Twilight of the Gods
Page 116
Conical Hill, Okinawa, 624
Conrad, Joseph, 399
conscription, 415
contact exploder, 323–24
Cooper, Frankie, 784, 785
Cooper, USS, 389
Coral Sea, Battle of, 25, 26
CORONET, Operation, 645–46, 673
Corregidor, 15, 468
Corsair (F4U), 149, 378, 379, 560, 584, 586
Cosgrave, Francis J., 457
Cosgrave, L. Moore, 761–62
coup d’etat attempt (Kyu¯jo¯ Incident), 733–36
Covert, James, 786
Coward, Jesse, 251
Cowpens, USS, 169–70, 173, 398, 401
Craig, Edward, 500
“Cripple Division 1,” 169–70
Crommelin, Charlie, 483
Crosby, Bing, 788
cumulative operational strategies, 310, 333–34
cumulativists, sequentialists vs., 314–16
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, 416
Curtiss SB2C “Helldiver,” 99–100, 124, 218–22, 231, 422, 483, 561, 584–86
reduction of carrier complement, 378–80
Cutter, Slade, 333
CVEs (escort carriers), 104–5, 207, 239, 252, 261–67, 270, 280, 287. 290. 293–94, 368–69, 379, 417, 426, 565
CVLs (Independence-class light carriers), 101, 398
D4Y Suisei dive bomber, 225, 382, 561
Dace, USS, 213, 215–18, 351
Dale, USS, 102–3
Daly, USS, 255
Darter, USS, 213, 215–18, 220
Dashiell, USS, 393
Daspit, Dan, 324
Dauntless Dotty (B-29), 348
Davao Gulf, 122
Davies, James, 690–91
Davies, John H., 543
Davis, Arthur C., 618
Davis, Bill, 124, 167, 272, 421, 424
Davis, Elmer
and coverage of naval losses, 28
and FDR’s 1944 Pacific tour, 49
and King’s censorship of Savo Island naval losses, 27
and news coverage of Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, 28
and OWI, 24–25
on themes of propaganda messages late in war, 666
Davison, Ralph
Bonins raids, 119
and Franklin explosion during Japanese airstrike off Shikoku, 562
and Halsey’s pursuit of Northern Force, 240
in Palau, 123
and suicide attacks against Task Force 38.4, 370–71
and Task Force 58, 559
and Task Group 58.4, 115
DDT, 152–53
dead zones, 603
Deal, Bob, 285
Dealey, Sam, 333
defense-in-depth strategy, 474–75
“delousing,” 380
demobilization, 778–83
and attitudes in U.S. at late stages of WWII, 404–5
and concern for security consequences, 779–80
and fear of economic slump, 414
veterans’ readjustment to civilian life, 782–88
veterans without enough points for discharge, 788
Democratic National Convention (Chicago, 1944), 46–50
Denver, USS, 254, 257, 384
“depression psychosis,” 414
Derevyanko, Kuzma, 756, 758
Desposito, 390–91
Destroyer Squadron 54, 251
Destroyer Squadron 56, 253
DETACHMENT, Operation, 486, 496; See also Iwo Jima
Detroit, 408–9
Dewey, Thomas, 46
and election of 1944, 38–39, 203, 410, 411
and MacArthur’s candidacy in 1944 presidential race, 41, 42
charge that politics had guided allocations in Pacific, 42
two-theater command setup as election issue, 369
Dewey, USS, 397, 400
Deyo, Morton L., 568, 581, 598, 599
Dickins, Randolph, Jr., 413
Diller, LeGrande “Pick,” 32–34, 36–37, 40
Dinah Might (Superfortress), 505
diplomacy, 183–85
Dirty Tricks Department, 114, 120–21, 127–28, 171, 242, 300, 308, 314, 626, 750; See also Third Fleet
discharge, of U.S. servicemen, 778–79; See also demobilization
discharge points, 780, 788
Disney, Walt, 96
divorce rate, postwar, 785
Domei News Agency, 703, 725, 726, 757
Donitz, Karl, 180
Doolittle, James, 720
Doolittle Raid (April 1942), 162, 300, 342, 347, 480, 528, 720
Dos Passos, John, 455, 536–37
Douglas, William O., 48
Douglas Aircraft Company, 61, 74, 79, 416, 488, 520, 780, 788
Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 61, 520
Douglas Skymaster “Flying Ambulance,” 488, 512
DOWNFALL, Operation, 645–48, 674, 681
Doyen, USS, 433
draft inductions, 415
Drake, Waldo, 21–22, 81
Dresden, 541, 542
dual-command arrangement, 305–6
DuBose, Laurance T., 173, 291
Dugway Proving Ground (Utah), 540
Dulles, Allen, 654n
Dunn, William J., 19, 444–46, 455, 601, 754
Dyer, Tom, 795n55
“dying well,” 299
E46 cylindrical finned bomb, 540–41
Early, Stephen T., 5, 8, 46, 81
East China Sea, xvim, 318–19, 331, 333, 565, 577–81, 587m, 605, 631m, 636, 646m, 789
Eastern Army, 733, 736
E-base, 418–19
Echizen Maru (Japanese fuel tanker), 332
E Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, 495, 507
economy, U.S., 313, 404, 407, 413–15, 769, 773, 783
Eden, Anthony, 675
Edwards, Richard S., 538
Eichelberger, Robert L.
and CORONET, 645
on Leyte conditions since invasion, 385
at Luzon, 433, 442
and MacArthur’s account of Honolulu conference, 70
and MacArthur’s candidacy in 1944 presidential race, 40, 41
on MacArthur’s declaration of victory on Luzon, 449
and MacArthur’s public relations strategy, 34–35, 38
and opposition to CAUSEWAY, 92
on resistance to Eighth Army in Japan during occupation, 767
unloading of supplies at Leyte, 364
Eighth Army
and CORONET, 645
in Japan, 763
at Luzon, 433, 434, 442, 453
on Palawan Island, 469
resistance in Japan during occupation, 767
8th Cavalry Regiment, 365
81st Infantry Division (“Wildcats”), 133, 143, 150, 156–59
873rd Bomb Squadron, 525
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
1952 Iwo Jima visit, 518
Philippines investigation, 14–16
Quezon’s offer of payments to, 53
U.S. debate over USSR’s involvement in East Asian war, 674
warnings about premature expectations of German surrender, 415
Eldorado, USS, 487, 491, 496
election of 1940 (U.S.), 6
election of 1942 (U.S.), 17, 27, 28
election of 1944 (U.S.), 410–13
“Battle of the Statler Hotel,” 413
and debates over Pacific strategy, 77
Fala speech, 411–12
FDR’s nomination at Democratic National Convention, 49–50
FDR’s running mate selection, 47–48
FDR’s tour of Oahu, 68
kamikaze program and, 203
MacArthur and, 38–43
two-theater command setup as issue in, 369
11th Airborne Division, 755–56
at Atsugi Airbase, 749
Atsugi airlift, 753
at Luzon, 442, 448, 460
at Ormoc, 389, 390
elimination flying, 418–19
Ellis, Bill, 221, 222
&
nbsp; Embick, Stanley D., 51
Eniwetok, 54, 104, 105, 115, 116–17, 119, 159, 161, 39`
Enola Gay, 692–97
Enright, Joseph F., 350–59, 361–62
Enterprise, USS (CV-6)
and Bunker Hill kamikaze attack, 617
kamikaze attack, 618
at Kyushu, 559, 560
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 228–30
and Southern Force approach to Leyte, 220
and suicide attacks against Task Force 38.4, 370
entertainment business, 407–8
Erskine, Graves B., 92, 498, 508, 513, 514
escort carriers (CVEs), 104, 261–62, 261–65, 270
Espionage Act of 1917, 11
Essex, USS (CV-9), 167, 223–25
at Iwo Jima, 489
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 228, 229
suicide attacks against, 382
and Task Group 58.3, 115
and Yamato’s last sortie, 581
Essex air group, 581
Essex-class fleet carriers (CVs), 101, 107, 114, 118, 262, 267, 354, 628
Evans, Ernest E., 268, 269–70, 285, 286, 293
exhumation operations, 778
F4U Corsair, 149, 378, 379, 560, 584, 586
F-13 (photo reconnaissance plane), 347
Fahey, James J., 383, 384, 763, 764
Fala (FDR’s Scottish terrier), 48–49, 40, 48, 412
subject of “Fala speech,” 411–12
famine, 187
Fanshaw Bay, USS
and MAGIC CARPET, 791–92
Battle off Samar, 267, 283, 284, 287
suicide attack on, 289
Farragut-class destroyers, 399–400
“Fat Man” (plutonium bomb), 691, 709–16
FDOs (fighter director officers), 100, 580–81, 594, 598
Ferebee, Thomas, 694
Fermi, Enrico, 671, 676, 682
Fields, Thomas, 478
Fife, James, 656
Fifth Air Fleet (Japan), 52
air strategy for Ryukyus and East China Sea, 577–78
attacks on airfields used by, 596
kamikaze attack on Task Force 58 at Ulithi, 558–59
skirmishes before Okinawa invasion, 567
and Ugaki’s suicide, 742, 744
Fifth Air Force
and Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 35, 36
and Leyte Island, 365
at Luzon, 433
Mindanao bombings, 122
and Okinawa air defense, 629
Fifth Amphibious Corps (VAC), 54, 486–87, 497, 500, 504
Fifth Artillery Command (Japan), 576
5th Cavalry Regiment, 455
Fifth Fleet, 96–111, 429
command turnover at Okinawa, 626
new task group commanders, 115
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 51, 110–11, 277, 301
at Saipan, 54–56
Spruance and, 54–56, 107–11, 242, 301–2, 486, 565, 613, 619
Tang and, 332–33
“two-platoon” command, 112–13, 307, 626
5th Marine Division, 49, 485, 486, 487, 494, 504, 507
and FDR’s 1944 Pacific tour, 49
at Iwo Jima, 487, 504, 515
in Japan, 763
at Motoyama Plateau, 498
at Okinawa, 607
at Mt. Suribachi, 494
Fifth Naval Construction Brigade, 535
Fifteenth Fighter Group, 503–4
51st Seabee Battalion, 161
Fifty-Fifth Street Coach Yard (Chicago), 47
58th Bombardment Wing, 660
fighter director officers (FDOs), 100, 580–81, 594, 598
Finback, USS, 119
fireball, 697
firebombing, See incendiary bombing attacks
“Fireside Chat,” 9
firestorms, 697
First Air Fleet (Japan), 199
First Army (Japan), 654
1st Cavalry Division, 452
at Baliuag, 444–45
at Luzon, 443, 460
at Ormoc, 389
in Tokyo, 762–63
First Division (Japan), 366–68
First Far East Front, 706
First Japanese Infantry Division, 386–87, 389
1st Marine Division
amphibious landing on Peleliu, 134–39
and BELEAGUER, 789–90
and Hill 60, Okinawa, 607
on Okinawa, 590
Okinawa casualties (June 11–June 18, 1945), 632
and Okinawa command, 566
Okinawa landing, 569, 572
on Pavuvu, 130–32
on Peleliu, 128, 130, 150, 157
at Shuri Castle, 626
at Shuri Line, 605
First Mobile Force (Japan), 188, 213n, 218
1st Squadron, 9th Bombardment Group, 505
First Striking Force (Japan), 188, 213n
Fish, Hamilton, 38
503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, 468
509th Composite Group, 691, 709, 710, 713
511th Parachute Regiment, 442
Flanagan, Edward, 453
flash burns, 697
Flasher, USS, 333
flathatting, 423–24
Flatley, Jim, 241, 618
fleet oilers, 189
Fleming, Robert W., 432
FLINTLOCK, 106
“floating chrysanthemums” (Kikusui) attacks, 579, 593, 601, 608, 610
April 12 attack off Okinawa, 598–99
first attack off Okinawa, 580
radar picket vessels lost to, 596
Fluckey, Gene, 333
Flyboys (Bradley), 119
Flying Fish, USS, 658
food shortages, 176–78, 187, 765–66
FORAGER, Operation, 342
Ford Willow Run manufacturing complex (Ypsilanti, Michigan), 407
Formosa, 50, 54, 425; See also CAUSEWAY, Operation
Formosa, Air Battle of, 162–71, 174, 180, 192
Forrestal, James
court of inquiry on Halsey’s and McCain’s conduct during typhoon, 629
on demobilization, 780
and FDR memorial services, 600
and Halsey’s message on victory over Japanese fleet, 306
and Iwo Jima press coverage, 496, 518
and Japanese conditions of surrender, 727, 728
and merger of War and Navy Departments, 18, 496
and navy press coverage, 18, 109, 306, 496, 518
Oval Office meeting on strategy late in war, 673
at Red Beach, Iwo Jima, 496
significance of Mt. Suribachi on postwar defense establishment, 496
and Soviet ambitions in Far East, 643–44
“four-condition” response to Potsdam Declaration, 720–22
4th Marine Division
at Amphitheater, 507, 509
departure from Iwo Jima, 515
at Iwo Jima, 487, 504
Iwo Jima casualty rate among medical corpsmen, 492
and Iwo Jima landing, 492
at Motoyama Plateau, 498, 500
on northeast coast of Iwo Jima, 513
4th Marine Regimental Combat Team, 751–53
Fourth Air Army, Japan, 372–73
Fourteenth Air Force, 342
Fourteenth Division, Kwantung Army, 144–45
40th Division, 435, 438, 441
43rd Division, 435–36, 438
Forty-Seventh Sentai air group, 349
Forty-Fourth Independent Mixed Brigade (Japan), 625
498th Bombardment Group, 544
Fox, Charles, 278, 279
Frank, Anne, 745
Frank, Richard B., 649
Franklin, USS (CV-13)
attacked during operations off Shikoku, 561–62
Battle off Cape Engano, 272
damage from suicide attacks, 382
at Formosa, 168–69
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 229–30
and suicide attacks against Task Force 38.4, 370–71
&nb
sp; and Task Group 58.4, 115
Franks, USS, 263, 284, 580
Fraser, Sir Bruce, 432, 566, 758
“free speech” policy, Japanese, 179–80
Freligh, Bob, 230–31
Fujita, Iyozo, 373
Fukkaku Jinchi, 473
fukkaku (“honeycomb”) subterranean defensive position, 145, 475–76, 773–74
Fukudome, Shigeru, 164–66, 172, 174, 181
on decision to go to war, 771
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 228
and suicide attacks, 373
Fukuryus (“crawling dragons”) suicide divers, 195
Full House (weather plane), 693
Funato, Kazuyo, 549, 551
Funato, Yoshiaki, 549
Funkel, Walter K., 457
Fuso (Japanese battleship), 220, 247, 249, 251–53, 258, 259
Futaba School (Tokyo), 552
G4M bomber, 560, 567
Gadd, Peter, 248, 249
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 406
Galer, Robert E., 516
Gallup poll, 726
GALVANIC, Operation, 302, 648
Gambier Bay, USS, 204, 266, 283–87, 293
gamma rays, 697
Garcia, John, 634
Gardner, Matt, 559
Gehres, Leslie, 561, 562
Geiger, Roy S., 133
at Japanese surrender ceremony on Missouri, 758
and Okinawa command, 566
on Peleliu, 143, 150
transfer of Peleliu command to Mueller, 157
Genchi Shobun (“Local Disposal”), 448
Genda, Minoru, 523
gender roles, 784–85
Genju Shobun (“Harsh Disposal”), 448
Germany, 79, 158
air attacks on civilian populations, 541
alliance with Japan, 186, 311, 768, 770
defeat of, 414–15, 619, 645, 650, 665, 780
Dresden firebombing, 541
and potential to build atomic bomb, 667
Potsdam Conference, 655. 672, 675, 682
and precision bombardment, 347, 522
“stab in the back” myth after WWI, 83
war with Soviet Union, 184–86, 655
GI Bill, 782, 783, 788
Gilbert Islands, xviim, 94, 106, 133, 302, 486, 777
Girl Crazy (musical), 536
GNP (gross national product), 405–6
Goat Island, See Naval Torpedo Station
Grant, Ulysses S., 82–83
Grant, USS, 257
graves, 139, 147, 153, 213, 501, 505, 511, 552, 636, 700, 777–78
Graves Registration Service (GRS), 778
Great Artiste, The (instrument plane), 693–97, 710–12
Great Britain, 311, 541, 667–68, 675, 687, 703, 705, 733, 737, 768, 770
Great Kanto earthquake and fire (1923), 529, 550, 552
“Great Marianas Turkey Shoot,” 111, 124, 271
Green Beach, Iwo Jima, 489
Grew, Joseph C., 672–73, 682–83
Griswold, Oscar W., 433
Clark Field attack, 440–41
at Intramuros, 461
at Luzon, 438, 452
in Manila, 448–50
and Quezon Bridge, 447
gross national product (GNP), 405–6