George Washington's Surprise Attack

by Phillip Thomas Tucker

  23. John C. Hamilton, The Life of Alexander Hamiton by his son, (2 vols: New York: Halstel and Voorhies, 1834), pp. 1-38, 44-67; Randall, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 6-117, 123-124; Miller, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 3-21; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 50; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 16, 158-159; Kaplan, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 23-26; Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 1-3, 13-28.

  24. Hamilton, The Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, pp. 35, 65-67.

  25. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 10.

  26. Tilghman, Memoir of Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman, p. 173; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, p. 56.

  27. Dwyer, This Day is Ours!, p. 166.

  28. Miller, Alexander Hamilton, p. 20.

  29. Neider, ed., George Washington, p. 334; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, pp. 20, 55; Wright, The Continental Army, pp. 62, 102; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 367; Bennett, America, vol. I, p. 89; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Bill, TheCampaign of Princeton, pp. 62-53; Miller, Alexander Hamilton, p. 20; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 255; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 8-9.

  30. Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 70.

  31. Urban, Fusiliers, p. 83;Valentine, Lord Stirling, pp. 180-196; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 27, 267, 370; Stephenson, Patriot Battles, p. 239; Tucker, The Important Role of the Irish in the American Revolution, pp. 32-64; Smith, New York 1776, pp. 50-54; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 48; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 244; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 149-151; John C. Conradis, “‘The Red and Buff’: Setting the Record Straight On the Military Dress of Smallwood’s Battalion of Maryland Regular Troops, 1776,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 60, no. 4, (Winter 2008), pp. 274-276.

  32. Valentine, Lord Stirling, p. 198.

  33. Virginia Gazette, Williamsburg, Virginia, October 21, 1775 and January 24, 1777; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 1-2; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Ennion Williams Painting by Charles Willson Peale, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, New York; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 27, 292; Kwasny, Washington’s Partisan War, p. 61; “Fleming Family,” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 1, (July 1903), pp. 45, 47; Samuel Harzard, Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 5, (Philadelphia: Joseph Severns and Company, 1853), p. 105; Urban, Fusiliers, p. 83.

  34. Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, pp. 19, 53, 58; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 367; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152.

  35. Lengel, General George Washington, pp. 57, 59, 181; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1055; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 48; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 232; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. ix-245.

  36. Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 148.

  37. Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 176; Wright, The Continental Army, p. p. 286; Bill, TheCampaign of Princeton, pp. 48, 51; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 231-232.

  38. Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-1777, p. 53.

  39. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 157; Maryland Gazette, May 1, 1777.

  40. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 157; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 362-364; William G. Robertson, General Editor, and Lawrence A. Yates, Managing Editor, Block by Block, The Challenges of Urban Operations, (Fort Leavenworth: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2003), pp. 1-8.

  41. Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia, p. 144.

  42. Robertson and Yates, editors, Block by Block, pp. 20-21.

  43. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 372; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 206; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 53; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 240, 244-245; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 145.

  44. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 363; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8.

  45. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, pp. 252, 258; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 20; Robert A. Mayers, The War Man, A True Story of a Citizen-Soldier Who Fought from Quebec to Yorktown, (Yardley: Westholme Publishing, 2009), p. 25; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 254; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 7-9; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 357.

  46. Stone, Letters of Brunswick and Hessian Officers during the American Revolution, p. 133, note.

  47. Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 69; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 258; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 244; Biography of Colonel John Durkee, Ancestory.com Family Tree, internet.

  48. Fleming, 1776, p. 449; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 300.

  Chapter V

  1. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 40, 74; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 103, 147, 153-154, 170, 392; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 17; Clark, AllCloudless Glory, p. 304.

  2. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 153-154; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 22; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 240; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 298.

  3. Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 26, 1777; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 153-154, 389, 392; Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 34, 73-74.

  4. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 10-64, 74, 86, 88, 92, 99, 127; PennsylvaniaEvening Post, July 26, 1777; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 53; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 93; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 240-241, 244; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 91, 94-95, 97, 145, 147, 153-156, 158, 160-161, 372, 376, 393; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 265; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 204-205; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 146; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 17, 22, 27; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 18; Don Troiani, Historical Art Prints, Norwich, Connecticut, email to author, June 28, 2010; Edgar, Campaignof 1776, pp. 144, 255, 325; Joseph M. Malit email to author, July 20 and 21, 2010; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 8

  5. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 74; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 177; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 39, 53; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 90, 92-93; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 258-259; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 243-244; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 97, 145, 147, 154, 159-160; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 265-266; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 17, 22; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 255, 337, 339.

  6. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 16-17; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 240, 244; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Wallace, An Appeal to Arms, p. 130; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 69; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 89-90, 92; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 96; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 258-259; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 156, 158, 391; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” pp. 265-267; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 22, 24; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 300; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 325.

  7. Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 157.

  8. Ehrenreich, Blood Rites, p. 186.

  9. Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 178; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 18; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 240; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 156; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 265; Smith, TheBattle of Trenton, p. 17.

  10. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, p. 106; New York Times, April 9, 1876; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 89-91, 93; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 155-156, 391, 394; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 26; Robertson and Yates, eds., Block by Block, pp. 20-21; Fischer, Washing
ton’s Crossing, p. 240.

  11. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 244; Keane, Tom Paine, p. 145; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 159-160; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 339.

  12. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 70; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 153.

  13. Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 163.

  14. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 92-95; Atwood, Hessians, pp. 92-94, 95-97, 240; Todish and Todish, Alamo Sourcebook 1836, p. 160; Zaboly, AmericanColonial Rangers, pp. 4, H; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 28, 40, 42; Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia, p. 135; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 204-205, 240-241, 244; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton, 1776-77, p. 19; Stryker, TheBattles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 96, 99, 155-156, 158, 170; Crown and Rogers, Images of America, Trenton, p. 12; Chris Kyle, American Gun, A History of the U. S. in Ten Firearms, (New York: William Morrow, 2013), pp. 3, 5;Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, pp. 71, 74; Smith, TheBattle of Trenton, pp. 17, 26; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, 144-145, 263; Ehrenreich, Blood Rites, pp. 185-186; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 454.

  15. Kyle, American Gun, pp. 3-10

  16. Trussell, The Pennsylvania Line, pp. 31-32; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 259; David Sisca, “Standard of the First Regiment of the Continental Line of the United States of America,” Home of the National Tactical Invitational site, internet; Troiani and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, pp. 91-92; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 159, 161; Michel Williams Craig, General Edward Hand, Winter’s Doctor, (Lancaster: Rock Ford Foundation, 1984), pp. 1-43; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1098.

  17. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 73-74, 95; Atwood, Hessians, pp. 95-96; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 72; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 140; Burgoyne, Defeat, Disaster, and Dedication, p. 71; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 300.

  18. Atwood, Hessians, pp. 95-96; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 72.

  19. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 74, 98-99; Hopson, Captain Daniel Neil, pp. 14-15; Wood, Battles of the American Revolution, p. 70; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 243-244; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 156; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 17, 27; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 4.

  Chapter VI

  1. Chandler, The Military Maxims of Napoleon, p. 63; Joseph M. Malit to author, July 21, 2010.

  2. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 17, 19, 92-93; Nead, “A Sketch of General Thomas Proctor,” PMHB, pp. 454-470; Randall, George Washington, pp. 324-325; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 335; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 95,156, 158-161, 244, 370, 391, 478-479; Wood, Battles of the American Revolution, p. 70; diss, p. 92; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 93; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 259; Laffin, Jackboot, p. 13; Troiani and Kochan, DonTroiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, pp. 21, 68, 73; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 153, 204-205, 223-225, 243-245; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 151-152; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 22, 26; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 339; Joseph M. Malit email to author, July 21, 2010; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 438, 454; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4-5, 8; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 300.

  3. Ward, Charles Scott and the “Spirit of ‘76,’ pp. 27, 29, 152; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. 146, 152; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186.

  4. Ward, Charles Scott and the “Spirit of ‘76,’ p. 29.

  5. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 17, 19, 92-93, 95, 99, 215; Farling, AlmostA Miracle, p. 185; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Randall, George Washington, pp. 324-325; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 233, 259-260; Wood, Battles of the American Revolution, pp. 70, 72; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 105; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 93; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 95, 97, 136, 154-158, 160-162, 244, 370, 372, 381, 389-390; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 245; A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 51; Troiani and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 73; Charles Grant, FootGrenadiers of the Imperial Guard, (Reading: Osprey Publishing Limited, 1971), p. 5; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 150-152; J. Burgoyne to author, June 18, 2010; Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 104; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 22, 26; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 234, 263-264, 267, 340, 382; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 206; Lengel, Inventing George Washington, p. 123; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 448; John R. Elting, Swords Around A Throne, Napoleon’s Grande Armee, (New York: Da Capo Press, 1988), p. 443; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4, 8; Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 73, 76; Needleman, The American Soul, p. 85; Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, pp. 22, 29, 86.

  6. Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 260; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, pp. 13-14; Atwood, The Hessians, p. 93; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 157-158, 162, 391; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 22-24; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 152; Chastellux, Travels to North-America, p. 70; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 195-196, 340; Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee, p. 201; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 362-364, 504-505, 708, 734; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 4-5.

  7. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 151-152; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 4; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 282.

  8. Slagle, “The Von Lossberg Regiment,” AU, pp. 34-35, 92; Fred B. Walters, John Haslet, AUseful One (private printing, 2005), pp. v-vi, 4, 6, 9, 11-22, 163, 192-207, 269, 278, 281, 291-360; Ferling, Almost A Miracle, p. 185; Wright, TheContinental Army, pp. 273, 285; Scheer and Franklin, Rebels and Redcoats, p. 233; Dawson, Westchester-County, New York, during the American Revolution, pp. 263, 267; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 196-197, 201; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 221; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 109-110, 152-153; Hunt, The Irish and the American Revolution, pp. 24-28; Ross, War on the Run, p. 444; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 157-158, 453; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 141, 148, 228-229, 285; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 24; Troiani and Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, p. 57; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 292, note; Jim Piecuch, The Battle of Camden, A Documentary History, (Charleston: The History Press, 2006), p. 71.

  9. Fleming, 1776, p. 431; Atwood, The Hessians, pp. 73-75; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 236-237, 304; Chernow, Washington, p. 269.

  10. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 157-158, 479; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 335; Randall, George Washington, p. 325; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; McNab, Armies of the Napoleonic War, p. 69; “The Good Soldier White,” AmericanHeritage, (June 1956), p. 74; Savas and Dameron, The New American Revolution Handbook, p. 20; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9.

  11. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 479; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 335; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 355, note; “The Good Soldier White,” AmericanHeritage, p. 77; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9

  12. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 247; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 479; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 355, note; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 256; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 340; “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 74-77; Savas and Dameron, The New American Revolution Handbook, p. 20; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9.

  13. Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 479; Wood, Battles of the American Revolution, p. 70.

  14. Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 151-153; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 243; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 162, 281; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 340.


  15. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1169; Stuart Gerry Brown, TheAutobiography of James Monroe, (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1959), pp. 3, 15, 21-22, 25; Ammon, James Monroe, pp. 7-13; Styker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 162, 157-158, 366; Wheeler, Voices of 1776, p. 206; St. Michael’s Church, Trenton, New Jersey, Wikipedia, internet; St. Michael’s Church History, Ministry.com, internet; Wright, TheContinental Army, p. 285; Randall, George Washington, pp. 324-325; Walters, John Haslet, p. 360; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 70; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 245; dis, p. 92; Fleming, 1776, p. 461; Ketchum, TheWinter Soldiers, p. 260; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 246; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. 146, 152; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 4,9, 14-16, 18, 36-37, 151-153; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, pp. 263-264, 267, 340, 382; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 5-6.

  16. Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, pp. 146, 152; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 22-23; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 163-164; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186.

  17. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 363; Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186.

  18. Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 245; Smith, TheBattle of Trenton, pp. 22-23; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 163-164, 479; “The Good Soldier White,” American Heritage, pp. 74, 76-77; Weymouth, Massachusetts, Wikipedia, internet.

  19. Ward, Major General Adam Stephen and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152.

  20. Arthur S. Lefkowitz, George Washington’s Indispensable Men, The 32 Aides-de-Camps Who Helped Win American Independence, (Mechanicville: Stackpole Books, 2003), p. 90.

  21. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 186; Wright, The Continental Army, p. 286; Ward, Major General Adam Stephens and the Cause of American Liberty, p. 152.