The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735-1817

by Myron Magnet

  31Ferling, op. cit., pp. 146–48; Fischer, op. cit., pp. 110–11; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 258–59.

  32Chernow, op. cit., pp. 202–3.

  33Ibid., pp. 261–62; Fischer, op. cit., pp. 111–14; Ferling, op. cit., pp. 151–53.

  34GW to John Hancock, 8 September 1776 (LoA, p. 241).

  35GW to John Adams, 25 September 1798 (LoA, p. 1011).

  36Ferling, op. cit., p. 345.

  37Chernow, op. cit., p. 287.

  38Fischer, op. cit., p. 276.

  39GW, General Orders, 17 December 1777 (LoA, pp. 280–81).

  40Fischer, op. cit., pp. 77, 75.

  41Ibid., p. 46.

  42Ibid., pp. 63–65.

  43Ibid., pp. 117–19, 125–26, 129–30; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 264–65, 269; Ferling, op. cit., p. 187.

  44Fischer, op. cit., p. 133.

  45Ibid., pp. 129, 149–50; Chernow, op. cit., p. 265.

  46GW to Lund Washington, 10 December 1776 (LoA, p. 260); Ferling, op. cit., p. 154.

  47GW to Lund Washington, 10 December 1776 (LoA, pp. 259, 261).

  48GW to Lund Washington, 30 September 1776 (LoA, pp. 249–50).

  49GW to John Augustine Washington, 6 November 1776 (LoA, p. 256); Micah 4, v. 3–4.

  50Ferling, op. cit., pp. 168–69.

  51Paine, op. cit., pp. 55, 59, 58; Jack Fruchtman, Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls, Eight Windows, 1994), pp. 22–23, 27, 38–39.

  52Chernow, op. cit., pp. 270–71; Savas and Dameron, op. cit., p. 81.

  53Chernow, op. cit., p. 272.

  54Ibid., pp. 272–73; GW to John Hancock, 27 December 1776 (LoA, p. 262).

  55Ferling, op. cit., p. 176; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 274–76; Fischer, op. cit., pp. 203–5; GW to John Hancock, 27 December 1776 (LoA, p. 264).

  56Chernow, op. cit., pp. 276–77; Fischer, op. cit., pp. 235, 254–55.

  57Chernow, op. cit., p. 277; Fischer, op. cit., pp. 265, 267–68, 291.

  58Fischer, op. cit., pp. 270–73.

  59Ibid., p. 273.

  60GW to Lund Washington, 20 August 1775 (LoA, p. 184).

  61Fischer, op. cit., p. 6.

  62Ibid., pp. 293, 300–301, 307.

  63Ibid., p. 313.

  64Ibid., pp. 280–81, 315, 348.

  65Chernow, op. cit., pp. 280–81; Fischer, op. cit., pp. 316, 321.

  66Chernow, op. cit., pp. 281–83; Fischer, op. cit., p. 334.

  67GW to Henry Laurens, 31 January 1778 (LoA, p. 290).

  68Chernow, op. cit., pp. 301–5; Savas and Dameron, op. cit., pp. 129–33; Ferling, op. cit., p. 252.

  69David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 173; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 307–11; Ferling, op. cit., p. 256.

  70Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2002), pp. 81–82; James Thomas Flexner, Washington: The Indispensable Man (New York: Signet, 1974), pp. 108–9.

  71Savas and Dameron, op. cit., pp. 125–29, 145–51; Ferling, op. cit., pp. 214, 223, 232, 238.

  72Fischer, op. cit., pp. 146–47; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 313–14, 317–18; GW to Horatio Gates, 4 January 1778 (LoA, p. 287).

  73GW to Richard Henry Lee, 17 October 1777 (LoA, pp. 275–76).

  74GW to Thomas Conway, 5 November 1777 (LoA, p. 280); GW to Horatio Gates, 4 January 1778 (LoA, pp. 287–88).

  75Chernow, op. cit., pp. 317–20.

  76Ibid., pp. 374–75, 322.

  77Fischer, op. cit., pp. 72–73.

  78Chernow, op. cit., pp. 324–25; Ferling, op. cit., pp. 258, 274, 276.

  79GW to George Clinton, 16 February 1778 (LoA, p. 292).

  80Ferling, op. cit., p. 277.

  81GW to John Banister, 21 April 1778 (LoA, pp. 303–4).

  82Ferling, op. cit., p. 277.

  83Ibid., p. 280.

  84GW to Henry Laurens, 23 December 1777 (LoA, pp. 283–84).

  85Ferling, op. cit., p. 280.

  86Chernow, op. cit., pp. 330–31, 334.

  87Ibid., pp. 332–33; Ferling, op. cit., pp. 286–88; Flexner, op. cit., p. 118.

  88Chernow, op. cit., pp. 355–56; Ferling, op. cit., pp. 262–63; GW, General Orders, 5 May 1778 (LoA, p. 308).

  89Ferling, op. cit., pp. 126–67, 417; Barbara W. Tuchman, The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), pp. 177–78.

  90Ferling, op. cit., pp. 266, 269, 294, 299; Chernow, op. cit., p. 337.

  91Chernow, op. cit., pp. 339–44, 347–48; Savas and Dameron, op. cit., pp. 170–78.

  92GW to John Banister, 21 April 1778 (LoA, pp. 299–300).

  93GW to Gouverneur Morris, 4 October 1778 (LoA, p. 326).

  94Ferling, op. cit., p. 351.

  95GW to Lund Washington, 17 August 1779 (LoA, pp. 356–57).

  96GW to Gouverneur Morris, 4 October 1778 (LoA, p. 326); GW to Benjamin Harrison, 18 December 1778 (LoA, p. 333).

  97GW to Benjamin Harrison, 18 December 1778 (LoA, pp. 331, 333–34).

  98GW to James Warren, 31 March 1779 (LoA, p. 342).

  99GW to Benjamin Harrison, 25 October 1779 (LoA, p. 367).

  100Chernow, op. cit., p. 366; Ferling, op. cit., pp. 413, 399.

  101GW to Benjamin Harrison, 25 October 1779 (LoA, p. 367); Chernow, op. cit., p. 368.

  102GW to John Augustine Washington, 6 July 1780 (LoA, p. 380).

  103Ferling, op. cit., pp. 412–13.

  104GW to John Cochran, 16 August 1779 (LoA, p. 356); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 325–26.

  105GW to Joseph Jones, 31 May 1789 (LoA, p. 378).

  106GW to Benjamin Franklin, 20 December 1780 (LoA, p. 403); GW to Joseph Jones, 31 May 1789 (LoA, p. 378); GW, Circular to the State Governments, 18 October 1780 (LoA, pp. 399, 402); GW to William Fitzhugh, 22 October 1789 (LoA, p. 400); GW to John Laurens, 15 January 1781 (LoA, pp. 409–12).

  107GW to Joseph Reed, 28 May 1780 (LoA, pp. 374–76).

  108GW to William Fitzhugh, 22 October 1780 (LoA, p. 401); GW, Circular to the State Governments, 18 October 1780 (LoA, pp. 394, 397); GW to John Banister, 21 April 1778 (LoA, p. 303); GW to John Cadwalader, 5 October 1780 (LoA, p. 391).

  109GW to John Laurens, 15 January 1781 (LoA, pp. 410–11); Chernow, op. cit., p. 369.

  110GW to Henry Laurens, 14 November 1778 (LoA, p. 329).

  111Ferling, op. cit., p. 394.

  112Chernow, op. cit., pp. 349, 373.

  113GW to Benjamin Lincoln, 2 October 1782 (LoA, p. 472).

  114Ferling, op. cit., pp. 323–25.

  115Ibid., pp. 421, 423–25, 427.

  116Ibid., pp. 437–42.

  117Ibid., pp. 89, 452, 454–57, 462, 481–87, 498–99.

  118GW to Lund Washington, 30 April 1781 (LoA, pp. 420–21).

  119Ferling, op. cit., p. 504.

  120Ibid., pp. 499–500, 508, 517, 520.

  121Ibid., pp. 510–16, 566.

  122GW, Journal of the Yorktown Campaign (LoA, p. 428).

  123Ferling, op. cit., pp. 504–5.

  124GW, Journal of the Yorktown Campaign (LoA, pp. 442, 451).

  125Ferling, op. cit., pp. 524–25, 527; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 410, 412.

  126Ferling, op. cit., pp. 527–31.

  127Ibid., p. 532; GW, Journal of the Yorktown Campaign (LoA, p. 457).

  128Ferling, op. cit., p. 532.

  129Chernow, op. cit., p. 414.

  130Ferling, op. cit., pp. 532–33; Chernow, op. cit., p. 416.

  131Ferling, op. cit., pp. 533–54.

  132Chernow, op. cit., p. 415.

  133Ferling, op. cit., p. 534, Chernow, op. cit., pp. 413, 415.

  134Ferling, op. cit., pp. 534–35; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 416–17.

  135Ferling, op. cit., pp. 535–36; Tuchman, op. cit., p. 290.

  136Tuchman, pp. 537–38; Chernow, op. cit., p. 418.

  137Chernow, pp. 419–20, 429.

  138GW to James McHenry, 17 October 1782 (LoA, p. 476).

  139Ferling, op. cit., pp. 98, 238, 447–50.

  140Chernow, op. cit
., pp. 389–90; GW, Circular to New England State Governments, 5 January 1781 (LoA, pp. 406–7).

  141Chernow, op. cit., pp. 430, 433–34; LoA, pp. 1107–9.

  142GW to Alexander Hamilton, 12 March 1783 (LoA, p. 492).

  143GW, Speech to the Officers of the Army, 15 March 1783 (LoA, pp. 497–99); Chernow, p. 434.

  144Chernow, op. cit., pp. 435–36.

  145GW to Joseph Jones, 18 March 1783 (LoA, pp. 501–2).

  146Ferling, op. cit., pp. 558–59; GW, General Orders, 18 April 1783 (LoA, p. 513).

  147GW, General Orders, 4 July 1775 (LoA, p. 175); GW, Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States, 2 November 1783 (LoA, pp. 543–46).

  148Chernow, op. cit., pp. 451–52.

  149GW, Address to the New York Provincial Congress, 26 June 1775 (LoA, p. 174).

  150GW, Address to Congress on Resigning Commission, 23 December 1783 (LoA, p. 548); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 454–57, 461.

  CHAPTER 5: President Washington

  1GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 1 February 1784, in George Washington, Writings, John Rhodehamel, ed. (Library of America, 1997 [LoA]), pp. 553–54.

  2GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 4 April 1784 (LoA, pp. 558–59).

  3Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), pp. 466–67.

  4GW to Tench Tilghman, 24 March 1784 (LoA, pp. 555–56).

  5Robert F. Dalzell, Jr., and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, George Washington’s Mount Vernon (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 114–55, 120–23.

  6Benson J. Lossing, George Washington’s Mount Vernon (New York: Fairfax Press reprint, 1977), p. 153.

  7Robert F. Dalzell, Jr., and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, op. cit., pp. 113, 121; Allan Greenberg, George Washington Architect (London: Andreas Papadakis, 1999), pp. 72–77.

  8GW to William Fitzhugh, 15 May 1786 (LoA, p. 599).

  9GW to Arthur Young, 6 August 1786 (LoA, pp. 602–4).

  10Chernow, op. cit., pp. 465, 496.

  11GW to William Pearce, 6 October 1793 (LoA, p. 845).

  12GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 25 July 1785 (LoA, pp. 584–85); GW to William Fitzhugh, 15 May 1786 (LoA, pp. 598–99).

  13Chernow, op. cit., pp. 483–84.

  14GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 1 February 1784 (LoA, p. 553); GW to Alexander Hamilton, 4 March 1783 (LoA, pp. 489–90).

  15GW, Circular to State Governments, 8 June 1783 (LoA, pp. 518–20).

  16GW to William Gordon, 8 July 1783 (LoA, pp. 531–32).

  17GW to Benjamin Harrison, 18 January 1784 (LoA, p. 552).

  18GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1786 (LoA, p. 595).

  19GW to James Warren, 7 October 1785 (LoA, p. 592); GW to Benjamin Harrison, 10 October 1784 (LoA, pp. 562, 560); LoA, p. 1068.

  20GW to James Madison, 10 November 1786 (LoA, pp. 621–22); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 479–81; Ian W. Toll, Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), pp. 19–20.

  21James Madison to GW, 7 December 1786 (Madison LoA, p. 60).

  22Chernow, op. cit., p. 523.

  23GW to David Humphreys, 26 December 1786 (LoA, pp. 632–33); LoA, p. 1068.

  24GW to James Madison, 31 March 1787 (LoA, p. 648).

  25GW to Edmund Randolph, 28 March 1787 (LoA, pp. 644–45).

  26Chernow, op. cit., pp. 520–31.

  27Ibid., p. 537.

  28GW, Diary Entry, 17 September 1787 (LoA, p. 655).

  29GW to the Continental Congress, 17 September 1787 (LoA, pp. 654–55); GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 7 February 1788 (LoA, p. 668).

  30GW to Edward Newnham, 29 August 1788 (LoA, p. 695).

  31Ibid.

  32GW to Alexander Hamilton, 28 August 1788 (LoA, pp. 691–92); GW to the House of Representatives, 30 March 1796 (LoA, pp. 931–32).

  33GW to Bushrod Washington, 9 November 1787 (LoA, p. 661).

  34GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 7 February 1788 (LoA, pp. 668–69); GW, Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address, January 1789 (LoA, p. 710).

  35GW to Edward Newnham, 29 August 1788 (LoA, p. 695).

  36GW, First Inaugural Address, 30 April 1789 (LoA, pp. 732–33).

  37GW, First Annual Message to Congress, 8 January 1790 (LoA, p. 750).

  38GW, First Inaugural Address, 30 April 1789 (LoA, p. 733).

  39GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 19 June 1788 (LoA, pp. 684–85).

  40GW to Alexander Hamilton, 3 October 1788 (LoA, p. 697).

  41GW to Benjamin Harrison, 22 January 1785 (LoA, pp. 570–71).

  42GW to Edmund Randolph, 30 July 1785 (LoA, pp. 586–87).

  43GW to Alexander Hamilton, 3 October 1788 (LoA, p. 697).

  44GW to Benjamin Lincoln, 26 October 1788 (LoA, p. 700).

  45GW, Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address, January 1789 (LoA, pp. 704–5).

  46GW to Alexander Hamilton, 3 October 1788 (LoA, p. 697).

  47GW, Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address, January 1789 (LoA, p. 707).

  48GW to Catharine Macaulay Graham, 9 January 1790 (LoA, p. 752).

  49GW to Henry Knox, 1 April 1789 (LoA, p. 726); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 470–71; Trevor Colbourn, The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1965), pp. 52–53.

  50GW, First Inaugural Address, 30 April 1789 (LoA, pp. 730–31).

  51GW to Catharine Macaulay Graham, 9 January 1790 (LoA, p. 752).

  52GW to James Madison, 5 May 1789 (LoA, p. 734); GW to John Adams, 10 May 1789 (LoA, p. 738); GW to Catharine Macaulay Graham, 9 January 1790 (LoA, p. 754).

  53GW to John Adams, 10 May 1789 (LoA, pp. 736–77).

  54Arthur O. Lovejoy, Reflections on Human Nature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), pp. 197–207.

  55Chernow, op. cit., pp. 575–76, 579, 581; GW to David Stuart, 15 June 1790 (LoA, p. 762).

  56GW to Catharine Macaulay Graham, 9 January 1790 (LoA, p. 752).

  57GW to Gouverneur Morris, 13 October 1789 (LoA, p. 747); Carol Borchert Cadou, The George Washington Collection: Fine and Decorative Arts at Mount Vernon (Manchester, VT: Hudson Hills, 2006), pp. 140–41, 144–45, 127, 130–31; Chernow, op. cit., p. 617.

  58GW to Richard Conway, 4 March 1789 (LoA, p. 719); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 582–84.

  59Chernow, op. cit., pp. 562–63.

  60GW to David Humphreys, 20 July 1791 (LoA, p. 777); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 584, 608–9; R. N. Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), pp. 88–89.

  61Chernow, op. cit., p. 650.

  62Ibid., pp. 580–81.

  63Ibid., p. 370.

  64R. N. Smith, op. cit., p. 25.

  65Chernow, op. cit., p. 573.

  66GW to David Stuart, 15 June 1790 (LoA, p. 761).

  67GW to Alexander Hamilton, 29 July 1792 (LoA, p. 811); LoA, p. 1119; Thomas Jefferson to the President of the United States, 23 May 1792 (Jefferson LoA, p. 987); Alexander Hamilton, Speech in the Constitutional Convention on a Plan of Government, version recorded by Robert Yates, 18 June 1787 (Hamilton LoA, pp. 159, 165).

  68Chernow, op. cit., p. 620.

  69GW to David Humphreys, 20 July 1791 (LoA, p. 778).

  70GW to Thomas Jefferson, 15 March 1791 (LoA, p. 909).

  71GW to Lewis Nicola, 22 May 1782 (LoA, p. 469).

  72GW, Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address, January 1789 (LoA, p. 706).

  73R. N. Smith, op. cit., p. 79.

  74Thomas Jefferson, The Anas, 10 July 1792, in Thomas Jefferson, Writings, Merrill D. Peterson, ed. (Library of America, 1984), pp. 678–79.

  75Chernow, op. cit., pp. 677–78; GW to James Madison, 20 May 1792 (LoA, pp. 804–6).

  76LoA, p. 1119.

  77Chernow, op. cit., p. 678.

  78GW to Thomas Jefferson, 23 August 1792 (LoA, pp. 817–18); GW to Alexander Hamilton, 26 August 1792 (LoA, p. 819).

  79The Papers of George Washington Digital Edition, Theodore J. Crackel, ed. (Charlot
tesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008).

  80Chernow, op. cit., p. 687.

  81GW to Henry Lee, 21 July 1793 (LoA, p. 841).

  82GW to Gouverneur Morris, 13 October 1789 (LoA, p. 746).

  83GW to Chevalier de la Luzerne, 29 April 1790 (LoA, p. 759).

  84Chernow, op. cit., pp. 658–59; R. N. Smith, op. cit., p. 99.

  85GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 11 August 1790 (LoA, pp. 764).

  86GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 28 July 1791 (LoA, p. 780).

  87GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 10 June 1792 (LoA, p. 808).

  88John Kekes, “Why Robespierre Chose Terror,” City Journal, Spring 2006.

  89Chernow, op. cit., pp. 687–89, 714.

  90GW, Proclamation of Neutrality, 22 April 1793 (LoA, p. 840).

  91Chernow, op. cit., pp. 692, 697–98.

  92Ibid., p. 693.

  93James Madison, Helvidius No. 1, 24 August 1793 (Madison LoA, pp. 537, 541); “The Federalist,” Detached Memoranda (Madison LoA, p. 770).

  94Cabinet Opinion on “Little Sarah,” in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Federal Edition (New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904–5), vol. 7; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 694–95.

  95Chernow, op. cit., p. xix.

  96Ibid., p. 696.

  97GW to John Francis Mercer, 26 September 1792 (LoA, p. 824).

  98GW to Henry Lee, 21 July 1793 (LoA, pp. 841–42).

  99GW to Henry Knox, 20 September 1795 (LoA, p. 916).

  100Kekes, op. cit.; Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution, in Works 4:247.

  101GW, Proclamation Calling Forth the Militia, 7 August 1794 (LoA, p. 872).

  102GW, Fourth Annual Message to Congress, 6 November 1792 (LoA, p. 829); GW, Proclamation Calling Forth the Militia, 7 August 1794 (LoA, p. 871).

  103Chernow, op. cit., pp. 718–19; LoA, p. 871.

  104R. N. Smith, op. cit., p. 212.

  105GW, Proclamation Calling Forth the Militia, 7 August 1794 (LoA, p. 871).

  106GW to Charles Mynn Thruston, 10 August 1794 (LoA, p. 874).

  107GW to Henry Lee, 26 August 1794 (LoA, p. 876).

  108Chernow, op. cit., pp. 721–24.

  109GW, Sixth Annual Message to Congress, 19 November 1794 (LoA, pp. 888–89); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 725–26.

  110GW to John Jay, 30 August 1794 (LoA, pp. 879–80).

  111Ibid.

  112GW, Draft of the Farewell Address, 15 May 1796 (LoA, p. 945).

  113GW to Gouverneur Morris, 22 December 1795 (LoA, pp. 927–28).

  114Chernow, op. cit., pp. 730, 740–42.

  115GW, Farewell Address, 19 September 1796 (LoA, p. 967).