George Washington's Surprise Attack

by Phillip Thomas Tucker

  54. Ward, Major General Adam Stephens and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. 114-115.

  55. Cecere, They Behaved Like Soldiers, p. 15.

  56. Dwyer, “The Day is Ours!,” p. 165.

  57. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1205; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 208; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 143; Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Linklater, An Artist in Treason, pp. 5-328; Chernow, Washington, pp. 274-275, 279.

  58. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 179; Fleming, 1776, pp. 274-279.

  59. Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, pp. 95-96.

  60. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 87.

  61. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 73-74; Fleming, 1776, pp. 440-441, 457-458; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 162; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 11, 13, 20, 23; Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 143; Zondervan, NIV Study Bible, pp. 379-404; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 296; Chernow, Washington, pp. 275-276; Rappleye, Sons of Providence, p. 175.

  62. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 81; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87.

  63. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 86, note 37; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 231-234, 264; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 143-144; Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee, p. 201; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 126.

  64. Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 26, 1777; Stephenson, Patriot Battles, pp. 254-255; Anderson, The Command of the Howe Brothers, pp. 201-203; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87.

  65. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 114, 139, 143, 360-361; Liell, 46 Pages, pp. 143-144; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 209.

  66. Gragg, In the Hand of Providence, p. 79; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 295.

  67. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 163; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 46, 49, 166; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 253; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 225, 231, 234-235; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 148-149; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 147; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87. Maureen O’Connor Leach to author, November 29, 2013.

  68. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 90-91; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 141, 147-148, 361-362; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, p. 53; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 205; New York Times, December 25, 1876; Fleming, 1776, p. 459; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 52; Atwood, TheHessians, pp. 74-75; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 254-255; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 58, 170, 204-205, 231-232, 235, 391; Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, p. 264; Smith, The Battle ofTrenton, pp. 12, 20; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 148-150; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 66-69, 74, 94-95; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 253, 263-264; Chernow, Washington, p. 276; Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8; Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites, Origins and History of the Passions of War, (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), p. 9.

  69. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 157; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 147.

  70. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 56-58, 214-215; Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 144, 147-148, 362-363, 391; Marble, James Monroe, pp. 24, 46; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 204-205, 221-22, 231, 237, 240; Bill, The Campaign of Trenton, p. 52; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 89-90, 92-93; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 255; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 264; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 60, 143; Cecere, They Behaved Like Soldiers, p. 15; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 19, 74.

  71. Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 255; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 237-238; Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, p. 264; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 148-149; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74.

  72. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74; Marble, James Monroe, p. 46; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 221, 237; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 93

  73. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 91, 214; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 353; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 92-93; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  74. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 89-90, 92-93; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 204-205, 237-238; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 70; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 277.

  75. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 241.

  76. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74.

  77. Burgoyne, Defeat Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74.

  78. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 91, 216;Von Hagen, The Germanic People in America, p. 162; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 149, 371; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1169; Marble, James Monroe, p. 46; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours,” pp. 252, 263, 265; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 405.

  79. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 149-150; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 252.

  80. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 91; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 252, 263; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 149-150, 358, 392; Haltigan, The Irish in the American Revolution and their Early Influence in the Colonies, p. 400; Troianai and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 109; “Morris, Samuel-Capt.” Ancestralheroes.com, internet; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 337.

  81. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 73-74; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 265; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 238.

  82. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 91; Randall, George Washington, p. 324; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 152-153; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 238.

  83. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 265; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  84. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 78.

  85. Christopher Hibbert, Redcoats and Rebels, The American Revolution Through British Eyes, (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), p. 148; Von Hagen, The Germanic People in America, p. 162; John E. Rodes, Germany: A History, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964), pp. 42, 48, 52-55, 110, 134.

  86. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the American Revolution, How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence, (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 2002), p. 91; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 911; Moran, “Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall,” TLTN; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 31; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 135, 141.

  87. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, pp. 298-299; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 191, 235, 240; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 918-919; Lengel, Inventing George Washington, p. 200.

  88. Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 17.

  89. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304.

  90. Ibid; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 97, 102, 145-146, 151-152, 168, 218, 357, 363; Fisher, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 201, 222-223, 235; Randall, Alexander Hamilton, p. 117; New York Times, January 24, 1932; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 71; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 255-256; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 235, 238, 393; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 330-332; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 251; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 13-14, 20-22; Michael Pea
rson, Those Damned Rebels, The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes, (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), pp. 217-218; Egerton, Death or Liberty, pp. 74, 76; Troiani and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 95; Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, p. 69; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8.

  91. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371.

  92. Elisha Bostwick, YUL; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304.

  93. Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 251.

  94. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 163; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 235.

  95. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 235; Michael E. Haskew, editor, Great Military Disasters, (Bath: Parragon Books, Ltd., 2009), pp. 11-17; Hart, Strategy, pp. 48-49; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304.

  96. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 258; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 206; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 1205-1206; Linklater, An Artist in Treason, pp. 18-28.

  97. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 363; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 204-205, 240, 244; Crown and Rogers, Image of America, Trenton, 17.

  98. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 145; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 204-205, 240, 244; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. v.

  99. Lengel, General George Washington, pp. 39-47; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 89; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 235; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304.

  100. William A. Hunter, “Victory at Kittanning,” Pennsylvania History, vol. 23, (July 1956), pp. 376-407; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 240.

  101. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 149-150.

  102. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 60, 240; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, pp. 203-204; Rose, Washington’s War, p. 83; Trenton, New Jersey, Wikipedia, internet; Mitnick, ed., New Jersey and the American Revolution, p. 167; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 38; Kochan, DonTroiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, pp. 66-67; New York Times, Decembe 27, 1880; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 45; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 202-203; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 234; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 13, 26; Crown and Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, pp. 9-10; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 144-145, 276, 298-299.

  103. Lengel, General George Washington, pp. 39-47.

  104. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 98-99; Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 26, 1777; Von Hagen, The Germanic People in America, p. 162; Stephenson, Patriot Battles, pp. 254-255; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 39; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 88-90, 92; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 11, 13-14, 27; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 204-205, 240; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 356-360; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 4; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 147; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 17.

  105. Neider, ed., George Washington, p. 338; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 190; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 90; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 15.

  106. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 185; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 91-97; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 235; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 14.

  107. Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 39; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 88; Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 94, 98-99; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 17, 27; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 4; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 128,147; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 250.

  108. Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 26, 1777; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71.

  109. Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 73.

  110. Ephraim Kam, Surprise Attack, The Victim’s Perspective, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. xiii-233; Samuel Griffin, Wikipedia; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 15; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 201-235.

  Chapter IV

  1. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL: Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 115.

  2. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 241; Biddle Family Papers, 1766-1943, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; Crown and Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, p. 7; Man Full of Trouble Tavern, “Now is the Time for Drinking,” (Horace), USHistory. Org., internet; Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, pp. 11-13..

  3. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 10, 29; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, pp. 94-149; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 47; Biddle Family Papers, 1766-1943, UDL; Keane, Tom Paine, pp. 16-22; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 155; Gragg, By the Hands of Providence, p. 69.

  4. Valentine, Lord Stirling, p. 171; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 361; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 235; Crown and Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, pp. 7, 9-10; Literature, “Meet William Trent,: WTHM; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 6, 26; Fischer, Liberty and Freedom, p. 148.

  5. Dwyer, “The Day is Ours!,” p. 101; Keane, Tom Paine, pp. xx-xxi, 104-145.

  6. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371.

  7. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 160.

  8. Cecere, They Behaved Like Soldiers, pp. 14-15, 18-19, 21; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 158-159; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 157-159, 180-183, 328.

  9. Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, p. 249; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8.

  10. William J. Bennett, America, The Last Best Hope, From the Age of Discovery To a World at War 1492-1914, volume I, (New York: Nelson Current, 2006), p. 89; Ketchum, The WinterSoldiers, p. 243; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 57, 60, 364; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 281.

  11. Gragg, In the Hand of Providence, p. 79.

  12. Richard Kluger, Seizing Destiny, (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), pp. 84-85; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 32.

  13. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 54.

  14. Ward, Major General Adam Stephens and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, p. 53; Trussell, The Pennsylvania Line, p. 226; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 69; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 48; Fleming, 1776, pp. 443-456; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 201; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 235, 244, 364, 391; English, General Hugh Mercer, pp. 69, 75; Joseph M. Waterman, With Sword and Lancet, The Life of Hugh Mercer, (Richmond: Garrett and Massie, 1947), pp. 133-134, 136-137; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 370; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4, 8, 14; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 22.

  15. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 366; Stryer, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 168; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.

  16. Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 163-164;168, 357, 363, 367, 370; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, pp. 20, 55, 58; Neider, ed., George Washington, pp. 333-334; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 103; Lengel, General George Washington, pp. 185-186; Billias, General John Glover and His Marblehead Mariners, p. 11; Tagney, The World Turned Upside Down, p. 285; Hopson, Captain Daniel Neil, pp. 14-15, 29; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 152, 158; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 177; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 52-53; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 256, 258; McNab, Armies of the Napoleonic Wars, pp. 74-78; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 153, 244; Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Procter,” PMHM, pp. 454-470; Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, pp. 252-253.; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 20, 22, 24; Christopher Herold, The Battle of Waterloo, (New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, 1967), pp. 73, 89; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 328; Stephen Pope, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars, (New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1999), pp. 70-71; Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, vol. XLIV, no. 1, (January 1914), p. 7; Bevin Alexander, How Hitler Could Have Won World War II,
(Old Saybrook: Konecky & Konecky, 2000), p. 83; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 82, 356, 360, 363-364; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 7-9; Owen Connelly, On War and Leadership, The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 11.

  17. Chandler, The Military Maxims of Napoleon, p. 62; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 370

  18. Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 367, 370, 373; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 206; Bennett, America, vol. I, p. 89; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 69; Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Proctor,” PMHB, pp. 454-470; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 244; Dwyer, The Day Is Ours!, pp. 252-253; Fischer, Libertyand Freedom, pp. 135-136; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 7-8.

  19. Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 206; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 258.

  20. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 166-167, 170; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4, 8, 14.

  21. Maryland Gazette, January 2, 1777; New York Times, April 9, 1876; Brendan Morrissey, Monmouth Courthouse 1778, The last great battle in the North, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd., 2004), p. 20; Crown and Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, p. 12.

  22. Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Proctor,” PMHB, pp. 454-470; Neider, ed., GeorgeWashington, p. 334; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, p. 55; Randall, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 114-117; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 158-159, 357, 367, 389; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 152, 158; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 69; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 50; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 74; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, p. 130; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 255, 344-345; Chernow, Washington, pp. 786-789; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4, 8; Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, American, (New York: Touchstone, 2000), pp. 1-2