Bible and Sword: England and Palestine From the Bronze Age to Balfour

by Barbara W. Tuchman

  this page Act of Parliament forbidding Bible to be read aloud.—Gairdner’s Lollardy.

  this page Dr. Taylor’s death at the stake.—Foxe, VI, 677.

  this page Latimer’s last words.—Foxe, VII, 550.

  this page Caution to editors of Bishops’ Bible.—Pollard.

  this page Revisers of the King James Version.—Westcott, Pollard, Henson.

  Works Consulted for Chapter VI

  BENT, J. T., Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, Hakluyt Society, 1893.

  CHEW, SAMUEL C., The Crescent and the Rose; Islam and England During the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, New York, 1937.

  CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1892.

  FOSTER, SIR WILLIAM, English Quest of Eastern Trade, London, 1933.

  HAKLUYT, RICHARD, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, 12 vols., ed. MacLehose, Glasgow, 1903. Vol. V, 167–328, contains “The Renuing and Increasing of An Ancient and Commodious Trade into Diverse Places in the Levant” which includes many of the letters and transactions between the Queen and the Company as well as Harborne’s reports and other documents covering the history of the Company from 1579 to 1585. Vol. VI, 73–104, covers the Second Levant Charter and Sir Edward Barton’s first mission.

  HOLINSHED, RAPHAEL, Chronicles of England and Scotland, 1577, 6 vols., London, 1807–8.

  LITHGOW, WILLIAM, Relation of the Travels of … in Candy, Greece, the Holy Land, Egypt and other parts of the East. In Purchas, His Pilgrimes (q.v.) X, 447–92.

  MORISON, FYNES, An Itinerary Containing his ten Yeeres travel, 1617, ed. MacLehose, 4 vols., Glasgow, 1907.

  PURCHAS, SAMUEL, Hakluytus Posthumous or Purchas, His Pilgrimes, Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others, 1625, ed. MacLehose, 20 vols., Glasgow, 1905–7.

  ROSEDALE, H. G., Queen Elizabeth and the Levant Company, London, 1904.

  ROWLAND, ALBERT L., England and Turkey; the Rise of Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, University of Pennsylvania, 1924.

  ROWSE, A. L., The England of Elizabeth, London, 1950.

  S ANDERSON, JOHN, Travels of … in the Levant, 1584–1602, ed. Sir William Foster, Hakluyt Society, 2d series, Vol. LXVII, London, 1931.

  SANDYS, GEORGE, A Relation of a Journey begun an. dom. 1610 containing a description of the Turkish Empire, Aegypt, the Holy Land … 1615. In Purchas, His Pilgrimes (q.v.) VIII, 89–248.

  TIMBERLAKE, HENRY, A True and Strange Discourse of the Travaile’s of two English Pilgrims, 1603, in Two Journeys to Jerusalem, printed for Nathaniel Crouch, London, 1704.

  UNWIN, GEORGE, Studies in Economic History, Royal Economic Society, 1927, chap. V, “The Merchant Adventurers’ Company in the Reign of Elizabeth.”

  WILLIAMSON JAMES A., Maritime Enterprise, 1485–1558, Oxford. 1913. The Age of Drake, London, 1938.

  WOOD, ALFRED C., A History of the Levant Company, Oxford University, 1935.

  Notes to Chapter VI

  this page “Stirrers abroad.”—Epistle Dedicatorie, Hakluyt, I, xviii.

  this page Purchas on pilgrimages.—Purchas, IX, 478.

  this page Ascribing sanctity to a place is Jewish.—Purchas, VIII, 19.

  this page “Divers tall ships of London.…”—Hakluyt’s “The Antiquitie of the trade with English ships into the Levant,” from Voyages and Travels, ed. C. R. Beazley, 2 vols., II, 181.

  this page Knolles on Lepanto.—Generall Historie of the Turkes, 1604, ed. Sir Paul Rycaut, 1700.

  this page Lafuente.—Quoted in Historians’ History of the World, IX, 475.

  this page Bonfires burned on news of Lepanto victory.—Holinshed, IV, 262.

  this page Lecky on defeat of the Armada.—History of Rationalism, II, 320.

  this page “Inquisition dogs.”—Tennyson’s “The Revenge.”

  this page Staper’s tombstone.—Rosedale.

  this page Walsingham.—State Papers Domestic, Elizabeth, Vol. CXLIV, No. 7.

  this page Charter of 1581.—Hakluyt, V, 192.

  this page Three mastifs and other gifts for the Sultan.—Ibid, 243.

  this page Nash on Harborne.—Wood.

  this page Levant Company’s earnings.—Hakluyt, V, 167–328, passim.

  this page Consulate opened at Aleppo.—Ibid.

  this page Cargo of “rawe silks.”—Rosedale.

  this page Cotton weaving in Lancashire.—Rowse, p. 147.

  this page Coffee drinking among the Turks.—Sandys in Purchas, VIII, 89–248.

  this page Venetian ambassador on Elizabeth.—Calendar State Papers, Vol. VIII, No. 994.

  this page Snowball hits the French ambassador.—Rowland.

  this page “Stipendiary of merchants.”—Wood.

  this page Barton’s whores.—Sanderson.

  this page “A most wicked people.”—Letter from Staper, State Papers Domestic, James I, Vol. XV, No. 4.

  this page “This happy Porte.”—Quoted in Rowland.

  this page Bacon’s Holy War.—Works, III, 477, eds. Spedding, Ellis, and Heath, 7 vols., London, 1857–74.

  this page Biddulph.—Purchas, VIII, 248.

  this page Heywood’s English Traveller.—Act I, Scene 1, Dramatic Works, 6 vols., London, 1879.

  this page Fynes Morison.—Itinerary, II, 1.

  this page Hakluyt on Jews.—Hakluyt, V, 271.

  Works Consulted for Chapter VII

  ARNOLD, MATTHEW, Culture and Anarchy, chap. IV, “Hebraism and Hellenism,” London, 1869.

  BARDSLEY, CHARLES W., Curiosities of Puritan Nomenclature, London, 1888.

  Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. VII, chap. VIII, “Scholars and Scholarship, 1600–60,” by Professor Foster Watson.

  CARLYLE, THOMAS, Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 3 vols., 1884, Boston.

  CROUCH, NATHANIEL (alias of Robert Burton), Two Journeys to Jerusalem and Memorable Remarks Upon the Ancient and Modern State of the Jewish Nation, etc., London, 1704, (first published 1683).

  FIRTH, SIR CHARLES, Cromwell’s Army, London, 1902. Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England, London, 1900.

  GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON, History of England, 1603–42, 10 vols., 1885–1900. History of the Great Civil War, 1642–49,4 vols., 1901. History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649–60, 3 vols., 3d ed., 1901.

  GRAETZ, HEINRICH, History of the Jews, Vol. V, chap. II, “Settlement of the Jews in England and Manasseh ben Israel.”

  MACAULAY, T. B., History of England, 5 vols., Philadelphia, 1861.

  MARSDEN., J. B., History of the Early Puritans to 1642, London, 1850.

  MASSON, D., Life of John Milton, 6 vols., Cambridge, 1859–80, index vol., 1894.

  MORLEY, JOHN, Life of Oliver Cromwell, 1900.

  NEAL, DANIEL, History of the Puritans, or the Rise, Principles and Sufferings of the Protestant Dissenters, 5 vols., new ed., London, 1822.

  OSTERMAN, NATHAN, The Controversy Over the Proposed Readmission of the Jews to England, Jewish Social Studies, July 1941.

  PATENKIN, DON, Mercantilism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, Jewish Social Studies, July 1946.

  PRYNNE, WILLIAM, A Short Demurrer to the J ewes Long Discontinued Barred Remitter into England, 1656.

  ROTH, CECIL, A History of the Marranos, Jewish Publishing Society of America, Philadelphia, 1947, chaps. IX and X, “The Dutch Jerusalem” and “Resettlement in England.” Life of Manasseh ben Israel, Philadelphia, 1934.

  SELBIE, W. B., “The Influence of the Old Testament on Puritanism” in The Legacy of Israel, eds. E. A. Bevan and C. Singer, 1927.

  TREVELYAN, GEORGE MACAULAY, England Under the Stuarts, rev. ed., London, 1938.

  WILLIAMS, ROGER, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution …, 1644, ed. E. B. Underhill, Hansard Knollys Society, London, 1848.

  WOLF, LUCIEN, Manasseh ben Israel’s Mission to Oliver Cromwell, Jewish Historical Society, London, 1901. Contain
s full text of The Hope of Israel, the Humble Address, and the Vindiciae Judaeorum.

  Notes to Chapter VII

  this page Cartwrights, The Petition of the Jews for the Repealing of the Act of Parliament for their Banishment Out of England, London, 1649.—Text in Patenkin, from a facsimile of the original in the Sutro Branch of the California State Library, San Francisco.

  this page Henry Jessey.—From A Narrative of the late proceedings at Whitehall concerning the Jews, 1655. Quoted by Osterman.

  this page Carlyle on “awful devout Puritanism.”—Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, I, 32.

  this page Cromwell “… with his Bible and his sword.”—From Macaulay’s poem, “The Battle of Naseby.”

  this page Bishop Sandys’ Indictment.—Marsden.

  this page “We fight the Lord’s battles.”—From a letter to Major-General Fortescue quoted by Firth in Oliver Cromwell.

  this page Macaulay on the Puritans.—His tory of England, I, chap. I, 71.

  this page Charles receives the threat, “To thy tents, O Israel!”—Gardiner, History of England, X, 142. This incident occurred on January 5, 1642, after the King’s frustrated attempt to arrest the five Members when he went to Parliament and found “the birds flown.” That was January 4. The next day he went to the City to procure an order for the surrender of the Members from the Common Council while the streets filled with rumors and crowds. On his return to Whitehall, after failing to obtain the order, multitudes surrounded his carriage shouting, “Privileges of Parliament!” and one bold man with red hair thrust into his coach the pamphlet with the inflammatory title, “To thy tents, O Israel!” As Gardiner says, “The allusion to Rehoboam’s deposition was one which Charles could not fail to understand.” According to some accounts the bold man was the journalist Henry Walker who had sat up with his printer the whole of the previous night writing the pamphlet, handing the sheets of the copy to the printer to be set up in type as fast as he finished them. No copy of the tract, however, survives. See J. G. Muddiman, Trial of King Charles the First, Edinburgh and London, n.d., pp. 15–16.

  this page Psalm to celebrate Naseby. Firth, Cromwell’s Army.

  this page Cunningham.—Listed under Chapter VI.

  this page Millenary Petition to James I.—Marsden, p. 252.

  this page Carlyle on the “last of all our heroisms.”—Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, I, chap. I, 1.

  this page Extremist sects practiced Judaism.—Wolf, Introduction, p. xxi.

  this page £500 for Rabbi’s Library.—Osterman.

  this page Leonard Busher.—Masson, III, 102.

  this page Bishop Hall on the fanatic sects.—Marsden.

  this page Council of Mechanics.—Wolf, Introduction, p. xix.

  this page Cromwell, “I would rather Mahometanism …”—Morley, p. 367.

  this page Sir Henry Finch.—Wolf, Introduction, p. xxi. Also DNB.

  this page Fuller on Finch.—A Pisgah—sight of Palestine, Book V, p. 194.

  this page Old Testament names.—Bardsley.

  this page Cowley’s play, Cutter of Coleman Street. — Cited by Bardsley.

  this page Ordinance on Hebrew and Greek.—Watson in Cambridge Lit.

  this page “Knit in Chaldee.”—The City Match, Mayne, 1639.

  this page Pools, Ussher, Seldon, Leigh.—Watson in Cambridge Lit.

  this page John Aubrey on Milton.—Masson.

  this page Pococke.—Watson in Cambridge Lit. Also DNB.

  this page Brett’s account.—Relation of the Great Council of the Jews in the Plains of Hungaria in 1650 to examine the Scriptures Concerning Christ, by S.B., an Englishman there present. In Crouch.

  this page Basic source material for Manasseh’s mission and the resettlement was collected by Lucien Wolf. See also Roth’s two books, and articles by Patenkin and Osterman.

  this page Cromwell’s motives.—Wolf, Introduction, p. xxx, Patenkin, Roth. Bishop Burnet in A History of His Own Times (1724) says that when Cromwell understood the Jews’ position in international trade, “he more upon that account, than in compliance with the principles of toleration, brought a company of them over to England and gave them leave to build a synagogue.”

  this page Oliver’s speech to the Barebone Parliament.—Carlyle, II, 322.

  this page Manasseh’s Humble Address.—Wolf.

  this page Reaction to petition.—Prynne. Also Edward Nicholas, An Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews and All the Sons of Israel, 1648. Israel’s Condition and Cause Pleaded; or some Arguments for the Jews Admission into England, by D.L., 1656. Quoted by Osterman. See also Wolf, pp. xli–xlvi.

  this page Whitehall Council.—Henry Jessey’s “A Narrative of the late Proceedings at Whitehall Concerning the Jews,” Harleian Miscellany, VII, 623. Also “The Proceedings about the Jews in England in the year 1655” in Crouch. Other sources for the membership and debates of the Council are the Thurloe State Papers, IV, 321 ff., and State Papers Domestic, 1, 76 (1655), passim. See Wolf, pp. xlvii–lv. Also Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, III, pp. 216–24.

  this page Cromwell’s speech.—The person who commented that this was the best speech Cromwell ever made was Sir Paul Rycaut, a former diplomatic agent of the Levant Company and editor of Knolles’ History of the Turks. See Wolf, p. liii, note 2.

  this page Readmission by “connivancy.”—The author of the phrase was a certain Robinson, in a letter contained in the State Papers Domestic which is quoted by Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, III, 221, note 3. William Godwin, while preparing his History of the Commonwealth, 1828, searched the records of the Bevis Marks Synagogue and found a cemetery lease dated 1656–57 indicating that the right of residence as practicing Jews, not as Marranos, was already acknowledged within a year of the Whitehall Council. See also Graetz, V, 49.

  this page Charles II and the Jews.—Roth, Wolf.

  Works Consulted for Chapter VIII

  BENN, A. W., History of English Rationalism in the 19th Century, 2 vols., 1906, Vol. I, chap. Ill, “The English Deists” and chap. IV, “The 18th Century.”

  BUNYAN, JOHN, The Pilgrim’s Progress.

  CROUCH, NATHANIEL. Listed under Chapter VII.

  FULLER, THOMAS, A Pisgah-sight of Palestine and the Confines thereof with a Historie of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon, London, 1650.

  GIBBON, EDWARD, Memoirs of My Life and Writings, 1795. Included in Vol. I of Decline and Fall, eds. Milman, Guizot, and Smith.

  LECKY, W. E. H., A History of England in the 18th Century, New York, 1883.

  MACAULAY, T. B., article “Bunyan,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.

  MAUNDRELL, HENRY, A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, a.d. 1697, Oxford, 1697.

  POCOCKE, RICHARD, Description of the East, 3 vols., folio, 1743–45.

  SHAW, THOMAS, Travels and Observations Relating to Several Parts of Barbary and the Levant, 1738.

  STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE, English Thought in the 18th Century, 2 vols., 1876.

  TREVELYAN, G. M., English Social History, A Survey of Six Centuries, illus. ed., 4 vols., London and New York, 1949–52.

  TYRON, RICHARD, Travels from Aleppo to the City of Jerusalem, Glasgow, 1790.

  Notes to Chapter VIII

  this page Trevelyan, “age of aristocracy and liberty.…”—Social History, III, chap. II, 47.

  this page Gibbon, “fat slumbers.”—From his Autobiography.

  this page Macaulay on Bunyan.—From Macaulay’s article, “Bunyan,” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., p. 806, b.

  Works Consulted for Chapter IX

  ALLISON, ARCHIBALD, History of Europe During the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 10 vols., Edinburgh and London, 1839, Vol. Ill, chap. XXV.

  BOURIENNE, Mémoires, 10 vols., Paris, 1829–32.

  BULWER, SIR HENRY LYTTON (later Lord Dalling), Life of Viscount Palmerston, 3 vols., 1870–74. Covers only the period up to 1846.

  BURCKHARDT, JOHN L
EWIS, Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, London, 1822.

  Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, eds. Ward and Gooch, 3 vols., 1922–23.

  CHATEAUBRIAND, RENE DE, Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem, Paris, 1811. English translation also 1811.

  GREVILLE, CHARLES C. F., The Greville Memoirs, 1814–60, 7 vols., plus index vol., eds. Lytton Strachey and Roger Fulford, London, 1938.

  GUEDALLA, PHILIP, Napoleon and Palestine (reprint of a lecture, 63 pp.), Jewish Historical Society, London, 1925. Palmerston, London, 1926.

  IRBY, CHARLES LEONARD, and JAMES MANGLES, Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Syria and the Holy Land, including a journey around the Dead Sea and through the country east of the Jordan, London, 1844.

  KINGLAKE, A. W., Eothen, London, 1844.

  KOBLER, FRANZ, “Napoleon and the Restoration of the Jews to Palestine” in New Judaea, August, October, November, and December 1940 and February 1941.

  LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE M. L., de Voyage en Orient, Vols. VI–VII of Oeuvres Complètes, 8 vols., Paris, 1842, in English translation, Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 1832–33.

  LECKY, W. E. H., History of England in the 18th Century, London, 1887.

  MARRIOTT, JAMES A. R., The Eastern Question, An Historical Study, 4th ed., Oxford, 1940.

  ROSE, J. HOLLAND, Life of William Pitt, 1923. Life of Napoleon I, 11th ed., London, 1934, chap. IX, “Egypt” and chap. X, “Syria.”

  ROSEBERY, EARL OF, Life of Pitt, London, 1898.

  SEETZEN, ULRICH, A Brief Account of the Countries Adjoining Lake Tiberias, the Jordan and the Dead Sea, London, 1813.

  TEMPERLEY, HAROLD W. V., England and the Near East: The Crimea, London, 1936. The subtitle is misleading. The book covers in minute detail the diplomatic history of the Eastern Question from 1830–54.

  TREVELYAN, GEORGE M., British History in the 19th Century, 1782–1901, London, 1922.

  Notes to Chapter IX

  this page Pitt and Catherine and Turkey.—Rose’s Pitt, chap. XXVI, pp. 585–606; Marriott, pp. 153–58; Temperley, pp. 43–46. See also Cambridge BFP, Vol. I, chap. I, “Pitt’s First Decade.”