The Age of Napoleon
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at Marengo, 173–74, 240, 248
makes gesture of goodwill to Paul I, 176, 676
“infernal machine” plot against, 176–77
exacts Peace of Lunéville from Austria (1801), 177, 180, 558
and Treaty of Florence with Naples, 177
signs Peace of Amiens with England (1802), 179, 180, 184, 522
has Code Napoléon drawn up, 54, 130, 180–82, 264
and Concordat of 1801 with Pius VII, 182–85, 264, 546, 555
generals’ jealousy of and plots against, 185–86, 190–93, 195, 250, 273
made consul for life, 186
named head of Italian Republic, 187, 201, 546
annexes Piedmont, 187, 188, 201, 546
expands French power in Switzerland, 187–88, 201, 659
redistributes Rhineland states (1803), 189, 589
prepares for invasion of England, 189, 202–3, 339, 522, 553, 617
orders occupation of Hanover, 592
Frederick William III is urged to conduct crusade against, 595, 624
and execution of Due d’Enghien, 191–92
moves toward imperial power, 126, 193–96, 202
proclaimed emperor (1804), 196
AS EMPEROR (1804–1814, 1815), 197–236, 237–336 passim
coronation of, 197–99
again proposes peace to George III, 200
becomes king of north Italy, 202, 546; 3d Coalition formed against, 202
hatred of “perfide Albion,” renews invasion plans, 202–3
and Villeneuve’s defeat at Trafalgar, 203–4, 522–25
leads Grande Armée to Austria (1805), 202–3, 522
at Vienna, 203, 279, 549, 575
victory at Austerlitz, 204–5, 240, 525, 549, 588, 595
dictates treaties of Schönbrunn and Pressburg (1805), 205, 595
seizes Pomerania and Stralsund, 661
at Munich (1805), 206, 589
makes Joseph king of Naples, 216, 547
assumes protectorate over Rhine Confederation, 208, 589–90, 596
and Metternich, 561
Prussia mobilizes against (1806), 208, 596
emotional parting from Josephine at Mainz, 208–9, 238
victory at Jena (1806), 209, 276, 593, 596, 647
in Berlin, 209–10, 549, 596, 668
proclaims Continental Blockade, 209–10, 596
in Warsaw, 210, 238, 668
and Marie Walewska, 210–11, 232, 668
orders occupation of Rome (1807), 276, 279, 549
at Friedland, 211–12, 276, 295, 668
makes peace at Tilsit, 212–13, 276, 319, 596, 668, 669, 671, 687
dismembers Prussia, 213, 276, 598, 613, 617, 618, 641
abolishes Tribunate, 214
issues Milan Decree (1807), 219
orders occupation of Peninsula (1807–08), 222–25, 532, 534–35
summons Joseph to Spanish throne, 535, 547
at Erfurt Congress, 225–28, 623
leads Grande Armée in Spain (1808–09), 228–30
campaign of 1809 against Austria, 231–32, 537, 538, 578
annexes Papal States, 236, 549
imprisons Pius VII, 185, 542, 549, 557, 720
at Schönbrunn (1809), 232–33
annexes Baltic cities, 236, 592
divorces Josephine, 233–34
marriage to Marie Louise (1810), 234–35, 538, 562, 598, 688
annexes Holland, 217
agrees to Bernadotte’s election as crown prince of Sweden, 661–62
sells export licenses, 526, 694
mounting friction with Alexander, 688, 696
mobilizes for war (1811–12), 697–698
again seizes Swedish Pomerania, 663
entertains kings at Dresden (1812), 700
Russian campaign, 238, 239, 307, 539, 556, 557, 700–711, 769
campaign of 1813 in Germany, 307, 635, 715–19
defeated at Leipzig, 218, 238, 300, 557, 590, 718–19
campaign of France (1814), 320–21, 720–25
first abdication (1814), 217, 274, 726–27
attempts suicide, 727
journey to Elba, 727–28, 771
at Elba (1814–15), 220, 301, 733, 734–36, 772
escapes to Paris, 274, 301, 307, 736–40
his Hundred Days (1815), 92, 216, 217, 220, 279, 307–8, 740–51
in the Waterloo campaign, 308, 743–49, 769
second abdication, 124, 217, 750–52
surrenders to British, 754–57
at St. Helena (1815–21), 220, 245, 296, 550, 758–69, 772
death of, 217, 221, 302, 763, 768–69
will of, 254*, 763, 767, 775
the legend, 763, 773–75, 777
his remains brought back to Paris, 280, 775–76
NAPOLEON HIMSELF, 237–59
as administrator, 260–77
ailments of, 211, 238, 699, 718, 766, 769
ambition of, 242–43, 252
appearance, 95, 237–38, 258
art expropriation by, 205, 209, 279, 610
as art patron, 141, 279–83, 555, 556
censorship under, 154, 286–87, 288–302 passim
character of, 93, 242–46
conversation of, 245–46, 765–66
court of, 194, 270–71
despotism of, 250–53
devotion of aides and troops to, 99, 241, 247
desire for dynasty, 193
and European union, 215, 221, 243, 257, 698
family plan of, 215–21, 241
as general, 246–50, 594
and “ideologues,” 266, 272, 288, 330–31
Italian influence on, 91, 93, 101, 175, 259
and the Jews, 275–76, 603
literature versus, 286–321
love for Josephine, 97–100, 233–34, 242, 244, 251
love for his son, 237, 242, 244, 699
manners of, 245
mind of, 90–91, 93, 239–42
moods of, 208–9, 238, 258
and music, 278–279
and philosophers, 331, 332, 336
philosophy of, 253–58
and religion, 182–85, 253–55, 258, 292, 314, 330, 332, 768
and science, 142, 144, 253, 322, 324–25, 330–31
“Son of the Revolution,” 160, 258–59
and theater, 283–87
women, attitude toward, 243–44, 245, 255–256, 285, 288
work habits of, 239, 240, 246, 250
Napoleon II (Napoléon- François- Joseph Charles, King of Rome; 1811–32), 236, 237, 711, 719, 721
death of, 772
leaves unwillingly at N.’s downfall, 724, 727
N. attempts to leave throne to, 726, 751
N’s advice to from St. Helena, 253, 767–68, 774
Napoleon III (Charles-Louis-Napoléon), Emperor of the French (r. 1852–71), 38*, 92, 278, 763, 772
birth of, 216
Jérôme Bonaparte and, 218, 770
Napoleon (Lefebvre), 679*
Napoleonic Code, see Code Napoléon Napoleonic France (1800–1815): agriculture in, 260
annexations, 187, 201, 202, 217, 236, 546
Army, 267–69
art in, 140–41, 279–83
censorship in, 167, 286–87, 288–302 passim
colonies of, 189, 733
commerce in, 693–94
economy of, 159, 260–64, 695–96, 719
education in, 182–83, 264–67, 606
equal opportunity in, 260, 269–70
French Empire established, 196–97
industry in, 260–61
Jews in, 274–77
literature in, 288–321
manners in, 134, 269–272
morals in, 132, 133, 269
museums in, 279
music in, 137, 278–79
Navy, 202–4, 522–25
population of, 264
prisons in, 252
Provisional Government of (1815), 751, 752
&nbs
p; public works in, 261, 263
science and philosophy in, 322–36
theater in, 283–85, 286, 287
see also Consulate
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars (1800–1815): war in Egypt (1800–01), 170, 174*
campaign of 1800 in Italy, 170–76, 289, 545
formation of 2d League of Armed Neutrality (1801), 176, 178, 663–65, 678
Peace of Lunéville (1801), 177, 180, 588
Treaty of Florence, 177
British destruction of Danish fleet, 178, 664–65
Peace of Amiens (1802), 178, 179, 180, 184, 188
resumption of Anglo-French war (1803), 189, 345, 592
projected invasion of England, 189, 202–3, 522, 553, 617
formation of 3d Coalition against France, 201–2
Anglo—French naval war (1805), 202–4, 522–525
campaign of 1805 (Austerlitz), 202–203, 522, 595
Treaties of Pressburg and Schönbrunn, 205, 595
campaign of 1806–07, 208–212, 276, 593, 596, 617
Peace of Tilsit (1807), 212–13, 276, 319, 596, 668, 669, 671, 687
British bombardment of Copenhagen (1807), 526, 665
French invasion of Peninsula, 222–25
Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), 222
Peninsular War (1808–14), 225, 228–30, 537–39, 581, 695, 697
campaign of 1809 against Austria, 231–32, 537, 538, 578
Walcheren expedition, 526
Peace of Schönbrunn (1809), 232–33
French invasion of Russia (1812), 238, 239, 307, 539, 556, 557, 700–711, 769
War of Liberation in Germany, 307, 635, 715–19
campaign of France (1814), 320–21, 720–725
1st Treaty of Paris, 730
Waterloo campaign (1815), 308, 743–49, 769
2d Treaty of Paris, 754
Napoleon in Exile, or A Voice from St. Helena (O’Meara), 762
Napoleon on the Bridge at Arcole (Gros), 104*, 282
Narbonrie-Lara, Comte Louis de (1755–1813), 35, 148–50, 292, 307, 699, 717
Narrative (John Byron), 454
Nash, John (1752–1835), 378
Nassau, 202, 206, 589, 597
Natchez, Les (Chateaubriand), 312
National (Constituent) Assembly (France, 1789–91), 15, 16–32
Third Estate declares itself to be, 16
defies Louis’ order to meet separately, 16–17
“great renunciation” of privileges by nobles in, 21
votes Declaration of the Rights of Man, 23, 128
is compelled to move to Paris, 25
writes Constitution (of 1791), 26–27, 130, 152
votes Civil Constitution of Clergy, 27–28, 72
honors Mirabeau, 30–31
and King’s attempted escape, 31–32
abolishes guilds, 125
extends civil rights to Jews, 275
National Convention (France), see Convention
National Gallery, Berlin, 555, 612
National Guard (Garde Nationale): establishment of, 18, 19
and Women’s March on Versailles, 25
at Feast of Federation (1790), 28–29
and “Nancy massacre,” 29
at Mirabeau’s funeral, 31
brings King and Queen from Varennes, 31
fires on abdication crowd (1791), 32, 67
controlled by communes, 33
Lafayette offers deal to Austria regarding, 37
at Louis XVI’s execution, 52
in anti—Girondin invasion of Convention, 56–57
Committee of Public Safety subject to will of, 61
and Danton, 77
disperses bread rioters in Convention, 84
N. entrusts wife and son to, 721
called up by N., 742
National Operative Builders Union, 350
National Portrait Gallery, London, 372, 448
National Theater, Berlin, 615–16
Natural History (Pliny), 467
natural selection, Darwin’s theory of, 327, 397
Natural Theology (Paley), 397
Nazarene school of painters, 611–12
nebular hypothesis of cosmic origins, 323
Necessity of Atheism, The (Shelley and Hogg), 469
Necker, Germaine, see Staël, Germaine de Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 5, 146–47, 272
1st ministry of as director of Treasury (1777–81), 10, 146–47
recalled to ministry (1788), advises Louis to call States-General, 11, 147
addresses States-General, 13
dismissed and ordered to leave France (1789), 17, 147
his dismissal denounced, 18
recalled to Paris, 19, 147
denounced by Marat, 20
advises Louis to move to Paris, 25
resigns and retires to Coppet (1790), 29, 148
Mme. de Staël’s worship of, 146, 288, 293
flees to Rolle, 149
mourns wife’s death, 150
his loan to French Treasury, 288, 301
reprimands Mme. de Staël for attacking N., 289
publishes Dernières Vues, 291
death of, 293, 306
his policies defended by Mme. de Staël, 301
Necker, Suzanne, nee Curchod (1737–94), 146–50 passim
Neefe, Christian Gottlob (1748–98), 572
Neipperg, Count Adam Adalbert von (1775–1829), 772
Nelson, Frances Nisbet, 518–19, 520, 521, 524
Nelson, Horatia, see Thompson, Horatia Nelson
Nelson, Horatio, later Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), 339, 342, 380, 518–25, 526
early life, 518
meets Lady Hamilton, 519
at Cape St. Vincent, 520
misses Bonaparte’s Egyptian expedition, 109, 114, 520
victory of at Abukir Bay (1798), 111, 116, 383, 520
welcomed at Naples after battle, 521
lands naval force at Leghorn to help Ferdinand, 544
takes fleeing Ferdinand and Hamiltons to Palermo (1799), 116, 545
brings them back, hangs rebel admiral, 545
returns to England with Hamiltons, 521
at Copenhagen (1801), 546, 664–65
pursues French fleet to West Indies (1805), 202–3, 522
victory at Trafalgar, 203–4, 377, 383–84, 523–24
death of, 204, 524
monument to, 377
Southey’s life of, 450
neoclassicism, 139
in architecture, 377, 682
in dress, 134–35
in painting, 140–41, 279, 281–82, 380, 611, 612
in sculpture, 554–56, 677
Neo-Malthusians, 403
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus), Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68), 319–20
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98), 195
Nesselrode, Count Karl Robert (1780–1862), 731
Netherlands, Austrian or Spanish, see Belgium
Netherlands, kingdom of (1815 ff.), 733
Neuchâtel, 20, 215, 221, 333
to France, 205, 595
to Prussia, 593, 733
Neumarkt, battle of (1797), 104
Nevers, 69, 72
Newcastle, 342
Newcastle, Henry Pelham Clinton, 4th Duke of (1785–1851), 353
New Harmony, 350
New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain, A (Bell), 391
New Lanark, 347–50
New Rochelle, N.Y., 396
Newstead Abbey, 454, 455–56, 459, 461, 462, 464, 480, 500
New System of Chemical Philosophy, A (Dalton), 389–90
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727), 20, 324, 388, 608
Newton, John, 473
Newtown, Wales, 346, 351
New View of Society, A (Owen), 348
New Zealand, 387
Ney, Michel (1769–1815): in 1805 campaign, 202, 203
at Jena (1806), 209
at Tu
dela (1808), 229
in Russian campaign, 699, 704, 708–10
in 1813 campaign, 716, 717–18
in 1814 campaign, 722
urges N. to abdicate, 726
defects to N., 738–39, 742
at Quatre-Bras (1815), 744–46, 748
at Waterloo, 747–49
death of, 753, 774
Niagara Falls, 311
Niccolini, Antonio (1772–1850), 554
Nice, 49, 97, 98, 169, 170, 172, 177
Nicholas I, Czar of Russia (r. 1825–55), 348, 610
Nicolle, Gabriel-Henri (1767–1829), 296–97
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), 607
Niemen River, 212
French cross in invasion, 300, 527, 700, 701, 709
French cross in retreat, 710
Russians cross, 713
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900), 91, 94, 251, 415, 609
Nightmare, The (Fuseli), 380
Nihilist movement, 684
Nile, battle of the (1798), see Abukir Bay, battle of
Nile River, 109, 110
Nîmes, 62, 753
9th Thermidor, 82–83
Noailles, Vicomte Louis-Marie de (1756–1804), 22
Noailles, Natalie de, 319
noblesse d’épée, 4
noblesse de race, 4–5
noblesse de robe, 5, 152
Nord département, 695
Nordiske Digte (Oehlenschläger), 666
Norfolk, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of (1746–1815), 353
Nonhanger Abbey (Austen), 411
Northumberland, H.M.S., 238–39, 757–58, 761, 764
Northumberland, Sir Hugh Percy, 2d Duke of (1742–1817), 372
Northwest Passage, 340
Norway, 3, 663, 689, 714, 722
Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris, 73, 184, 198
Nottinghamshire, weavers’ revolt in, 345, 460
Nouveaux Principes d’économique politique (Sismondi), 660
Nouvelle Héloïse, La, see Julie
Novalis (Freiherr Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg; 1772–1801), 582, 623, 631–32
Novi, 117, 173
Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1744–1818), 675
Novosiltsov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1761–1836), 678, 680, 687
Nugent, Catherine, 475
Nuremberg, 588, 624, 642
Oath of the Horatii, The (David), 138, 140–41
Obermann (Sénancour), 318
Oberon (Wieland), 227
Obrenovich, Prince Miloš, see Miloš
Ochs, Peter (1752–1821), 659
Oder River, 600, 716
Odes (Collins), 416
Odessa, 669, 673
“Ode to Joy” (Schiller), 582–84
“Ode to the West Wind” (Shelley), 482, 483
O’Donnell, Moritz (b. 1780), 296
Odyssey (Homer), 607
Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob (1779–1850), 666–67
Oersted, Hans Christian (1777–1851), 665, 666
Offenbach, Jacques (1819–80), 626