Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn
Page 57
Harpers Ferry armory, 253, 275–76
Hendricks, Harmon, 261–62, 268, 295, 309, 312–13, 404n30, 410n53
Henfrey, Benjamin, 222–23, 226
Higginson, Stephen, 200, 227–29, 236, 238, 256
Hitchborn family: ancestry of, 15–16, 373n84
as church leaders, 156
as customers, 37, 46, 55
and funding for Revere, 136–37, 138, 152, 387n29
influence of, on Revere, 16, 17, 59
upper-class lifestyle of, 17, 59
Hitchborn, Benjamin. See Hitchborn family
Hitchborn, Deborah. See Revere, Deborah
Hitchborn, Samuel. See Hitchborn family
Hollingsworth, Levi, 268, 294, 302, 332
Hope furnace. See Brown and Benson
howitzer. See cannon casting
Humphreys, Col. Joshua: and copper sheathing, 221
dismisses Revere, 205, 226
learns of Revere’s success, 232, 233
as naval pioneer, 252, 396n12
recommends Revere, 197, 226–27, 302, 357–58
Hutchinson, Thomas, 65
Iliad, 21–22, 37–38
industrial capitalism: definition of, 6–7
ideals of, 216–17
and iron plantations, 129–30
and labor, 276
and machinery, 108–9
and standardization, 154–55
transition of, in nineteenth century, 247–53, 332–33.
See also proto-industry
industrial revolution. See industrialization
proto-industry
industrialization: debate over, 216–17, 251
definition of, 6–7
in England, 18
government support of, 248
and market economy, 249–50, 252, 401n7
and mechanization, 103–4, 108–9, 252
in nineteenth century, 247–48, 250–53.
See also proto-industry
intellectual property. See patents
interchangeable parts. See mass production
standardization
Intolerable Acts, 67–68
investment capital. See capital
iron: bar, 124–26
cast, 124–26, 139, 141, 155
in ancient civilizations, 122–23, 384n4, 385n5
and blast furnaces, 124–25, 125, 126–28
and bloomeries, 123–24, 127–28
casting of, 139–41
in colonial America, 127–30
and employment patterns, 145–46
finers, fineries, 125–26, 385n9
founders, foundries, 124–25, 127, 139–40
native, 122
“old” (reused iron), 148, 151, 155
pig, 124–26, 139, 141, 155
and plantations, 129–30
and raw materials, 147–49, 151
and Revere’s ironworking, 127, 132–33, 137–38, 141–42, 152, 355, 387n27
and rivers, 315–16
rolling of, 229–30, 231
seasonal nature of, 153
and slitting mill, 128, 230, 231
wrought, 124–26.
See also metalworking
smelting
Iron Act, 128–29
Jefferson, Thomas: and Democratic-Republican party, 208
and embargo, 257–58, 276–77
and Federalist party, 216, 234
ideology of, 235, 266
and industrialization, 216
and manufacturing, 216, 255, 403n19
and navy, 235–36
presidential administration of, 233–36, 257–58.
See also Democratic-Republican party
jobbing. See subcontracting
journeymen: in colonial America, 34, 369n46
in Europe, 23
income of, 34, 52
in nineteenth century, 115, 273–76
perks of, 112, 115
as Revere’s employees, 47, 112
social status of, 34
strikes and unrest of, 112–13, 115–16, 275, 276.
See also artisans
labor
Kinsley, Adam, 230, 278, 316–20
knowledge, scientific, 46, 112, 132–33, 166, 218, 340
Knox, Henry, 175, 178–79, 182–83, 190, 221, 378n41
labor: and attendance, 145–46, 277–78
benefits and perks of, 112–13, 145–46, 275, 278–79, 281–82, 336
in blast furnaces, 126
and contracts, 32–34, 112–13, 143–44, 274, 275–76, 278, 281, 333
and craft guilds, 23
fees for, charged to clients, 186
division of, 103–4, 108, 113–14, 218, 274
and machine operation, 104, 108–9, 252, 273, 275, 296–97, 351
and nineteenth century, 251–52, 273–76
and salaries, 143–45, 277, 278–80, 359
scarcity of, 273–74, 369n44
and stigma of physical labor, 27, 366n28
and strikes, unrest, and labor movements, 113, 115–16, 273–75, 277
and technical improvements, 287–88, 351
and turnover, 47, 113, 273–74, 279–81
and wage labor, 34, 115–16, 273–74, 369n46, 383n43
after war, 112–13.
See also apprentices
journeymen
management
Revere, Paul large technological systems, 126–27, 149, 152, 284, 360, 406n2
Leonard, Jonathan, 230, 278, 316–21
Lettsom, Dr., 166
Liberty Bowl, 52, 72, 354, 372n80
liquor. See alcohol
Livingston, Robert, 152, 258, 305–6
Long Room Club, 55, 70–71, 75
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 2, 3, 78
Lowell, Francis (and textile mills under his name), 152, 279, 361n5
Loyal Nine, 65, 72
machinery. See mechanization
Madison, James, 207, 216, 234, 255, 259
malleable copper. See copper
management: in artisan shops, 23–24, 36–37, 57–59, 95–96
in cannon casting, 178–79
in colonial times, 19–20
in England, 292–93
in ironworking, 126, 153–54, 178
and laborer supervision, 111–13, 143–44, 145–46, 273–77, 336–37
in large technological systems, 126
in malleable copper work, 202–3
and mechanization, 103–4, 296–97
and morality, 279
and natural resources, 129, 150–51, 312–13
and nineteenth century, 113, 116, 252, 254, 274–75, 335–37
paternalistic aspects of, 279
and proto-industry, 322, 335–37
recordkeeping techniques of, 57–59, 143–44, 259–60, 336
scarcity of, in America, 57, 132, 206–8, 254, 335–36
and silverworking, 57, 113
manufacturing: craft-centered, 6–7, 112
debate over, 215–17, 397n24
and embargo, 258
environmental impacts of, 314–16
government support of, 287, 412n11
and homespun movement, 67
moral elements of, 67, 83, 89, 215–17, 251
and nineteenth-century growth, 250–53
and proto-industrial development, 332–34
in Revolutionary War, 83, 86–88
societies, 218–19
variety of, 361n5
and waterpower sources, 310–11.
See also British manufactures
industrialization
Mark, Jacob, 223–24, 226
market economy: and capitalism, 19–20, 152, 248–50, 363n10
in colonial America, 50, 128, 381n24
expansion of, after 1780s, 103, 115, 149, 152, 159, 201, 215, 334, 401n7
government support for, 248–49, 255
and Great Britain, 19, 98–99, 201, 206, 215
and manufacturing, 159, 201, 215, 247, 254, 274, 296, 307
and specie in circulation, 56, 96, 98–99
and wartime impacts, 88–89, 98–99, 115.
See also capitalism
Masons, 55, 76, 102, 133, 324
mass production, 104, 108, 114, 252, 296–97, 408n21.
See also standardization
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, 101, 116–18, 272, 384nn50, 52
Massachusetts government: cannon purchases of, 183–84, 186, 239, 300
and Constitutional ratification, 100–102
incorporation charters of, 116–17, 271–72
militia of, 40, 80, 82–83
in Revolution, 62, 68, 83–84, 85–87, 175, 372n80
and riparian lawsuits, 315–16
and Shays’ Rebellion, 380n16
sheet copper for State House dome of, 256
and tariff, 218
material properties. See metalworking
mechanics. See artisans
mechanization: and anti-industry viewpoint, 216, 402n10
and the division of labor, 103–4, 296–97
in New England, 251
and standardized mass production, 252, 254, 296–97
and technology transfer, 131, 243
and tools and machines, 108, 154, 382n36.
See also industrialization
mercantilism, 18–19, 64, 128, 221, 249
merchant(s): and capital loans, 254, 272
and Jefferson’s non-importation and embargo, 258
in resistance movement, 65–68, 374n4
Revere tries to become, 94–100
and silversmiths, 56–57
in societal hierarchy, 26
and support of manufactures, 217–18, 254
and tariff, 264, 265
variety of, 95
meritocracy, 66, 94, 115, 257, 268, 332, 341–42
metalworking: annealing, 42, 192–93, 304
cold-working, 42, 192–93, 304
drawing, 44–46, 193–94
ductility, 192–93, 304, 394n70
hardness, 192, 304
hot-working, 193, 304
malleability, 192–93, 304, 394n70
material properties, 42–46, 192–96, 304, 394n70
strength, 42, 192–93, 394n68
and technological development, 285
terminology of, 192–96
toughness, 192–93
work hardening, 42.
See also bronze
copper
iron
silver
tin
Midnight Ride, 1–2, 75–78, 324, 376n26
natural resources. See environment
raw materials
nature. See environment
Navy, Department of: and armories, 214
budget of, 236
copper purchasing of, 308
copper sheathing demand of, 219–24
and Democratic-Republicans, 234–36
origins and early activities of, 209–13.
See also federal government
Neponset River: competition for, 313, 318, 320
sketch of, 298
water rights of, 230
water-power of, 311–13, 312.
See also waterpower
networking: customer and contract solicitation, 55–57, 104–5, 190–91, 202
and Midnight Ride, 90
and patriot resistance, 70–71
to raise capital, 337
New Brick Church, 30, 55, 156
New York City: artisan standing in, 68, 365n20, 375n13
and banks, 255
and copper sheathing, 221, 256, 261–62
and labor unrest, 276, 369n46
as metalworking center, 226, 266–67
and patriot network, 71
and post office, 248
and Revolutionary War, 80–81, 88
as silverworking center, 39, 51, 106, 370n53
and skilled laborer immigration, 131, 262
North End Caucus, 68, 70, 72
old copper (reused copper). See under copper
old iron (reused iron). See under iron
ordnance. See cannon casting
Orne, Sarah. See Revere, Sarah
Otis, Congressman Harrison G., 191, 196, 226–27, 233
partnerships, 269–72, 322, 327–28
pastoralism, 327
patents, 135, 218, 266–67, 285–87
patriots. See resistance movement
Paul Revere and Son. See Revere and Son
“Paul Revere’s Ride” (Longfellow), 2, 3
Pelham, Henry, 72, 73
Penobscot expedition, 82–83
Perkins, Jacob, 252
Philadelphia: artisan standing in, 68, 365n20, 366n27, 375nn12, 13
and banks, 255
and Constitutional Convention, 100
and gunpowder, 60, 62, 85–86
and labor relief, 99, 369n46
and Liberty Bell, 165
and Masons, 55
as metalworking center, 226, 261, 262, 266–67, 307
and patriot network, 71–72
as silverworking center, 39, 51, 106, 107, 370n53
and skilled laborer immigration, 131, 262
pig iron. See under iron
plating mill. See rolling mill (silver)
Postal Service, 248, 375n14, 401n5
Preble, Capt. Edward, 283, 304
printing, 28, 48, 72, 83–85, 105
proto-industry: America vs. Britain, 332–33
and artisan practices, 35, 103–4
definition of, 6–8, 333, 361n6, 362n7
and double entry accounting, 58–59, 152
and foundry operations, 152, 154–55
and government policies, 217
and iron plantations, 130
and labor practices, 112–14, 274–76
and machine use, 108–9, 296–97
in modern era, 334–35
in nineteenth century, 251–53, 332–34
and production factors, 6, 8, 333–34, >351, 352–53
and Revere’s career, 322–23, 333–34
and standardization, 154–55, 296–97
proving, 177–78, 214
Quasi-War, 210, 212–13, 234–35
Quincy, Josiah, 264, 265, 266, 287
raw materials: and American self-sufficiency, 214
Americans’ resource assessment of, 147, 159
efficient use of, 216
government stockpiling of, 240
and large technological systems, 126
mercantilist philosophy of, 18, 128
and power machinery processing, 296
and quality control problems, 141
and Revere’s procurement practices, 137, 147–49, 159, 180–81, 198, 200, 239–40, 258
and riparian management and legislation, 312–16
shortages of, 151, 198
tariff on, 264–68
recordkeeping: American expertise in, 259–60
and artisan managerial skill, 57–59
double entry method of, 152, 259–60, 336, 352
early practices of, 136
overview of, 5, 389n56
of sales and payments, 259–60
of wages and hours worked, 143
refining. See under copper
repoussé. See under silver
resistance movement: patriot activities, 64–68
Revere’s resistance activities, 53, 65, 69–75
Revere, Deborah (daughter), 40, 92
Revere, Deborah (mother), 15–16, 36, 40, 54, 59
Revere, Frances (daughter), 111, 411n3
Revere, Harriet (daughter), 328–30
Revere, John (son), 291, 329, 330
Revere, Joseph Warren (son): early years of, 170
industrial espionage of, 289–94, 293, 309
labor management policies of, 278
as leader of Revere and Son, 327–28, 329–31
modernizes Revere and Son, 271, 306–7, 331
partnership of, with Pau
l Revere, 246–47, 269–71
visits Europe, 289–94, 293, 309
Revere, Maria (daughter), 328–30
Revere, Mary (daughter), 329–30
Revere, Paul: ambition of, 93–94, 225, 335
apprenticeship experiences of, 35–36
as artisan leader, 101, 116–18, 341
as bell maker, 157–58, 165–70
bell output and pricing of, 171–72, 299–300
and cannon casting, 87–88, 132, 173–74, 178–82
and cannon sales, 182–86, 184, 214
Cantondale poem of, 324–27
childhood influences of, 16–17
Copley portrait of, 11–15, 12
and copper rolling, 229–33
copper rolling income and expenses of, 237–39, 262–63, 263
credit and pricing practices of, 260–61
and Democratic-Republican administration, 236–38
and dentistry, 47–48
employer practices of, 143–46, 276–81, 336–37, 359
and engraving and printing, 52, 53, 83–85, 354
fasteners (bolt and spike) manufacturing, 190–92, 302–3
and fasteners (bolt and spike) sales and profits, 197–201, 262–63, 263
Federalist principles of, 257, 328–29, 342
final narrative of, 340–44
government offices held by, 74–75, 102, 376n24
and government support, 228–29, 242–44, 337–38
inherits father’s shop, 36–37
as iron founder, 127, 132–33, 137–38, 355, 387n27
and iron production, 141–42
ironworking profits of, 152
and labor fee charged to clients, 186, 198
and merchant endeavors, 94–100
militia service of, in French and Indian War, 40
militia service of, in Revolutionary War, 80–83, 378n39
partnership of, with Joseph Warren Revere, 269–71, 327–28
and patriot resistance activities, 53, 65, 69–75
public praise for work of, 197, 283
and raw material procurement, 137, 147–49, 159, 180–81, 198, 200, 239–40, 258
and religion, 156–57
retirement of, 327–29
Saint-Memin portrait of, 228
silver career of (postwar), 102–7
silver career of (pre-war), 36–37, 47–52
silver output of, 104, 109–10, 382n32
and silver rolling, 107–11, 229
silversmith apprentices of, 47, 111–12, 371n67
silversmith customers of, 55–56, 105
silversmith income of, 52–54, 371n66, 373n81
social status of, 225
Stoddert interactions with, 204–6, 225–27, 357–58
Stuart portrait of, 325
and technology transfer, 134, 242, 294–96, 339
versatility of, 44–46, 47–48, 104, 338–39
will and testament of, 329–31
Revere, Paul, Jr. (son): apprenticeship of, 47
and bell making, 170
and Boston property, 79
in business for himself, 92, 97, 113