Twilight of the Gods
Page 109
34. Fenoglio, Y3C, “This I Remember,” accessed April 21, 2019, https://dd803.org/crew/stories-from-the-crew/melvin-fenoglio-account.
35. Ronald D. Salmon, oral history, p. 110; John C. Munn, oral history, p. 81.
36. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 419.
37. Ibid, p. 417.
38. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 83.
39. J. Bryan III diary, April 11, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 121.
40. Phelps Adams, “Attack on Carrier Bunker Hill,” New York Sun, June 28, 1945, article reprinted in Reporting World War II, Part 2, p. 757.
41. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945, A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945, p. 14.
42. Phelps Adams, “Attack on Carrier Bunker Hill,” New York Sun, June 28, 1945; article reprinted in Reporting World War II, Part 2, p. 759.
43. Marc Mitscher quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 417.
44. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, p. 27, Naval War College Archives.
45. Dr. David Willcutts, “Reminiscences of Admiral Spruance,” p. 8, Manuscript Item 297, Naval War College Archives.
46. A “ghastly huge crater” is Dr. Willcutts’s description. Willcutts, “Reminiscences of Admiral Spruance,” p. 8, Manuscript Item 297, Naval War College Archives.
47. Letter, Raymond Spruance to Charles J. Moore, May 13, 1945, NHHC Archives, Raymond Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.
48. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 293; Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 223.
49. Bill Pierce quoted in James Holland, “The Battle for Okinawa: One Marine’s Story,” BBC History Magazine and BBC World Histories Magazine, accessed May 2, 2019, https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/the-battle-for-okinawa-one-marines-story/.
50. William Manchester, “The Bloodiest Battle of All,” New York Times, June 14, 1987.
51. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 278.
52. Ibid., p. 253.
53. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 59.
54. Ibid., p. 67.
55. Ibid., p. 83.
56. Ushijima quoted in Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 162.
57. Nimitz: “It is my view that in OLYMPIC the country will be best served if Spruance controls the amphibious phases which require meticulous planning while Halsey is employed in offensive covering operations. . . . Thus each will be employed in the field in which he is best qualified.” CINCPAC to COMINCH, Message 0226, April 5, 1945, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3078. King replied: “I agree with your view that this command should be Fifth Fleet team of Spruance and Turner.” Message 1921, April 9, 1945, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3079.
58. Third Fleet War Diary, June 4, 1945, p. 7.
59. Roy L. Johnson account, Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, pp. 245–46.
60. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 60.
61. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 308.
62. Third Fleet War Diary, June 4, 1945, p. 7.
63. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 60.
64. Time magazine, July 23, 1945.
65. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 236.
66. Thomas McKinney quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 86.
67. “Japanese Radio Plan,” pp. 1–2, “Weekly Plan for Psychological Warfare, April 28, 1945.” Office of Military Secretary to Commander Chief, U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific, Hoover Institution Archives, Bonner Fellers Papers.
68. Appendix, “Inducement to Surrender of Japanese Forces,” Combined Chiefs of Staff, Anglo-American Outline Plan for Psychological Warfare Against Japan, Reference A, CCS-539 Series, p. 10, Hoover Institution Archives, Bonner Fellers Papers.
69. Frank B. Gibney’s commentary in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 199.
70. Masahide Ota quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 61.
71. Kikuko Miyagi, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, pp. 357–58.
72. The leaflet is reproduced in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, illustrations insert after p. 70.
73. Norris Buchter quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 67.
74. John Garcia, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 23.
75. Charles Miller quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 73.
76. Lewis Thomas account in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, pp. 241–42.
77. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 135.
78. Ibid., p. 137.
79. Ibid., p. 136.
80. Quoted in Appleman, et al., Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 463.
81. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 136.
82. Masahide Ota, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 369.
83. Kikuko Miyagi, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 358.
84. Ibid., p. 360.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., p. 362.
87. Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, p. 410, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks.
88. Huie, From Omaha to Okinawa, p. 214.
89. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 209.
90. “The World War II Memoirs of John Vollinger,” http://www.janesoceania.com/ww2_johann_memoirs/index.htm.
91. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 282.
92. Huber, Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945, p. 122.
93. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 162.
Chapter Fifteen
1. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, p. 218.
2. Brown, “Aide to Four Presidents,” American Heritage, February 1955, Vol. 6, Issue 2.
3. Truman diary, June 1, 1945.
4. William D. Leahy diary, April 12, 1945, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD; Adams, Witness to Power, p. 283.
5. Leahy, I Was There, p. 347.
6. Forrestal diary, entries dated May 1, 12, & 29, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 52–66.
7. Wedemeyer to Marshall, May 1, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3220.
8. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 109.
9. Statement Released to the Press, SWPA Headquarters, February 16, 1944; RG-4, Reel 612, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
10. MacArthur to Marshall, April 21, 1945, #1920, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3212.
11. CINCPAC to COMINCH, #0230, April 5, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3073.
12. Messages between Nimitz and MacArthur, April 7–8, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, pp. 3077–78.
13. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, April 10, 1945, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
14. Nimitz to King, May 17, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3229.
15. Layton, “And I Was There,” p. 484.
16. Nimitz to King, April 13, #2346, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3203.
17. Leahy, I Was There, p. 370.
18. Marshall to MacArthur, April 4, 1945, War Department #63196; RG-30, Reel 1007, radio files, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
19. Nimitz to MacArthur, May 26, 1945, #0552, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3233.
20. MacArthur to Nimitz, May 25, 1945, #1102, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, pp. 3141–42.
21. Marshall to King, memorandum dated May 22, 1945, NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60, Folder 20.
22. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 261.
23. Frank, Downfall, p. 98.
24. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
25. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 5.
26. Ibid., p. 20.
27. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 75, USSBS No. 378, Admiral Soemu Toyoda.
28. Reports of General MacArthur, The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Vol. 1, p. 402.
29. Shillony, Politics and Culture
in Wartime Japan, p. 82.
30. Reports of General MacArthur, The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Vol. 1, p. 403.
31. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 64.
32. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 13.
33. Lockwood and Adamson, Hellcats of the Sea, p. 40.
34. Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) scores cited in Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, pp. 274–75, 285–86.
35. James Fife, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 452, Vol. 2, p. 415.
36. Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, pp. 249–50.
37. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 103.
38. Smith, “Payback: Nine American Subs Avenge a Legend’s Death,” World War II Magazine, 10/24/2016, accessed August 22, 2018, http://www.historynet.com/uss-wahoo-vengeance.html.
39. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 863.
40. Ostrander, “Chaos at Shimonoseki,” Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 73, No. 532, June 1947, p. 652.
41. USSBS, The Offensive Mine Laying Campaign Against Japan, p. 2.
42. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 99.
43. Third Fleet War Diary, July 10, 1945.
44. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 312.
45. Third Fleet War Diary, July 14, 1945.
46. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 62.
47. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 257.
48. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 442.
49. Arthur R. Hawkins account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 273.
50. Ibid.
51. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 62.
52. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 465.
53. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 312.
54. “Halsey Ridicules Japanese Power,” New York Times, June 4, 1945.
55. Wukovits, Admiral “Bull” Halsey, p. 232.
56. Time magazine, Vol. 46, No. 4, July 23, 1945.
57. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, pp. 443–44.
58. Office of War Information, Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, Special Report No. 5, “Current Psychological and Social Tensions in Japan,” June 1, 1945, p. 5, Hoover Institution Archives, Office of War Information, Box 3, “Reports on Japan, 1945.”
59. Leaflet 36J6, Leaflet File No. 2, Box 2, Bonner Fellers Papers, Hoover Archives.
60. Williams, “Paths to Peace: The Information War in the Pacific, 1945,” p. 4, Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA, accessed November 4, 2018, https://www.cia.gov/library.
61. Leaflet entitled “What Can Be Done Against Overwhelming Odds?,” Leaflet File No. 2, Box 2, Bonner Fellers Papers, Hoover Archives.
62. “The Reaction of Japanese to Psychological Warfare,” p. 6, Annex 26, Report of SWPA Headquarters, “Psychological Effect of Leaflets,” RG-4, MacArthur Archives.
63. Davis and Price, War Information and Censorship, p. 20.
64. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Vol. 2, 740.00119 PW/7–2245: Telegram No. 1243, The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of State, July 22, 1945.
65. Zacharias, Secret Missions, p. 358.
66. Interview with George C. Marshall, by Forrest C. Pogue Jr., February 11, 1957, George C. Marshall Foundation Collections.
67. Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, p. 146.
68. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 10–11.
69. “Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting,” Thursday, 31 May 1945, accessed September 2, 2018, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb.
70. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 51.
71. “Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting,” Thursday, 31 May 1945, accessed September 2, 2018, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb.
72. “Address Before the Cleveland Public Affairs Council,” February 5, 1943, in Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. 2, p. 1398.
73. Joseph C. Grew to Randall Gould, ed., Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury, April 14, 1945, in Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. 2, p. 1420.
74. Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. 2, p. 1424.
75. King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, p. 598.
76. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 261.
77. King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, p. 598; Forrestal diary, entry dated July 28, 1945, and additional references to a 1947 conversation with Eisenhower, undated, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 78.
78. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 210.
79. Walter Brown diary quoted in Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 158.
80. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 130.
81. Churchill to Eden, July 23, 1945, meeting “minute,” in Alperovitz and Tree, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 271.
82. Trinity Test observer instructions quoted in Laurence, Dawn Over Zero, p. 7.
83. No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, p. 1367, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Vol. 2.
84. Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell quoted in No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, p. 1365, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
85. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 25.
86. No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, Encl. 4, “Thoughts by E. O. Lawrence,” p. 1369, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
87. Kistiakowsky quoted in Laurence, Dawn Over Zero, p. 10.
88. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 25.
89. H. D. Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, Appendix 6: War Department Release on New Mexico Test, July 16, 1945, p. 250.
90. No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, Encl. 3, p. 1368, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
91. No. 1303, Acting Chairman of the Interim Committee (Harrison) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 16 July 1945, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
92. Stimson diary, July 21, 1945, accessed September 23, 2018, www.doug-long.com/stimson8.htm.
93. Stimson diary, July 22, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 222–23.
94. MAGIC Diplomatic Summaries Nos. 1204 & 1205, July 12–13, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 278–79.
95. MAGIC Diplomatic Summary No. 1206, July 14, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 282.
96. MAGIC Diplomatic Summaries Nos. 1208 & 1212, July 16–20, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 282–84.
97. MAGIC Diplomatic Intercept No. 1225, August 2, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 287.
98. Ralph Bard, “Memorandum on the Use of S-1 Bomb,” June 17, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 209.
99. The Scientific Panel, Interim Committee, “Recommendation on the Immediate Use of Nuclear Weapons,” June 16, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 201.
100. Memorandum for General Arnold, July 24, 1945, Document B18, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 258.
101. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Memorandum to the President, July 17, 1945, Document B17, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 257.
102. Henry L. Stimson diary, July 24, 1945, Stoff et al., eds., The Manhattan Project, p. 214.
103. U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chi
ef of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, TS Manhattan Project File ’42 to ’46, Folder 5B, “Directives, Memos, Etc. to and from C/S, S/W, etc.”
104. Truman diary, June 25, 1945.
105. Memorandum from Major J. A. Derry and Dr. N. F. Ramsey to General L. R. Groves, May 10–11, 1945, accessed September 14, 2018, https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/target-committee-recommendations.
106. Truman, Year of Decision, p. 421.
107. Document A45, “The Potsdam Declaration,” July 26, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 226.
108. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 166.
109. Yomiuri Shinbun headline quoted in Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 167.
110. Suzuki quoted in Yomiuri Shinbun account, Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, pp. 167–68.
111. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman, p. 215.
112. Sourced to assistant naval aide George Elsey: Adams, Witness to Power, p. 298.
113. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, pp. 159–60.
114. Arnold to Marshall, Joint Chiefs of Staff, June 17, 1945, RG-30, Reel 1007, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
115. LeMay quoted in Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 157.
116. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 132.
117. Ibid.
Chapter Sixteen
1. Phillip Morrison quoted in Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 681.
2. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 49.
3. Sweeney, War’s End, Foreword, p. i.
4. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 318.
5. Julian Ryall, “Hiroshima Bomber Tasted Lead After Nuclear Blast, Rediscovered Enola Gay Recordings Reveal,” The Telegraph (UK), August 6, 2018.
6. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 4; Interview with crew of Enola Gay, October 1962, Unknown Collections: 509th Composite Group, https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/atomic-bombers.
7. Merle and Spitzer, We Dropped the A-Bomb, Introduction, p. 1.
8. Kelly, ed., The Manhattan Project, p. 330.
9. Stiborik quoted in Patricia Benoit, “From Czechoslovakia to Life in Central Texas,” Temple Daily Telegram, August 23, 2015.
10. Yoshido Matsushige, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 391.