Hatchepsut

by Joyce Tyldesley

  25 Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, translated by Sir Thomas North (1927), Oxford.

  26 The history of the temple, which is inextricably bound up with Hatchepsut's own history, has been recorded by several authors; see for example Naville, E. (1894), The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London; Wysocki, Z. (1979), The Temple of Queen Hatchepsut: Results of the investigations and conservation works of the Polish-Egyptian archaeological Mission 1968–72, Warsaw.

  27 Naville, E. (1894), The Temple of Deir el-Bahari: its plan, its founders and its first explorers: Introductory Memoir, 12th Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London: 3.

  28 Wilkinson, J. G. (1835), Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt, London.

  29 Lepsius, K. R., translated by L. and J. R. Horner (1853), Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai, London: 255–6.

  30 Sharpe, S. (1859), The History of Egypt: from the earliest times till the conquest by the Arabs AD 640, London.

  31 Pierret, P. (1875), Dictionnaire d'Archéologie Égyptienne, Paris: 248. Translation, author's own.

  Further Reading

  The references listed below include the more basic and accessible publications with preference given to those written in English; all these works include bibliographies which will be of interest to those seeking detailed references on specific subjects. More specialized references to points raised in the text have been included in the notes.

  Aldred, C. (1980), Egyptian Art, London.

  Baines, J. and Malek, J. (1980), Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Oxford.

  Breasted, J. H. (1906), Ancient Records of Egypt: historical documents, 5 volumes, Chicago.

  Dorman, P. F. (1988), The Monuments of Senenmut: problems in historical methodology, London.

  Dorman, P. F. (1991), The Tombs of Senenmut, New York.

  Gardiner, A. (1961), Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford.

  Grimal, N., A History of Ancient Egypt, translated by I. Shaw (1992), Oxford.

  Harris, J. E. and Wente, E. F. (1980), An X-Ray Analysis of the Royal Mummies, Chicago and London.

  Hayes, W. C. (1935), Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIII Dynasty, Princeton.

  Hayes, W. C. (1959), The Scepter of Egypt Vol II, Cambridge, Mass.

  Hayes, W. C. (1973), Egypt: internal affairs from Tuthmosis I to the death of Amenophis III, in I. E. S. Edwards et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1: 313–416.

  James, T. G. H. (1973), Egypt: from the expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, in I. E. S. Edwards et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd edition, Cambridge, 2.1:289–312.

  Kemp, B.J. (1989), Ancient Egypt: anatomy of a civilization, London.

  Lichtheim, M. (1976), Ancient Egyptian Literature II: the New Kingdom, Los Angeles.

  Manetho, translated by W. G. Waddell (1956), Cambridge, Mass. and London.

  Naville, E. (1895–1908), The Temple of Deir el-Bahari, 7 volumes, London.

  Ratie, S. (1979), La Reine Hatchepsout; sources et problèmes, Leyden.

  Redford, D. B. (1967), History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty: seven studies, Toronto.

  Reeves, C. N. (1990), Valley of the Kings: the decline of a royal necropolis, London.

  Robins, G. (1993), Women in Ancient Egypt, London.

  Shafer, B. E., ed. (1991), Religion in Ancient Egypt: gods, myths and personal practices, London.

  Smith, G. E. (1912), The Royal Mummies, Cairo.

  Stevenson Smith, W, The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, revised and edited by W. K. Simson (1981) New Haven.

  Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A. B., eds (1983), Ancient Egypt: a social history, Cambridge.

  Troy, L. (1986), Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, Boreas.

  Tyldesley, J. A. (1994), Daughters of Isis: women of ancient Egypt, London.

  Watterson, B. (1991), Women in Ancient Egypt, Stroud.

  Index

  Figures in italic refer to a picture caption on that page.

  Abd el-Rassul family of Gurna 92–3

  Abu Simbel 172–3

  Abydos 27,230

  Africa, royal women of 48

  Africanus 13, 230

  Afterlife 35, 72, 169, 210, 216

  Ahhotep I, queen 47, 57–8, 92, 97–8, 200

  Ahhotep II, queen 127

  Ahmose, pharaoh 24–7, 34; accession 24, 55;

  and Ahhotep I 57–8, 97–8;

  building projects 61;

  cult and oracle of 108;

  honours grandmother, Tetisheri 43,44, 61;

  and Hyksos 24–5,26, 141;

  military campaigns 24–7, 141;

  mummy 93

  Ahmose, queen 65, 75–7, 83,104, 175

  Ahmose, son of Ibana 24–6, 61–2, 70–71, 83, 141

  Ahmose Nefertari, queen 123, 133; burial 92,93,200;

  cult 57, 62;

  political role 57, 58–62, 97–8;

  religious patronage 61, 159

  Ahmose-Pennekheb (soldier) 26, 82, 83, 88, 116

  Ahwere, Princess 66

  Akhbetneferu, Princess 75

  Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), pharaoh 33, 66, 110, 136, 144, 226–7

  Akhenkheres, daughter of Oros 136

  Akhmim 181

  Amarna, tombs at 53

  Amarna period 202, 223

  Amazons 140

  Amduat (funerary literature) 123

  Amen (god) 13,30, 169; barque of 106–7, 108, 152, 153, 170;

  defacing of monuments 208, 223;

  Djeser-Djeseru shrine 169;

  and Feast of the Valley 169–71;

  God's Wife of 59–60, 62, 83, 89,226;

  Hatchepsut's devotion to 9, 33, 102, 103, 105, 107, 146, 154, 156, 161, 174;

  and Horemheb 107;

  Karnak temple 23–4, 30, 32,162, 163, 174, 188;

  kings and cult of 5, 30–31, 32–3,

  (endorses kingship) 95, 96, 107, 114;

  and Min 162;

  and mortuary temples 72, 169;

  patronage of army 29;

  queens' connection 46, 59–60, 62, 83, 89, 226;

  and Re 30;

  Senenmut as Steward of 153, 178, 185

  Amenemhat I, pharaoh 15, 30, 47

  Amenemhat II, pharaoh 145

  Amenemhat III, pharaoh 17

  Amenemhat IV, pharaoh 18

  Amenemhat, brother of Senenmut 205

  Amenemope, vizier 55, 206

  Amenenthe (supposed pharaoh) 231–2

  Amenhotep I, pharaoh 61–2; accession 26;

  Ahmose Nefertari as regent 61, 97–8;

  building projects 62, 71, 159, 162, 164;

  burial 72,93;

  cartouche 61;

  cult and oracle of 57, 62, 108;

  and Deir el-Medina 35, 57, 62;

  foreign policy 26, 61–2;

  marriage 67;

  succession of Tuthmosis I 63,119

  Amenhotep II, pharaoh 33, 91, 215, 224

  Amenhotep III, pharaoh: building projects 17, 102; foreign relations 68, 144, 145;

  marriages 66, 67, 226, (see also Tiy, queen);

  and religion 33;

  tomb 92, 213

  Amenhotep IV, pharaoh see Akhenaten

  Amenhotep (boy buried at Gurna) 196

  Amenhotep, Chief Steward 117, 161, 196

  Amenhotep, son of Hapu (architect) 176

  Amenmose, Prince 75–6,77

  amphora seals 99

  Anath, Astarte (goddess) 20

  Anen (brother of Queen Tiy) 51, 201

  ankh 103, 111

  Ankhesenamen, queen 66, 68, 227

  Ankhes–Merire, queen 58

  Anubis (god) 169, 174, 175, 199

  ape, cynocephalous 151, 153

  Apophis, pharaoh 19–20, 22–3

  archaeology; bias 10–11,35,141

  Archaic Period 43, 44, 235


  Argo, island of 70

  Armant 180, 223

  army 27–9; booty 24–5;

  career in 29, 41, 56, 183;

  command structure 29;

  equipment 21,28;

  gods and victory 29;

  Hyksos improve 21;

  king as head 7,29;

  Memphis headquarters 36, 70;

  support for Hatchepsut's kingship 115;

  Tuthmosis III trains in 113, 114;

  woman as commander 47, 57–8; see also warfare

  art, pictorial 17, 40, 146; depiction of sexes 133, 240; see also image, power of

  arts 16–17, 21, 40, 62; see also art, pictorial; image, power of; literature; sculpture

  Assyria 39

  Astarte (goddess) 20

  astronomy 194, 205

  Aswan 142–3, 159–61, 200

  Aten (sun disc), cult of 33, 223

  Augustus, Roman Emperor 230

  autobiographies 16, 24–6

  Avaris (Hyksos capital) 19,25

  Ay, pharaoh 53, 181

  Ayrton, Edward 214

  Babylon 39,68

  barque, sacred see under Amen

  Bay, Great Chancellor 228

  Beechey, William 231

  Belzoni, Giovanni Battista 122, 231

  Beni Hassan 17, 155

  Bhutto, Benazir 118

  Binothris, pharaoh 133

  Boadicea, queen of Iceni 140

  bodyguards, royal 27

  Book of the Dead 198, 199

  booty 24–5

  bow, composite 76

  Britain 47, 48, 140; see also Elizabeth I

  bronze working 21

  Brugsch, Emile 93, 215

  Buhen 195–6

  building: brick 10, 37; destruction of earlier buildings 158–9, 221;

  kings’ role 7, 40;

  organization 7,154, 177, 194;

  palaces 37;

  propaganda value 9, 154, 155, 158, 174,234;

  stone 10, 31,35, 38–9;

  12th Dynasty 17;

  workforce 7, 38; see also the individual places; obelisks; pyramids; temples; and under the individual pharaohs

  Burton, James 122

  calendar 12–13

  Carter, Howard 84, 122–4,211–12, 214, 234

  cartouches 22, 24, 61, 63, 78, 211; Hatchepsut 100, 230,231,233

  Catherine the Great, Tsarina 191

  Champollion, Jean François 231–2

  Chapelle Rouge, Karnak 106–8, 164, 219–21; carvings 89, 107–8, 109, 160, 161;

  dismantled 107, 220–21, 223

  chariots, horse-drawn 21, 76

  Chester, Revd Greville 213

  children: mortality 73; royal 54–8,75–7

  China: Han Dynasty 51

  Christie, Agatha 121

  chronology, table of 235

  civil service: building supervision 154; careers in 56, 80, 183;

  continuity 117,208;

  development 15,21, 39, 41;

  shrines at Gebel Silsila 184;

  support for Hatchepsut's kingship 115, 138;

  titles 185–6; see also Senenmut

  Cleopatra VII, queen 4, 140, 191, 229–30

  coffins 126–7, 212

  concubines, kings' 50–54

  conscription, labour 7

  continuity 5–6, 8–10, 42, 50, 117, 208

  copper 16, 39, 144

  Coptos 30, 145, 152

  co-regency 63–5, 95–6, 101, 105–6, 110, 114, 215

  cosmetic container 129

  Crete, Minoan 190

  Cusae: temple of Hathor 158

  Dagi, vizier 199

  dating system 12–13; see also regnal years

  Davis, Theodore M. 123, 124

  death 10; Second, of soul 72, 216; see also Afterlife; mummies; tombs

  defacement of monuments 208, 228–9; see also under Hatchepsut; Senenmut

  Deir el-Bahri: cache of mummies 91–4, 126–7, 212, 213; Djeser-Akhet 165, 175, 208, 220;

  excavations 79;

  fragmentary statues of Hatchepsut 221–2;

  graffiti, workmen's 188,189, 190–91;

  ‘Hatchepsut Hole 221;

  Hathor cult 165;

  Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple 165, 167, 175;

  monastery 165, 176;

  processional way 159, 170;

  Senenmut Quarry 221;

  tombs (Inhapi) 92–4,

  ( Senenmut, see under Djeser-Djeseru);

  tunnels to Valley of the Kings 119, 121; see also Djeser-Djeseru

  Deir el-Medina 35–6, 56–7, 62, 108, 230

  desecration of monuments see defacement

  Djehuty, Chief Treasurer 143, 168

  Djeser-Akhet 165, 175, 208, 220

  Djeser-Djeseru, Deir el-Bahri 1, 165, 166, 167–71, 173–6; after Hatchepsut's death 230, 231;

  Amen cult 169;

  Anubis, chapel of 169, 174, 175;

  carvings of Hatchepsut's life 101–6, 109, 111, 131,141–2, 143, 160–61, 174,

  (of mission to Punt) 146–7, 148, 150–51, 152–3, 174;

  defacement 216, 221–2, 223;

  excavation 11;

  Feast of the Valley 169–71, 175, 220;

  foundation deposits 168–9;

  Hathor, chapel of 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175;

  Hatchepsut's mortuary temple 84, 119, 169, 175;

  Senenmut and 168, 177, 178, 194–6,

  (tomb) 196, 203, 204, 205–6;

  solar temple 169, 175;

  statues 80–81, 130, 221–2;

  Tuthmosis I commemorated 168, 175,

  (mortuary temple) 119, 127–8, 169, 175;

  Tuthmosis II's building work 167;

  Tuthmosis III inscription 95

  Djoser, pharaoh 58, 235

  draughts-board 213

  dress, Hatchepsut's 130–34

  dynasties 12; 1st-2nd 44;

  12th 5, 15–18, 40;

  13th 18;

  15th-16th 19, (see also Hyksos);

  17th 5, 19, 21–4, 45–50;

  18th 5,

  (historical background) 24–42,

  (queens) 45–50;

  19th 37; see also the individual rulers

  Eastern Desert: gold 16, 39

  economy 21, 32, 38–9, 112, 154

  Edfu: quarries 200

  Edgerton, William 79

  education 39–40, 88, 180

  egyptologists 2–3, 4, 66–7, 77–80, 138–9, 231–4; see also the individual names

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England 118, 137, 139, 140, 182, 191

  Eloquent Peasant, Story of the 16

  Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of 182

  eunuchs 53

  Euphrates, river 26, 70–71, 214–15

  Eusebius 13

  Faiyum 16

  famine 38

  Feast of the Valley 169–71, 175, 220

  feminist theorists 139

  festivals 102, 106, 107; see also Feast of the Valley

  Field of Reeds 35, 169, 210, 216

  foreign policy: dynastic marriages 50, 51–2, 68–9; 12th Dynasty 15–16; see also under the individual pharaohs

  Freud, Anna 118

  Freud, Sigmund 118, 139

  funerary cults 27, 57, 62

  Gandhi, Indira 139

  Gaza Palestine 143

  Geb (god) 69

  Gebel Ahmar quarries 38, 200

  Gebel Silsila shrines 183–4, 186

  Gebelein quarries 200

  Gibbon, Edward 115–16

  Giza desert 76, 233, 235

  gods 29–33; oracles 108–9;

  see also religion and under the individual names

  gold 16, 39, 145, 147, 151, 153

  Gordon, Ch. H. 122

  graffiti 122, 188, 189, 190–91

  Greek Islands 39, 190

  Gurna: Abd el-Rassul family 92–3; cemetery 196, 197, 198–203,206

  Han Dynasty, China 51

  Hapuseneb, High Priest of Amen 55, 116, 119, 168, 184

  harems, royal
36–7, 50–54

  Hatchepsut, pharaoh: advisers 116–17, (see also Senenmut); age at marriage 65;

  age when widowed 96–7;

  and Amen 29, 33, 102,107, 146,154,156, 161, 174;

  appearance 126, 129–37;

  birth 65;

  birth story 101–6, 131, 174;

  building projects 1,4, 9, 112, 154,177, (see also Djeser-Djeseru and under Karnak);

  cartouches 100, 230,231,233;

  character 2–4;

  competence 112;

  coronation 106–9;

  death and burial 179, 210–14;

  defacement of monuments 77–8, 114–15, 141, 155, 208,216–26;

  divinity 101,192;

  economy under 112, 154;

  foreign policy 112,

  (defence and warfare) 137–44,210,

  (trade and exploration) 144–53, (see also Punt);

  gender 1–2, 5,

  (as man) 1, 105, 130–37, 231–3,

  (as woman) 1,130,135–6,227;

  and Hathor 76, 105, 171–3, 172, 174, 175;

  justification of rule 101,146,154;

  and Ka 103–4, 131;

  as king 87–90, 98, 99–119, 133,

  (date of becoming) 99–100, 101, 106–9, 111–13;

  and maat 9–10, 89, 136, 146, 157, 158, 226;

  memory see proscription below;

  mummy 213–14;

  names 13,99, 104,117,154;

  and Neferure 4, 86, 87–90;

  propaganda 2, 4, 6, 101–6, 146,

  (monuments as) 9, 154, 155, 158,174, 234;

  proscription of memory 1,4, 77–8, 80, 141, 155, 216–26,233,

  (date) 114–15, 218–19,

  (omitted from king lists) 1, 224, 230, 233, (see also defacement above);

  Punt expedition see under Punt;

  as queen consort 80, 81, 83–6, 100, 106, 112;

  as regent 1, 97–8, 113–14;

  regnal years 100, 106, 224;

  sarcophagi 124, 126, 211–12,223;

  sed-festival 109–11, 161;

  self-presentation 101, 118–19, 130–37, 231–3;

  and Senenmut 178, 179, 184, 189, 190–93,205, 207–8;

  sexual behaviour 189, 190–93;

  statuary 11, 130, 174–5, 184, 219;

  titles 60, 83, 97–8, 117;

  tombs, (king's) 119, 120, 121–8, 211–12, 223,

  (queen's) 84, 85, 86, 119, 126;

  trade missions 1, 9, 144–5, (see also Punt);

  and Tuthmosis I 4, 117–19, 122, 132, 161,

  (alleged co-regency) 101, 105–6, 110,

  (builds mortuary temple for) 119, 127–8,169, 175;