Book Read Free

The Man Behind the Microchip

Page 57

by Leslie Berlin


  57. Noyce as Springsteen: family photo, ASB. Remote car starter: Miller Bonner, interview by author; “AutoCommand ’AutoCommand PLUS Remote Car Starter Installation Manual,” ASB.

  58. Noyce flying fighter jet: “Robert Noyce Flies the RF-4C, 7 September 1989, Bergstrom AFB, TX” [photo album], ASB. Kid in a candy store: Miller Bonner, interview by author.

  59. Noyce’s jottings: unlabeled pages appearing in file marked “RNN-Doodles!” ASB. Most fun he’d had since college: Jim Lafferty, interview by author.

  60. It amazed me: Wayne Higashi, interview by author. Higashi and Jim Lafferty, in their interviews with the author, are the sources for the mechanical transmission story.

  61. It gave me a great deal of confidence: Wayne Higashi, interview by author. A variant of the transmission with which Noyce helped is described in Frank A. Fritz and Paul B. Pires, “A Geared Infinitely Variable Transmission for Automotive Applications,” SAE [Society of Automotive Engineers] Technical Paper Series 910407, courtesy Wayne Higashi.

  62. Impacted calendar: Noyce 1989 datebook, ASB. Kick in the side of the head: Ann Bowers to Grant Gale, no date but envelope postmarked 14 Dec. 1988, GCA.

  63. How far do you have to reach: J.F. Welch, “Draper Prize,” [speech typescript], ASB. Noyce’s Draper comments: Noyce, notes for Draper speech, ASB. Gale thanking Noyce: Gale to Noyce, 2 March 1990, ASB.

  64. Increased funding: SEMATECH’s Efforts, 5, 26; Grindley, Mowery, and Silverman, SEMATECH and Collaborative Research, 16. SEMATECH contracts awarded: United States Government Accounting Office SEMATECH’s Efforts, 26. Previous year’s contracts: Advisory Council on Federal Participation in Sematech, SEMATECH 1990: Report to Congress, ES-4.

  65. We’re all customers: Robert Noyce, “SEMATECH and the National Agenda: Remarks Before SEMI/SEMATECH Members,” 24 May 1990, ST.

  66. He was up for hanging out: Ann Bowers, interview by author, 16 Aug. 2004.

  67. Description of the conversation with Brother Joseph: Ann Bowers, interview by author; Penny Noyce, interview by author.

  68. Conversation with Hwoschinsky: Paul Hwoschinsky, interview by author.

  69. Evening with Jobs: Steve Jobs, interview with author. Jobs recalls this evening taking place “about a week” before Noyce’s death. Noyce delivered a speech to members of SEMI-SEMATECH in San Mateo on 24 May 1990.

  70. Change their idols: Miller Bonner et al., “Robert N. Noyce, 1927–1990,” memorial brochure internally published by SEMATECH, ST.

  Conclusion

  1. Entered their memories of Noyce into the Congressional Record: these include Albert Gore, Joseph Lieberman, Alan Cranston, Norman Mineta, Richard Gephardt, Lloyd Bentsen, Don Edwards, Melvin Levine, Leon Panetta, Jake Pickle. (Congressional Record, House, 5 June and 6 June 1990; Congressional Record, Senate, 5 June 1990, 6 June 1990, 13 June 1990, 14 Sept. 1990; Congressional Record, Extension of Remarks, 6 June 1990, 11 June 1990, 13 June 1990, 14 June 1990.) National treasure: Dick Cheney to Ann Bowers, 14 June 1990 [stamped as received on that date], ASB. One of the few: D. Allan Bromley to Ann Bowers, 7 June 1990, ASB. Most powerful personal force: Stan Baker, “Industry Mourns Loss of a Leader,” Electronic Engineering Times, 11 June 1990. Create industrial revolution: Evelyn Richards, “In Noyce’s Passing, An Era Also Ends,” Washington Post, 5 June 1990. Transform twentieth century: Judy Mann, “The Best Role Models are Those Without Fame,” Washington Post, 8 June 1990. Apple tribute: ASB.

  2. Make sure we’re preparing: Noyce quoted in Karlgaard, “Bob Noyce Talks to Upside.”

  3. Maybe 100 components: Turner Hasty, interview by Evan Ramstad, 25 April 1997, courtesy Evan Ramstad. 90 million transistors per person: SIA Web site: http://sia-online.org/pre_facts.cfm

  4. NSF Robert Noyce Scholarship Program: Joan T. Prival to author, 25 Jan. 2005.

  Bibliography

  Arthur D. Little, Inc. “The Semiconductor Industry.” In Arthur D. Little, “Patterns and Problems of Technical Innovation in American Industry: Report to the National Science Foundation, September 1963.

  Aspray, William. “The Social Construction of the Microprocessor: A Japanese and American Story,” In Facets: New Perspectives on the History of Semiconductors, eds. Andrew Goldstein and William Aspray, 215–267. New Brunswick: IEEE Press, 1997.

  Association of Bay Area Governments. “Silicon Valley and Beyond: High Technology Growth for the San Francisco Bay Area.” Working Papers on the Region’s Economy, No. 2.

  Bassett, Ross Knox. To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-Up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

  Beyer, Janice M., and Larry D. Browning “Transforming an Industry in Crisis: Charisma, Routinization, and Supportive Cultural Leadership,” Leadership Quarterly 10 (Spring 1999): 483–520.

  Borrus, Michael, James Millstein, and John Zysman. U.S.-Japanese Competition in the Semiconductor Industry: A Study in International Trade and Technological Development. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1982.

  Borrus, Michael. Competing for Control: America’s Stake in Microelectronics. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988.

  Braun, Ernest, and Stuart Macdonald, Revolution in Miniature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

  Browning, Larry D., and Judy C. Shetler. SEMATECH: Saving the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 2000.

  Burgelman, Robert A. “Fading Memories: A Process Study of strategic Business Exit in Dynamic Environments.” Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (1994): 24–56.

  Burgelman, Robert A., Dennis L. Carter, and Raymond S. Bamford. “Intel Corporation: The Evolution of an Adaptive Organization.” Stanford Graduate School of Business Case SM65. Stanford University, 1999.

  Bygrave, William D., and Jeffry A. Timmons. Venture Capital at the Crossroads. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.

  Bylinsky, Gene. The Innovation Millionaires: How they Succeed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976.

  Caddes, Carolyn. Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Palo Alto: Tioga Publishing, 1986.

  Campbell-Kelly, Martin, and William Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Age. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

  Cannon, Lou. Reagan. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982.

  Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. “The Information Age in Historical Perspective.” Introduction to Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and James W. Cortada, eds. A Nation Transformed by Information: How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present, 3–38, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  Cheape, Charles W. Strictly Business: Walter Carpenter at Du Pont and General Motors. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

  Chemers, Martin M., and Roya Ayman, eds. Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993.

  Cortada, James W. The Computer in the United States: From Laboratory to Market. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.

  Cringley, Robert. Accidental Empires: How the Boys of Silicon Valley Make Their Millions, Battle Foreign Competition, and Still Can’t Get a Date. New York: Addison Wesley, 1992.

  Davidow, William H. Marketing High Technology: An Insider’s View. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

  Davis, Gordon B. Introduction to Electronic Computers. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.

  Doerflinger, Thomas M., and Jack L. Rivkin. Risk and Reward. New York: Random House, 1987.

  Drucker, Peter. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. London: William Heinemann, 1985.

  Electronic Market Data Book: 1981 Edition. Electronic Industries Association: 1981.

  Findlay, John. Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

  Florida, Richard L., and Martin Kenney, “Venture capital-financed innovation and technological change in the USA.” Research Policy 17 (1988), 119–137.

  Fre
ear, John, Jeffrey E. Sohl, and William E. Wetzel. “Angels: Personal Investors in the Venture Capital Market.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 7 (1995), 85–94.

  Gompers, Paul A. “The Rise and Fall of Venture Capital.” Business and Economic History (Vol. 23, No. 2, 1992): 1.

  Greenwood, Ronald G. “Management by Objectives: As Developed by Peter Drucker, Assisted by Harold Smiddy.” The Academy of Management Review, April 1981, 225–230.

  Grindley, Peter, David C. Mowery, and Brian Silverman. SEMATECH and Collaborative Research: Lessons in the Design of High-Technology Consortia. CCC Working Paper No. 93-21, January 1994. Consortium on Competitiveness and Cooperation, University of California at Berkeley Center for Research Management.

  Hanson, Dirk. The New Alchemists: Silicon Valley and the Microelectronics Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1982.

  Hayes, Dennis. Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era. Boston: South End Press, 1989.

  Heenan, David A., and Warren Bennis. Co-Leaders: The Power of Great Partnerships. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.

  Hersey, Paul. The Situational Leader. New York: Warner Books, 1984.

  Hodges, David A. “Large-Capacity Semiconductor Memory.” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 56, No. 7, July 1968, 1148.

  Hoerner, Andrew J., ed. The Capital Gains Controversy: A Tax Analysts Reader. Arlington, Va.: Tax Analysts, 1992.

  Holbrook, Daniel. “Diversity, Complementarity, and Cooperation: Materials Innovation in the Semiconductor Industry.” In Facets: New Perspectives on the History of Semiconductors, ed. Andrew Goldstein and William Aspray, 75–134. New Brunswick: IEEE Press, 1997.

  Hughes, Thomas. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970. New York: Viking, 1989.

  Irwin, Douglas A. “Trade Politics and the Semiconductor Industry.” NBER [National Bureau of Economic Research] Working Paper 4745.

  Jackson, Peter. The Chip. New York: Warwick Press, 1985.

  Jackson, Tim. Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Chip Company. New York: Dutton, 1997.

  Jacobson, Yvonne. Passing Farms, Enduring Values: California’s Santa Clara Valley. Los Altos: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1984.

  Jelinek, Mariann, and Claudia Bird Schoonhoven. The Innovation Marathon: Lessons From High Technology Firms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1993.

  Johnson, Chalmers. “Introduction: The Idea of Industrial Policy.” In The Industrial Policy Debate, ed. Chalmers Johnson, 3–26. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1984.

  Jones, Alan. Pioneering: A Photographic and Documentary History of Grinnell College. Grinnell, Iowa: Grinnell College, 1996.

  Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

  Langlois, Richard N., and W. Edward Steinmueller. “The Evolution of Competitive Advantage in the Semiconductor Industry, 1947–1996.” In Sources of Industrial Leadership, Studies of Seven Industries, ed. David C. Mowery and Richard R. Nelson, 19–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

  Lazonick, William, and Johnathan West. “Organizational Integration and Competitive Advantage: Explaining Strategy and Performance in American Industry.” In Technology, Organization, and Competitiveness: Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change, ed. Giovanni Dosi, David J. Teece, and Josef Chytry, 247–288, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Lee, Chong-Moon, William F. Miller, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowen, “The Silicon Valley Habitat.” In The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ed. Chong-Moon Lee, William F. Miller, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowen, 1–15. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.

  Leslie, Stuart W. The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

  ———. “How the West Was Won: The Military and the Making of Silicon Valley.” In William Aspray, ed., Technological Competitiveness: Technological and Historical Perspectives on the Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Industries. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE Press, 1993.

  Leslie, Stuart W., and Robert H. Kargon, “Electronics and the Geography of Innovation in Post-War America,” History and Technology, Vol. 11, 1994, 217–231.

  Levin, Richard. “The Semiconductor Industry.” In Government and Technical Progress: A Cross-Industry Analysis, ed. Richard R. Nelson, 9–100. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982.

  Livesay, Harold C. “Entrepreneurial Dominance in Businesses Large and Small, Past and Present.” Business History Review 63. Spring 1989.

  Lowen, Rebecca. Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997): 130.

  Malone, Michael S. The Big Score: The Billion Dollar Story of Silicon Valley. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985.

  Malone, Michael. The Microprocessor: A Biography. Santa Clara, Calif.: TELOS, 1995.

  Margaret B. W. Graham, The Business of Research: RCA and the VideoDisc. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

  Marksuen, Ann, Peter Hall, Scott Campbell, Sabina Deitrick. The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

  Markusen, Ann, Peter Hall, and Amy Glasmeier. High-Tech America: The What, How, Where, and Why of the Sunrise Industries. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986.

  McCraw, Thomas K. “Schumpeter Ascending.” American Scholar 60. Summer 1991: 371–392.

  ———. From Partners to Competitors: An Overview of the Period Since World War II. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986.

  McCraw, Thomas K., and Jeffrey L. Cruikshank. The Intellectual Venture Capitalist: John H. McArthur and the Work of the Harvard Business School, 1980–1995. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

  McKenna, Regis. Relationship Marketing: Successful Strategies for the Age of the Customer. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

  ———. Real Time: Preparing for the Age of the Never Satisfied Customer. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.

  ———. The Regis Touch: Million-Dollar Advice from America’s Top Marketing Consultant. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1985.

  Moritz, Michael. The Little Kingdom: The Private Story of Apple Computer. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1984.

  Mundo, Philip A. “The Semiconductor Industry Association.” In Interest Groups: Cases and Characteristics, 41–66. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1992.

  Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind: A Biography of John Forbes Nash. New York: Touchstone, 1998.

  O’Mara, Margaret. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.

  Okimoto, Daniel I., Henry S. Rowen, and Michael J. Dahl. The Semiconductor Competition and National Security: A Special Report of the Northeast Asia-United States Forum on International Policy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.

  Okimoto, Daniel I., Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein. Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.

  Ozaki, Robert S. “How Japanese Industrial Policy Works. In The Industrial Policy Debate, ed. Chalmers Johnson, 47–70. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1984.

  Palfreman, Don, and Doron Swade. The Dream Machine: Exploring the Computer Age. London: BBC Books, 1993.

  Parks, Martha Smith. Microelectronics in the 1970s. Rockwell International Corporation, 1974.

  Patterson, James T. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  Pitti, Stephen J. The Devil in Silicon Valley: Northern California, Race, and Mexican Americans. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.

  Preer, Robert W. The Emergence of Technopolis: Knowledge Intensive Technologies and Regional Development. New York: Praeger, 1992.

  Prestowitz, Clyde. Trading Places: How We
Allowed Japan to Take the Lead. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

  Real, Mimi. “A Revolution in Progress: A History of Intel To Date,” 1984. Available from Intel.

  Reid, T. R. The Chip: How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.

  Riordan, Michael, and Lillian Hoddeson. Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997.

  Rogers, Everett M., and Judith K. Larsen. Silicon Valley Fever: Growth of High-Technology Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

  Rostky, George. “Thirty Who Made A Difference,” courtesy George Rostky.

  Saxenian, Annalee. “Silicon Chips and Spatial Structure: The Industrial Basis of Urbanization in Santa Clara County, California,” Berkeley Institute of Urban and Regional Development Working Paper 345.

  ———. “The Genesis of Silicon Valley,” in Silicon Landscapes, ed. Peter Hall and Ann Markusen, 20–34. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1985.

  ———. “Contrasting Patterns of Business Organization in Silicon Valley,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 10, 377–391.

  ———. “In Search of Power: The Organization of Business Interests in Silicon Valley and Route 128” Economy and Society, Vol. 18, February 1989, 25–70.

  ———. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.

  Schaeffer, Dorothy. “Management by Objectives.” Supervision, July 1978, 4.

  Schoonhoven, Claudia Bird. “High Technology Firms: Where Strategy Really Pays Off.” Columbia Journal of World Business, Winter 1980, 5–16.

  Schumpeter, Joseph. The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Translated by Redvers Opie. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.

  Seidenberg, Philip. “From Germanium to Silicon: A History of Change in the Technology of the Semiconductors.” In Facets: New Perspectives on the History of Semiconductors, eds. Andrew Goldstein and William Aspray, 35–74. New Brunswick: IEEE Press, 1997.

 

‹ Prev