand admiral, 270
heads occupation of Spain (1808), 223–24, 535
conspires to be named N.’s heir, 230
as king of Naples, 224, 278, 547–48, 553, 556
in Russian campaign, 699, 703, 704, 705, 710
returns to Naples, 710, 712
goes over to Allies, 719, 721, 771
death of, 771
Muraviov, Mikhail Nikitch (1757–1807), 677, 680
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban (1617–82), 279, 533
Murray, Alexander, philologist (1775–1813), 361
Murray, John, publisher (1778–1843), 408, 409
Byron’s correspondence with, 488, 489, 492
and Byron’s secret memoirs, 500
Byron’s works published by, 464, 478, 480
and Coleridge, 437
Mme. de Staël’s works published by, 300
Muscadins, 86
Musée Napoléon, Cap d’Antibes, 555
Museo del Prado, Madrid, 533
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 87, 326
Musikalische Gesellschaft, 566
Musset, Alfred de (1810–57), 41, 155, 268
“My Life and Adventures” (Byron), 487
Mysteries of Udolpho, The (Radcliffe),
409
Namur, 743–44
Nancy, 8, 29, 51, 721
Nantes, 6, 69
and the blockades, 262, 693
and Girondins, 34, 62
Terror in, 68–69
Vendéans executed at, 72
Naples, kingdom of: under Bourbon rule (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies), 541, 543
in 1st Coalition against France (1793), 517, 519
truce with France (1796–98), 101, 519, 520
in 2d Coalition (1799), 116, 521
mainland captured by French (1798–99), 108, 114, 116, 545, 553
Parthenopean Republic set up (1799), 116, 545
Ferdinand IV restored (1799), 117, 545, 553, 676
compelled to close ports to British (1801), 177, 546
Ferdinand driven again from mainland (1806), 216, 547
under Joseph Bonaparte (1806–08), 92, 266, 278, 547, 548, 549, 553, 556
under Murat (1808–15), 224, 278, 547–48, 553, 556, 712
Two Sicilies reunited under Ferdinand (1815), 521, 548, 771
Naples, King of, see Ferdinand IV
Napoleon I (1769–1821), Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815), 90–95, 97–105, 106–14, 119–23, 159–96, 197–259, 260–336 passim, 545–50, 556–57, 693–711, 715–28, 734–79
EARLY YEARS (1769–99), 90–95
birth and family, 91–92
at Brienne, 92–93, 113, 242, 246, 722
recaptures Toulon (1793), 74–75, 94
protects Convention on 13th Vendémiaire, 87, 95
appointed to command of Army of Italy, 88, 95
marries Josephine, 95, 96, 218
whirlwind Italian campaign, (1796–97), 97–105, 115, 116–17, 219, 333, 519, 544, 552
letters to Josephine from Italy, 96, 97–98, 99–100, 102, 103
proclamations to troops, 98, 99, 102
called “Little Corporal,” 100
at Arcole, 103–4, 171, 237, 248, 282
diplomatic successes in Italy, 101, 104, 105, 519
artistic spoliation of Italy, 101–2, 139
advances toward Vienna (1797), 104–5, 558, 571
and Treaty of Campoformio, 105, 107, 558, 571
organizes Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics, 105
triumphant return to Paris, 105–7, 151
his designs on Egypt, 105, 107–8
Egyptian-Syrian expedition, 108–14, 115, 116, 216, 219, 520, 544
and scientists on expedition, 108, 114, 120, 128, 253
learns of Josephine’s infidelity, 110–11
at Acre, 113, 119, 408*
returns to France, 113–14, 119
reconciliation with Josephine, 119–20, 219
and coup of 18th Brumaire (1799), 92, 119–23, 216
AS CONSUL (1799–1804), 159–96
as provisional consul (1799), 159–62
as first consul (1799–1804), 151, 162–96
organizes administration, 163–66
proposes peace to George III, 169–70, 437
moves to Tuileries, 168
campaign of 1800 in Italy, 171–74, 289, 545