Women and Madness

by Phyllis Chesler

  19.Judith Bardwick, Psychology of Women: A Bio-cultural Conflict (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).

  20.Joseph Rheingold, The Mother, Anxiety and Death (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967).

  21.Carl P. Malmquist, Thomas J. Kiresuk, Robert M. Spano, “Personality Characteristics of Women with Repeated Illegitimacies: Descriptive Aspects,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 35, 1966; Oscar B. Markey, “A Study of Aggressive Set Misbehavior in Adolescents Brought to Juvenile Court,” Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 20, 1950; Kathryn M. Nielson, Rocco L. Motto, “Some Observations on Family Constellations and Personality Patterns of Young Unmarried Mothers,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 33, 1963; Irving Kaufman, Elizabeth S. Makkay, Joan Zilbach, “The Impact of Adolescence of Girls with Delinquent Character Formation,” Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 29, 1959; Paul A. Walters, Jr., “Promiscuity in Adolescence,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1965; Ames Robey, Richard J. Rosenwald, John E. Snell, Rita E. Lee, “The Runaway Girl: A Reaction to Family Stress,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, March 9, 1964.

  22.Captain Noel Lustig, MC, USA; Captain John Dresser, MCS, USA; Major Seth W. Spellman, MCS, USA; Major Thomas B. Murray, MC, USA; “Incest,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 14, January 1966; Irving Kaufman, Alice L. Peck, Consuelo K. Tagiuri, “The Family Constellation and Overt Incestuous Relations Between Father and Daughter,” Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 24, 1954; Sol Chaneles, “Sexual Abuse of Children,” The American Humane Association, Children’s Division, 1966; Vincent de Francis, “Protecting the Child Victim of Sex Crimes Committed by Adults,” The American Humane Association, Children’s Division, 1966; Lindy Burton, Vulnerable Children (New York: Schocken Books, 1968); Yvonne Tormes, “Child Victim of Incest” The American Humane Association, Children’s Division, 1966; David Gil, Violence Against Children (Waltham: Harvard University Press, 1970); Florence Rush, “The Sexual Abuse of Children: A Feminist Point of View,” New York Radical Feminists Conference on Rape, April 17, 1971; Harry Nelson, “Incest: 1 Family out of 10,” New York Post, September 1971.

  23.Charles William Wahl, “The Psychodynamics of Consummated Maternal Incest: A Report of Two Cases,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 3, 1960.

  24.Harold Greenwald, The Elegant Prostitute (New York: Ballantine Books, 1958).

  25.Sigmund Freud, “Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction Between Sexes,” Collected Papers, Vol. 5 (London: Hogarth Press, 1956).

  26.Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures in Psychoanalysis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1933).

  27.Erik H. Erikson, “Inner and Outer Space: Reflections on Womanhood,” Daedalus, Vol. 3, 1965.

  28.Bruno Bettelheim, “The Commitment Required of a Woman Entering a Scientific Profession in Present Day American Society” in Woman and the Scientific Professions, M. I. T. Symposium on American Women in Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Mass., 1965.

  29.Joseph Rheingold, The Fear of Being a Woman (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1964).

  30.Carl G. Jung, Contributions to Analytical Psychology (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1928).

  31.M. Esther Harding, The Way of All Women (New York: Longmans, Green, 1933).

  32.Sigmund Freud, Case of Dora: An Analysis of a Case Hysteria (New York: W. W. Norton, 1952).

  33.Leonard Simon, “The Political Unconscious of Psychology: Clinical Psychology and Social Change,” unpublished manuscript, 1970.

  34.Felix Duetsch, “A Footnote to Freud’s ‘Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria,’” The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Vol. 25, 1957.

  35.Thomas S. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct (New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1961).

  36.Karen Horney, “The Flight from Womanhood,” ed. by H. Kelman in Feminine Psychology (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967).

  37.Sigmund Freud, “Female Sexuality” (1931) Collected Papers, Vol. 4 (New York: Basic Books, 1959).

  38.Ilse Ollendorff Reich, Wilhelm Reich: A Personal Biography (New York: St. Martins, 1969).

  39.Wilhelm Reich, The Function of the Orgasm: The Discovery of the Orgone (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1942).

  40.Ronald D. Laing and A. Esterson, Sanity, Madness and the Family (New York: Pelican Book, 1970).

  41.David Cooper, The Death of the Family (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970).

  42.Thomas S. Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).

  43.Jules Michelet, Satanism and Witchcraft: A Study in Medieval Superstition (Toronto: Citadel Press, 1939).

  44.Una Stannard, “The Male Maternal Instinct,” Trans-action, December 1970.

  45.Sigmund Freud, “On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement,” Collected Papers (1914) Vol. I (New York: Basic Books, 1959).

  46.Thomas S. Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct (New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1961).

  47.William Schofield, Psychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendship (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).

  CHAPTER FOUR

  1.Judith Bardwick, The Psychology of Women: A Bio-cultural Conflict (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).

  2.“Selected Symptoms of Psychological Distress,” U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Services and Mental Health Administration, 1970. This study is based on data collected in 1960–62 from a probability sample of 7,710 persons selected to represent the 111 million adults in the U. S. non-institutional population, aged eighteen to seventy-nine.

  3.Gerald Gurin, J. Veroff, and S. Feld, Americans View Their Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1960).

  4.Leo Srole, Thomas S. Langner, Stanley T. Michael, Mervin K. Opler, Thomas A. C. Rennie, Mental Health in the Metropolis: Midtown Manhattan Study (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962).

  5.Dorothy C. Leighton, John S. Harding, David B. Machlin, Allister M. Macmillan, Alexander H. Leighton, The Character of Danger: The Stirling County Study of Psychiatric Disorder and Sociocultural Environment, Vol. III (New York-London: Basic Books, 1963).

  6.Olle Hagnell, A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Mental Disorders: The Lundby Project (Sweden: Svenska Bokforlaget, 1966).

  7.Phyllis Chesler, “Patient and Patriarch: Women in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship,” ed. by Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, in Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971); Hagnell, op. cit., Leighton, et al., op. cit.; Edwin Zolik, Edna Lantz, Richard Sommers, “Hospital Return Rates and Prerelease Referrals,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 18, June 1968; “Chronic Illness in a Large City,” The Baltimore Study (1957); Anita K. Bahn, Margaret Conwell, and Peter Hurley, “Survey of Psychiatric Practice: Report on a Field Test,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 12, 1965; William Ryan, Distress in the City: Essay on the Design and Administration of Mental Health Services (Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1969); Charles Thrall, “Presenting Problems of Psychiatric Out-Patients: Out-Patient Studies Section,” Biometrics Branch, NIMH, 1963; Richard Redick, “Age-Sex Diagnostic Distribution of Additions to Community Mental Health Centers 1968,” Statistical Note 13, NIMH Survey and Reports Section, January 1970; William Schofield, Psychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendship (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963); Alan M. Kraft, Paul R. Binner, Brenda Dickey, “The Community Mental Health Program and the Longer-Stay Patient,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol 16, January 1967; Gerald Landsberg, David Cole, Eleanor Sabbagh, Rachel Deutsch, “Characteristics of Enrolled Patients as of September 1969,” Maimonides Medical Center, Community Mental Health Center, December 1969; Rachel Deutsch, Gerald Landsberg, David Cole, “Report of a Survey of Patients: January 17, 1970-June 16, 1970,” Maimonides Medical Center, Community Mental Health Center, June 1970; Phyllis Chesler, Janice Lasecki, Lucy DiPaola, unpublished manuscript, 1971.

  8.Kraft et al., op. cit.; Hagnell, op. cit.; Charles Thrall, “Presenting Problems of Psychiatric Out-Patients,” Out-Patient
s Studies Section, Biometrics Branch, NIMH, 1963; Kurt Gurwitz, Anita Bahn, Gerald Klee, and Murray Solomon, “Release and Return Rates of Patients in State Mental Hospitals of Maryland,” Public Health Reports, Vol. I, 1966.

  9.Kraft et al., op. cit.; Provisional Data on Length of Stay of Admissions to State and County Mental Hospitals U. S., NIMH, 1971.

  10.Charles Kadushin, Why People Go to Psychiatrists (New York: Atherton Press, 1969).

  CHAPTER FIVE

  1.Fernando Enriquez, Prostitution and Society: Primitive, Classical and Oriental (New York: Grove Press, 1962); Emma Goldman, “The Traffic in Women,” reprinted in Anarchism and Other Essays (New York: Dover, 1969); Harold Greenwald, The Elegant Prostitute: A Social and Psychoanalytic Study (New York: Ballantine Books, 1958); Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians (New York: Basic Books, 1964); Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1971); W W Sanger, The History of Prostitution (New York: Eugenics Publishing, 1937); Charles Winick and Paul M. Kinsie, The Lively Commerce (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971); Eric Pace, “Feminists Halt Session on Prostitution, Demanding To Be Heard,” New York Times, September 15, 1971; Robert Prosser, “The Speedy Call Girls in Formosa,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 23, 1970; “Russia’s Bedroom Blackmail,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 28, 1970; Jim Brewer, “San Francisco Child Prostitutes,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 1970; David Sanford, “A Brothel in Curacao,” Village Voice, March 13, 1969; Ernest Lenn, “State Crackdown on B-Girls, Vice,” San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, July 13, 1969; “Aimed at Prostitutes, the Loitering Law Is Voided,” New York Post, September 14, 1970; “Straw Judge Is Ordered Ousted Over His Arrest in a Vice Raid,” New York Times, November 24, 1970; “Prostitutes—Some New Tricks for the Oldest Profession,” New York Times, March 28, 1971.

  2.Uniform Crime Reports 1960–1970; Rosalyn Lacks, “The Politics of Rape—A Selective History,” Village Voice, February 4, 1971; New York Radical Feminist Conference on Rape, April 17, 1971; Female Liberation Newsletter #8, April 16,1971; “Women Who Are Tired of Being Harassed,” New York Times, September 7, 1971; “The Civilized Rapist,” Village Voice, September 9, 1971; “Cops Use TV to Trap Rape Suspect,” New York Daily News, March 19, 1971; Gloria Emerson, “Vietnamese Voice Hostility to G. I.s,” New York Times, May 2, 1971; “Bronx School Posts 2 Guards after Attacks on Teachers,” New York Post, May 6, 1971.

  3.Captain Noel Lustig, MC, USA; Captain John Dresser, MCS, USA; Major Seth W. Spellman, MCS, USA; Major Thomas B. Murray, MC, USA; “Incest,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 14, January 1966; Irving Kaufman, Alice L. Peck, Consuelo K. Tagiuri, “The Family Constellation and Overt Incestuous Relations Between Father and Daughter,” Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 24, 1954; Sol Chaneles, “Sexual Abuse of Children,” The American Humane Association, Children’s Division, 1966; Vincent de Francis, “Protecting the Child Victim of Sex Crimes Committed by Adults,” The American Humane Association, Children’s Division, 1966; Lindy Burton, Vulnerable Children (New York: Schocken Books, 1968); Yvonne Tormes, “Child Victim of Incest,” The American Humane Association, Children’s Division, 1966; David Gil, Violence Against Children (Waltham: Harvard University Press, 1970); Florence Rush, “The Sexual Abuse of Children: A Feminist Point of View,” New York Radical Feminist Conference on Rape, April 17, 1971; Harry Nelson, “Incest: 1 Family Out of 10,” New York Post, September 1971; George Carpozi, Jr., “Seize Dad, Daughter in Nudie Case,” New York Post, May 6, 1971.

  4.Conrad Van Emde Boas in his article “The Doctor-Patient Relationship” (Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, November 1966) says: “In my own practice—largely psycho-therapeutical and sexuological—I have noticed that the frequency of this kind of officially frowned upon relationship varies within the different branches of the medical profession. Gynecologists offer the most frequent targets. Second on the list are dentists and family doctors. But let me add immediately that psychotherapists, too, are not far behind, according to the ‘statistics’—obviously limited and incomplete—which I have compiled from my own observations.”

  5.Boas, op. cit.; Charles C. Dahlberg, “Sexual Contact Between Patient and Therapist,” Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Spring 1970; Judd Marmor, “The Seductive Therapist,” Psychiatry Digest, October 1970; William Masters and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966); William Masters and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Inadequacy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970); James L. McCartney, “Overt Transference,” Journal of Sexual Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, November 1966; Leon J. Saul, “The Erotic Transference,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Vol. 31, 1962; Martin Shepard, The Love Treatment: Sexual Intimacy Between Patients and Psychotherapists (New York: Peter H. Wyden, 1971); Arthur J. Snider, “One Analyst’s Touching Tale,” New York Post, November 17, 1969.

  6.Louis Lewis, “Psychotherapeutic Malpractice,” unpublished manuscript, 1971; William Greaves and Leo Standore, “Secretary Sues Analyst for Sexual Malpractice,” New York Post, April 1971.

  7.Paul Roazen, Brother Animal (New York: Knopf, 1969).

  8.Marmor, op. cit.

  9.McCartney, op. cit.

  10.Marmor, op. cit.

  11.Saul, op. cit.

  12.Dahlberg, op. cit.; Marmor, op. cit.; McCartney, op. cit.

  13.Dahlberg, op. cit.; Frieda Fromm-Reichman, Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950); Clara Thompson, “A Critical Incident in Psychotherapy,” Interpersonal Psychoanalysis (London: Basic Books, 1964).

  14.Dahlberg, op. cit.

  15.McCartney, op. cit.

  16.Dahlberg, op. cit.

  17.Roazen, op. cit.

  CHAPTER SIX

  1.Allan M. Dershowitz, “Preventive Detention and the Prediction of Dangerousness. Some Fictions About Predictions.” Journal of Legal Education, Vol. 23, 1969.

  2.$40,000 Damages Awarded Against Psychiatrist. Stowers v. Wolodzko. Supreme Court of Michigan, November 9, 1971. The Mental Health Court Digest, Vol. 15, No. 8, February 1972.

  CHAPTER SEVEN

  1.J. J. Bachofen, Myth, Religion and Mother Right, translated by Ralph Manheim, 1926, Bollingen Series LXXXIV (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967).

  2.Gilbert D. Bartell, Group Sex (New York: Peter H. Wyden, 1971).

  3.Charlotte Wolff, Love Between Women (New York: St. Martins, 1971).

  4.Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin, Paul H. Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Female (New York: Pocket Books, 1953).

  5.Hubert Selby, Jr., “The Queen Is Dead,” Last Exit to Brooklyn (New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1957).

  6.Marcel Saghir, Eli Robins, Bonnie Walbran, and Kathy Gentry, “Homosexuality IV: Psychiatric Disorders and Disability in the Female Homosexual,” American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 27, 1970; Wolff, op. cit.

  CHAPTER EIGHT

  1.Nancy Henley, “On Sexism and Racism, A resource paper published as part of the Report of the Sub-Committee on Women of the Committee on Equal Opportunity in Psychology, February 1971.

  2.Toni Morrison, “What the Black Women Think About Women’s Lib.” New York Times Magazine, August 22, 1971.

  3.Frances Beale, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female,” ed. by Toni Cade, in The Black Woman: An Anthology (New York: New American Library, 1970).

  4.Joanna Clark, “Motherhood” in The Black Woman: An Anthology, op. cit.

  5.Barbara Burris in agreement with Kathy Barry, Terry Moon, Joann DeLor, Joann Parenti, Cate Stadelman, The Fourth World Manifesto: An Angry Response To An Imperialist Venture Against The Women’s Liberation Movement (New Haven: Advocate Press, January 13, 1971).

  6.Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, translated from the French by Haakon Chevalier (New York: Grove Press, 1965). Originally published in France as L An Cinq de la Revolution Algerienne, 1959, by François Maspero.

  7.Barbara Burris et al., op. cit.

  8.Abram Kardiner, M. D., and Lionel Ovesey, M. D., The Mark of Oppression (Cleveland: Meridian Books, The World
Publishing Co., May 1967).

  9.Daniel P. Moynihan, “Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy,” a Trans-action Social Science and Public Policy Report (Cambridge, Mass.: M. 1. T. Press, 1967).

  10.William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs, Black Rage (New York: Basic Books, 1968).

  11.Nancy Henley, op. cit.

  12.Herbert Gross, Myra Herbert, Genell Knatterud, Lawrence Donner, “The Effect of Race and Sex on the Variation of Diagnosis in a Psychiatric Emergency Room,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 148, No. 6, 1969; Carl A. Taube, “Differential Utilization of Out-Patient Psychiatric Services by Whites and Nonwhites, 1969,” Statistical Note 36, NIMH Survey and Reports Section, December 1970; Carl A. Taube, “Admission Rates to State and County Mental Hospitals by Age, Sex and Color, 1969,” Statistical Note 41, NIMH Survey and Reports Section, February 1971; Earl S. Pollack, Richard Redick, Carl A. Taube, “The Application of Census Socioeconomic and Familial Data to the Study of Morbidity from Mental Disorders,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 58, No. I, 1968.

  13.“Selected Symptoms of Psychological Distress,” U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Services and Mental Health Administration, 1970.

  14.Martha Weinman Lear, “Q: If You Rape a Woman and Steal Her TV, What Can They Get You for in NY? A: Stealing Her TV,” New York Times Magazine, January 30, 1972.

  CHAPTER NINE

  1.Margaret Fuller, “The Great Lawsuit—Man versus Men; Woman versus Women,” The Dial, July 1843. Reprinted in Margaret Fuller: American Romantic. A Selection from Her Writings and Correspondence. Edited by Perry Miller (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1963).

  2.Ibid.

  3.Emma Goldman, “The Traffic in Women,” in Anarchism and Other Essays. Introduction by Richard Prinnon (New York: Dover Publications, 1970). Also reprinted in Red Emma Speaks: Selected Writings and Speeches by Emma Goldman. Compiled and edited (and beautifully introduced) by Alix Kates Shulman. (New York: Vintage Books, Random House, 1972).