Bible and Sword: England and Palestine From the Bronze Age to Balfour

by Barbara W. Tuchman

  this page John Hardyng’s Chronicle, 1464, ed. Sir H. Ellis, London, 1812.

  this page Joseph as ancestor of Arthur.—Pynson’s 1516 Latin version of John of Glastonbury. The passage reads: “Per quod patel, quod rex Arthurus de stirpe Josephus descendit.” See also Alfred Nutt.

  this page The sword and Solomon’s ship.—Lonelich. Also Wynkyn de Worde.

  this page The Grail symbols, the stone and fish.—See Gaster and Weston.

  this page Leviathan.—Psalms, LXXIV, 14.

  this page Broughton.—Quoted by Skeat. Other seventeenth-century church historians who discuss the claims of Joseph as first apostle are: Bishop Stillingfleet, Origines Britannicae, 1685, and Archbishop Ussher, Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates, 1639.

  this page The description of Stone Age Glastonbury.—Jacquetta Hawks, Prehistoric Britain, Harvard University Press, 1953.

  this page The quotation from Professor Freeman.—“Glastonbury British and English,” in Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological Society, XXVI (1880), reprinted in English Towns and Districts by E. A. Freeman, London, 1883.

  Works Consulted for Chapter III

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. J. A. Giles, Bohn’s Library, London, 1849.

  ARCULF, Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land, ed. J. R. Macpherson, PPTS, 1889. Also in Wright and in Giles’ Bede.

  BEAZLEY, CHARLES R., The Dawn of Modern Geography, 3 vols., London, 1887.

  BROWNE, G. F. Listed under Chapter II.

  Cambridge Medieval History, planned by J. B. Bury, 8 vols., 1911–36.

  COULTON, G. G., Life in the Middle Ages, 4 vols., Cambridge, 1929. Medieval Panorama, New York, 1938. Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation (contemporary documents), Cambridge, 1918.

  FULLER, THOMAS, Church History. Listed under Chapter II.

  GUYLFORDE, SIR RICHARD, Pilgrimage of …, Camden Society, n.d.

  HEATH, SIDNEY, Pilgrim Life in the Middle Ages, New York, 1912.

  HODGKIN, R. H., History of the Anglo-Saxons, 2 vols., Oxford, 1935. Informacion for Pylgrymes, Wynkyn de Worde, 1498, 1515, and 1524, ed W. Gordon Duff, London, 1893.

  JONES, G. HARTWELL, Celtic Britain and the Pilgrim Movement, Society of Cymrodorion, London, 1912.

  JUSSERAND, J. A. A. J., English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, translated by L. Toulmin Smith, London, 1892.

  MANDEVILLE, SIR JOHN, Voiage and Travaile of …, ed. J. O. Halliwell, 1839. Also in Wright. For discussion of Mandeville’s identity, see DNB and Encyclopaedia Britannica.

  MIGNE, J. P., Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus, 221 vols., Paris, 1844–64.

  OMAN, SIR CHARLES. Listed under Chapter I.

  POWICKE, F. M., Christian Life in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1935.

  SAEWULF, Travels of …, in 1102 and 1103, ed. Canon Brownlow, PPTS, 1892. Also in Wright.

  STUBBS, WILLIAM, Lectures on Medieval and Modern History, 3d ed., Oxford, 1900.

  TORKYNGTON, SIR RICHARD, Ye Oldest Diarie of Englysshe Travell, ed. W. J. Loftie, London, 1883.

  WAY, WILLIAM, Itineraries of … to Jerusalem, 1458 and 1462, Roxburghe Club, London, 1857.

  WILLIBALD, Travels of …, A.D. 721–27, ed. Canon Brownlow, PPTS, 1891. Also in Wrght.

  WRIGHT, THOMAS, Early Travels in Palestine, London, 1848.

  Notes to Chapter III

  this page Jerome’s letters and Paula’s quoted in this chapter.—Migne, Vol. XXII, Epistle XLVI, col. 489 and Epistle LXVIII, col. 581.

  this page Palladius Galata.—Browne, p. 78. Quotation from Historia Lausiaca, Migne, Vol. LXXIII, chap. CXVIII, col. 1200.

  this page Mahomet’s dream.—Washington Irving’s Life of Mahomet, Everyman ed., chap. XII.

  this page Omar.—Temple cleaned of filth, R. A. S. MacAlister, article “Palestine,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, nth ed.

  this page El-Hakim.—Cambridge Medieval. Vol. V, chap. VI, 254.

  this page Pelagius.—Fuller, Church History, Vol. I, 76. Also Browne, Hartwell Jones, DNB, Catholic Encyclopedia.

  this page Dicuil, De Mensura Orbis Terrae.—Wright, Introduction, p. xiv.

  this page Margery Kempe.—The Book of …, ed. S. B. March, Early English Text Society, London, 1940.

  this page Florence of Worcester.—Chronicle of.…, ed. T. Forester, Bohn’s Library, London, 1854.

  this page Ealdred.—From Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, quoted by Beazley.

  this page Sweyn.—From Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See also Hodgkin, Oman, DNB.

  this page Medieval maps.—Beazley.

  this page Godric.—Coulton, Social Life, p. 415. See also Baring-Gould, Lives of the Saints, ed. 1872, V, 322–31. Also DNB.

  this page Ludlow Chapel.—Hartwell Jones.

  this page Piers Plowman, ed. Wright, London, 1856, I, 109.

  this page Heywood’s “Four Ps.”—J. M. Marly, Specimens, I, 484.

  this page Douglas.—Froissart’s Chronicles, Everyman ed., 1906. chap. 1, p. 16.

  this page Abbot of Ramsey.—T. Wright, Biographica Britannica Literaria, London, 1892.

  this page Guilds.—Jusserand, p. 380.

  this page Ships full stuffed.—Informacion.

  this page Henry of Bolingbroke.—Stubbs, p. 198.

  this page Archbishop Sigeric.—Beazley.

  this page Erasmus.—Jusserand, p. 353.

  this page Wyclif.—Ibid., p. 351.

  Works Consulted for Chapter IV

  ARCHER, THOMAS, The Crusade of Richard I, Extracts from Contemporary Accounts, London, 1888.

  ARCHER, T., and C. L. KINGSFORD, Story of the Crusades, New York, 1895.

  BOHN, H. G., Chronicles of the Crusades, Being Contemporary Narratives of the Crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion by Richard of Devizes, Geoffrey de Vinsauf, and the Crusade of Saint Louis by Lord de Joinville, London, 1848.

  Cambridge Medieval History. Listed under Chapter III.

  COULTON, G. G. Listed under Chapter III.

  DANSEY, JAMES C., The English Crusaders, London, 1849.

  DAVID, C. W., Robert Curthose, Harvard, 1920.

  DAVIS, H. W. C., England Under the Normans and Angevins, London, 1905.

  FULLER, THOMAS, History of the Holy Warre, London, 1639.

  GIBBON, EDWARD, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, eds. Milman, Guizot, and Smith, 6 vols.

  Itinerarium Regis Ricardi (Vinsauf). English text in Bohn’s Chronicles and excerpts in Archer. Original in Rolls Series 38a, ed. Stubbs.

  JACOBS, J., The Jews of Angevin England, London, 1893.

  JOINVILLE, JEAN DE, Crusade of St. Louis, Everyman ed. Also in Bohn’s Chronicles.

  LANE-POOLE, AUSTIN, Domesday Book to Magna Carta, Oxford, 1951.

  LANE-POOLE, STANLEY, Life of Saladin, London, 1920.

  MICHAUD, J. F., History of the Crusades, translated by W. Robson, 3 vols., London, 1852. Bibliothèque des Croisades, 4 vols.

  MILLS, CHARLES, History of the Crusades, 2 vols., London, 1822. NORGATE, KATE, England Under the Angevin Kings, 2 vols., London, 1887. Richard the Lion Heart, London, 1924.

  OMAN, SIR CHARLES, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, 2 vols., London, 1924.

  RAMSAY, J. H., The Angevin Empire, Oxford, 1903.

  STUBBS, WILLIAM, Historical Introductions to the Rolls Series, ed. A. Hassall, London, 1902. (Includes Ralph of Diceto, Benedict of Peterborough, Roger of Hoveden, Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, Walter of Coventry.) Lectures on Medieval and Modern History, Oxford, 1900.

  WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, Chronicle of the Kings of England, ed. Giles, Bohn’s Library, London, 1883.

  Notes to Chapter IV

  this page Bernard of Clairvaux.—Gibbon, VI, chap. LIX, 109.

  this page Effigies.—Richard Gough, Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain, London, 1876.

  this page Saracen’s Head.—C. W. Bardsley, English Surnames, Their Source and Significations, London, 1889.

  this page Foolish metrical romances.—See Appendix to Scott’s Talisman.

  this page Ri
chard’s height.—According to Ramsey, p. 367, Richard was 6’ 2”.

  this page First Crusade, 30 vessels.—David, Robert Curthose.

  this page William of Malmesbury.—Quoted Gibbon, VI, chap. LVIII, note 77.

  this page English ships.—David, Robert Curthose.

  this page Robert’s Crusade.—Ibid. Also Dansey. PAGE 55. Robert’s weeping.—DNB.

  this page Edgar Atheling.—DNB, David, Dansey.

  this page Heywood’s Four Prentices.—Ancient British Drama, 3 vols., London, 1810.

  this page Urban’s speech.—William of Malmesbury, Book IV, chap. II. Also Michaud’s History, Book I, p. 49.

  this page Jews.—Gibbon, VI, chap. LVIII. Also Cambridge Medieval, Vol. II, chap. VII.

  this page Usury.—W. E. H. Lecky, History of Rationalism, New York, 1883, II, 266. Also H. W. C. Davis.

  this page Ritual murder.—Michaud’s History, Book VI. Also H. W. C. Davis.

  this page Jews attacked in England in Third Crusade.—Contemporary authorities are Ralph of Diceto and William of Newburgh. See Stubbs, Introductions. Also Jacobs and Ramsay.

  this page Nine Worthies.—Caxton’s Preface to Morte d’Arthur. PAGE 59. Second Crusade, peopled heaven with martyrs.—Geoffrey of Clairvaux, quoted Dansey.

  this page Alms-boxes.—Austin Lane-Poole.

  this page Henry’s vow after Becket’s murder.—Roger of Hoveden, Stubbs, Introductions.

  this page Pope Urban II died of grief.—Roger of Hoveden, quoted Mills II, 10.

  this page Saladin tithe.—Austin Lane-Poole.

  this page All things were for sale.—Ibid., p. 350, quoting Richard of Devizes.

  this page “I would sell London.…”—Ibid. Also Norgate’s Richard, Book II, chap. I.

  this page Henry of Cornhill.—Pipe Roll 2 Richard I in Archer.

  this page Two palfreys.—Ibid.

  this page Richard’s fleet.—Contemporary authorities are Roger of Hoveden, Ralph of Diceto, Richard of Devizes, and Pipe Roll 2 Richard I. See Stubbs’ Introductions. Also Norgate’s Richard, Book II, chap. II.

  this page Population of England ca. 1200, at the time of Domesday Book.—See S. R. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, Cambridge, 1897, p. 437. At the time of the 1377 poll tax.—See David MacPherson, Annals of Commerce, 1805, I, 548. See also M. Postan, “Population in the Later Middle Ages,” Economic History Review, 2d series, II, No. 3, London, 1950. Josiah Cox Russell, British Medieval Population, University of New Mexico Press, 1948.

  this page Owlde Roule.—Dansey.

  this page Bohadin.—Michaud’s Bibliothèque, Vol. IV, passim. Also excerpts in Archer.

  this page Siege of Acre and massacre of prisoners.—IRR, Bohadin, Roger of Hoveden in Archer.

  this page Melec Ric.—Stanley Lane-Poole, p. 357.

  this page Richard hindered by the King of France.—Richard of Devizes, quoted Historians’ History of the World, VIII, 389, note 1.

  this page March to Arsuf.—IRR in Archer.

  this page Johanna’s proposed marriage.—Bohadin, IRR, etc., in Archer.

  this page Saladin’s gifts.—Book I, chap. Ill in Bohn’s Chronicles.

  this page Richard’s remark on Jerusalem.—Joinville, chap. CVIII.

  this page Spirit of Melec Ric.—These stories all come from Joinville who was in Palestine 50 years after Richard. Gibbon, VI, chap. LIX; Michaud’s Bibliothèque, IV, 304; Norgate’s Richard, p. 262.

  this page John de Camoys and Andrew Astley.—Dansey.

  this page Osborne Gifford, Roger de Mowbray, Hugh de Hatton, Fulk.—Dansey.

  this page William de Pratelles.—IRR in Archer, etc.

  this page John took the cross.—Stubbs, Constitutional History, chap. XII, quoting Walter of Coventry.

  this page Richard of Cornwall.—Joinville, Matthew Paris, Continues of William of Tyre, Mills, Vol. II, chap. V. Also DNB.

  this page William Longsword.—Ibid.

  this page Simon de Montfort called Joshua.—In the “Song of Lewes,” in Political Songs of England from the Reign of John to that of Edward II, ed. Thomas Wright, Camden Society, London, 1839.

  this page “A drum filled with wind.” The Moslem poet was Essahib Giémal-Edden Ben-Matroub who composed verses on the departure of the French king.—Bohn’s Chronicles, Appendix, p. 554.

  this page Edward’s crusade.—Archer and Kingsford, chap. XXV; Mills, Vol. II, chap. VI; Fuller, Holy Warre, Book 4, chap. 29.

  this page Sir Joseph de Caney.—A Crusader’s Letter from the Holy Land, PPTS, 1890.

  this page Grand Master of the Templars.—Historians’ History of the World, published by Encyclopaedia Britannica, 26 vols. and index, Vol. VIII, chap. VI.

  Works Consulted for Chapter V

  BROOKE, STOPFORD A., History of Early English Literature, London, 1892.Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. I, chap. VII, “From Alfred to the Conquest,” Vol. IV, chap. II, “The Authorized Version and Its Influence.”

  COULTON, G. G., Chaucer and His England, London, 1937.

  CRAWFORD, S. J., The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Aelfric’s Treatise on the Old and New Testaments and His Preface to Genesis, EETS, London, 1922.

  DAICHES, DAVID, The King James Version of the Bible, Chicago, 1941.

  FOXE, JOHN, Actes and Monuments, ed. Townsend and Cattley, 8 vols., London, 1839.

  FULLER, THOMAS, Church History of Britain, ed. J. S. Brewer, 6 vols., Oxford, 1845.

  GAIRDNER, JAMES, Lollardy and the Reformation, 2 vols., London, 1908. The English Church in the 16th Century, London, 1902.

  HALL, EDWARD, Chronicle Containing the History of England, 1548, printed for J. Johnson, 4 vols., London, 1809.

  HENSON, HERBERT H., “Bible, English” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.

  HOARE, H. W., Evolution of the English Bible, London, 1901.

  PENNIMAN, JOSIAH H., A Book About the English Bible, New York, 1919.

  POLLARD, A. W., Records of the English Bible, Oxford, 1911.

  SKEAT, REV. WALTER, Aelfric’s Lives of the Saints, EETS, London, 1900.

  STRYPE, JOHN, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1694, Oxford, 1848–54.

  TREVELYAN, GEORGE MACAULEY, England in the Age of Wycliffe, London, 1899.

  WESTCOTT, B. F., History of the English Bible, rev. ed., New York, 1916.

  WHITE, CAROLINE L., Aelfric, A New Study of his Life and Writings, Yale, 1898.

  Notes to Chapter V

  this page Henry’s Proclamation.—Foxe, V, 167.

  this page Arnold.—“Hebraism and Hellenism,” chap. IV of Culture and Anarchy, 1869.

  this page Huxley.—Quoted Cambridge Lit., IV, 48–49.

  this page Powys.—Enjoyment of Literature, New York, 1938.

  this page Anglo-Israel movement.—First formulated in 1794 by Richard Brothers, the Anglo-Israel movement attracted to itself over the next hundred years nearly two million followers in England and the United States dedicated to the proposition that the Anglo-Saxon people were in reality the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel (as distinct from the Jews representing the remaining tribe of Judah). Starting from the assumption that Jeremiah meant Britain when he referred to the “isles afar off,” the theory was stuck together from bits and pieces of Biblical phrases, twisted out of context and mixed with scraps of pseudophilology based on the similarity of words and sounds. ‘British’ is derived from the Hebrew ‘Berit’ meaning ‘covenant’ and ‘ish’ meaning ‘man’—ergo, ‘man of the Covenant’; the Saxons were said to be ‘Isaac’s sons.’ Brothers, who claimed he was a direct descendant of David and should replace George III on the throne, was arrested for treason but judged insane. Notable expressions of the theory are: Richard Brothers, A Correct Account of the Invasion of England by the Saxons, Showing the English Nation to be the Ten Lost Tribes, London, 1822; J. Wilson, Our Israelitish Origin, 1845; Edward Hine, Identification of the British Nation with Lost Israel, 1871. Also the following periodicals, The Nation’s Glory
Leader, weekly (irregular), 1875–80; Our Race, quarterly, 1890–1900; The Watchman of Israel, monthly, 1918–.

  this page Gladstone.—Introduction to Sheppard’s Pictorial Bible.

  this page Lloyd George.—Weizmann, Trial and Error, New York, 1949, p. 152.

  this page Ruskin.—Praeterita, London, 1885, p. 1.

  this page Wyclif Bible, 170 mss.—Penniman.

  this page “Our bishops damn and burn.…”—Trevelyan’s Age of Wycliffe.

  this page Archbishop Arundel.—ibid.

  this page De Heretico Comburendo.—Ibid.

  this page John de Trevisa.—Fuller, II, 381.

  this page Cost of Wyclif Bibles.—Coulton, p. 99.

  this page Load of Hay.—Foxe, IV, 218.

  this page Translations in Saxon times.—Penniman.

  this page Bede on Caedmon.—Cambridge Lit., Vol. 1, chap. VII. Also Penniman.

  this page Abraham and Exodus. — Translated by Stopford Brooke.

  this page Aelfric.—Caroline White, S. J. Crawford. Also Cambridge Lit., I, chap. VII, 136 ff.

  this page Esther and Maccabees.—Skeat.

  this page Judith.—Brooke. Also Cambridge Lit., I, chap. VII.

  this page “Boy that dryveth ye plough.”—Foxe, V, 117.

  this page Roger Bacon on Hebrew.—Daiches.

  this page Constantine’s dialogue with More.—Hall’s Chronicle, pp. 762–63.

  this page Anthony Marler.—Westcott, p. 78.

  this page Burning of Tyndale’s translation.— Foxe, V, 114–34.

  this page Clergy’s petition of 1534.—Penniman.

  this page William Maldon’s story.—Quoted by Pollard.

  this page Henry burns three Lutherans and three papists.—Gardner’s Lollardy, II, 289.

  this page Luther on Squire Harry.—Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, XV, 737.

  this page “… in your open Tavernes.”—Pollard.

  this page Porter’s preaching and death.—Foxe, V, 451.