The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735-1817

by Myron Magnet

  116GW to Thomas Jefferson, 6 July 1796 (LoA, pp. 951–52).

  117Chernow, op. cit., p. 780.

  118GW to Sarah Cary Fairfax, 16 May 1798 (LoA, p. 1004).

  119GW to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 3 March 1797 (LoA, p. 988); GW to Alexander Hamilton, 15 May 1796 (LoA, p. 938).

  120GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., pp. 969, 977, 970.

  121Ibid., p. 972.

  122Ibid., p. 971.

  123GW to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790 (LoA, p. 767).

  124GW to David Humphreys, 25 July 1785 (LoA, pp. 579–80).

  125GW to Edmund Randolph, 26 August 1792 (LoA, p. 821).

  126GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 19 June 1788 (LoA, p. 685).

  127Chernow, op. cit., pp. 534, 611, 810.

  128J.-J. Rousseau, The Government of Poland, Ch. 1; GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., p. 968.

  129GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., pp. 964–65.

  130GW to Charles Mynn Thruston, 10 August 1794 (LoA, pp. 873–74); LoA, p. 1121.

  131GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., pp. 969, 971, 970, 968.

  132GW to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 28 January 1795 (LoA, p. 906).

  133GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., p. 968.

  134Ibid., p. 966.

  135GW to Henry Laurens, 14 November 1778 (LoA, p. 329).

  136GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., pp. 973, 975.

  137GW, First Annual Message to Congress, 8 January 1790 (LoA, p. 749); GW, Fifth Annual Message to Congress, 3 December 1793 (LoA, p. 848); GW, Farewell Address, op. cit., p. 972.

  138GW, Eighth Annual Message to Congress, 7 December 1796 (LoA, p. 980).

  139GW to James McHenry, 20 May 1797 (LoA, p. 996); GW to James McHenry, 3 April 1797 (LoA, p. 993); GW to David Humphreys, 26 June 1797 (LoA, p. 998); R. N. Smith, op. cit., p. 302.

  140GW to Robert Lewis, 18 August 1799 (LoA, p. 1047).

  141GW to Arthur Young, 12 December 1793 (LoA, pp. 852–53).

  142LoA, p. 1073.

  143Chernow, op. cit., pp. 463–64, 747.

  144Ibid., pp. 749, 615.

  145eMuseum.MountVernon.org, harpsichord.

  146Chernow, op. cit., p. 422.

  147GW to Tobias Lear, 6 May 1794 (LoA, p. 868).

  148Chernow, op. cit., p. 709.

  149GW to Marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1786 (LoA, p. 597); GW to John Francis Mercer, 9 September 1786 (LoA, p. 607).

  150GW to Robert Lewis, 18 August 1799 (LoA, p. 1047).

  151GW to William Pearce, 10 May 1795 (LoA, p. 911).

  152Chernow, op. cit., pp. 751, 800.

  153GW to Lawrence Lewis, 4 August 1797 (LoA, p. 1002).

  154Chernow, op. cit., pp. 759–62.

  155Ibid., p. 761.

  156Ibid., p. 801.

  157GW, Last Will and Testament, 9 July 1799 (LoA, p. 1035).

  158Ibid., pp. 1023–24; LoA, p. 1126.

  159Chernow, op. cit., p. 808.

  160LoA, pp. 1126; GW, Last Will and Testament, op. cit., p. 1023.

  161Chernow, op. cit., p. 815.

  162GW to James McHenry, 29 May 1797 (LoA, pp. 996–97).

  163GW to Burges Ball, 22 September 1799 (LoA, p. 1050).

  164Chernow, op. cit., p. 806.

  165Chernow, op. cit., pp. 807–11; R. N. Smith, op. cit., pp. 353, 355; American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (www.entnet.org), “Early History of the Tracheotomy”; White McKenzie Wallenborn, M.D., “George Washington’s Terminal Illness,” http://gwpapers.virginia.edu.

  166Chernow, op. cit., pp. 809, 811.

  167GW, Last Will and Testament, op. cit., pp. 1036–42, 1031, 1034–35.

  CHAPTER 6: John Jay: America’s Indispensable Diplomat

  1John Jay (JJ) to William Livingston, 19 February 1785, in Linda M. Freeman, Louise V. North, and Janet M. Wedge, eds., Selected Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005 [SL]), p. 170.

  2William Jay, The Life of John Jay (New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833, reprint Bridgewater, VA: American Foundation Publications, 2000), I:3–8.

  3Walter Stahr, John Jay: Founding Father (New York: Hambledon and Continuum, 2006), p. 2.

  4William Jay, op. cit., I:7.

  5Ibid., op. cit., I:10.

  6Peter Jay to James Jay, 3 July 1752 O.S., in Richard B. Morris, ed., John Jay: The Making of a Revolutionary, Unpublished Papers 1745–1780 (New York: Harper & Row, 1975 [UP I]), pp. 35–36.

  7JJ to Mrs. R. Livingston, 12 July 1783, in The Papers of John Jay, Columbia University John Jay Project [PJJ] http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/) #90224 (William Jay, op. cit., II:120).

  8William Jay, op. cit., I:12.

  9Benjamin Kissam to JJ, 25 August 1766 (UP I:82–83).

  10Stahr, op. cit., p. 17.

  11Richard M. Ketchum, Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 125.

  12C. A. Weslager, The Stamp Act Congress: With an Exact Copy of the Complete Journal (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1976), p. 201.

  13UP I: 136.

  14Weslager, op. cit., p. 109.

  15Ketchum, op. cit., p. 129.

  16Ibid., pp. 140–42.

  17Stahr, op. cit., p. 22.

  18Ketchum, op. cit., pp. 145, 147.

  19Ibid., p. 206.

  20JJ to Robert R. Livingston, Jr., 2 April 1765 (UP I:72).

  21UP I:89.

  22JJ to Robert R. Livingston, Jr., 1 January 1775 (UP I:139).

  23JJ to John Tabor Kempe, 27 December 1771 (UP I:107); JJ to Robert Randall, 2 February 1773 (UP I:116–17); William Jay, op. cit., I:14–15.

  24JJ to Robert R. Livingston, Jr., 1 January 1775 (UP I:139).

  25Gouverneur Morris to Kitty Livingston, 11 January 1773 (SL, p. 27).

  26Kitty Livingston to Brockholst Livingston, 3 September 1781 (SL, p. 14).

  27UP I:129–30.

  28Stahr, op. cit., pp. 30, 33–38; Ketchum, op. cit., p. 327; UP I:133–37.

  29Stahr, op. cit., p. 44; UP I:136.

  30JJ, Address to the People of Great Britain, 5 September 1774 (William Jay, op. cit., I:465–76).

  31JJ to John Vardill, 24 September 1774 (UP I:137).

  32UP I:148.

  33Ketchum, op. cit., p. 350.

  34UP I:196; William Jay, op. cit., I:29, 44, 48.

  35Stahr, op. cit., p. 57; JJ to the Secret Committee, 7 August 1776 (UP I:301–3).

  36JJ to the Count of Floridablanca, 25 April 1780 (William Jay, op. cit., II:453).

  37William Jay, op. cit., I:41; Ketchum, op. cit., pp. xii, 306.

  38SL, p. 293.

  39JJ to Edward Rutledge, 6 July 1776 (William Jay, op. cit., I:62).

  40JJ to Edward Rutledge, 11 October 1776 (William Jay, op. cit., II:7); UP I:277–78.

  41William Jay, op. cit., I:49.

  42J. F. Cooper, The Spy: A Tale of the Neutral Ground, Introduction.

  43JJ to Frederick Jay, 31 July 1781 (William Jay, op. cit., II:85–86); Deposition of John Bennett, 11 November 1785 (UP II:202–3).

  44Cooper, The Spy, Ch. 1; Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, Ch. 2.

  45John C. Hamilton, The Life of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Appleton, 1840), I:216–17.

  46Minutes of the Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 23 December 1776; Enoch Crosby Describes His Career as a Spy, 15 October 1832 (UP I:333–45).

  47JJ to Gouverneur Morris, 29 April 1778 (UP I:475).

  48JJ et al., Report of the Judges of Oyer and Terminer to Governor George Clinton, 19 May 1778 (UP I:479–81).

  49Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation, tr. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1968), pp. 45–46, 49.

  50William Jay, op. cit., I:50.

  51Ibid., op. cit., I:41–42.

  52JJ to the Count of Floridablanca, 25 April 1780 (William Jay, op. cit., I:445).

  53Minutes of the Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 22 February 1777 (UP I:346–48); Beverly Robinson to JJ, 4
March 1777 (UP I:349–50); Robert Troup to JJ, 29 March 1777 (UP I:384).

  54UP I:331–32; JJ to Peter Van Schaack, 17 September 1782, in Richard B. Morris, ed., John Jay: The Winning of the Peace, Unpublished Papers 1780–1784 (New York: Harper & Row, 1980 [UP II]), pp. 467–68.

  55Peter Van Schaack to JJ, 15 October 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., I:162–65).

  56Ibid., I:113.

  57JJ, Address from the Convention to Their Constituents, 23 December 1776 (William Jay, op. cit., I:52–54).

  58JJ, Circular Letter from Congress to Their Constituents (William Jay, op. cit., I:485–86).

  59JJ to John Adams, 4 May 1786 (JP #7461, William Jay, op. cit., I:249).

  60JJ to E. Gerry, 9 January 1781 (JP #8827, William Jay, op. cit., II:68).

  61UP I:195, 509–10.

  62JJ to George Washington, 26 April 1779 (JP #8414, William Jay, op. cit., II:48).

  63UP I:511; JJ to George Washington, 6 April 1779 (William Jay, op. cit., II:35); George Washington to JJ, 14 April 1779 (William Jay, op. cit., II:26–43).

  64George Washington to JJ, April 1779 (JP #7232, William Jay, op. cit., II:47); JJ to George Washington, 21 April 1778 (JP #7231, William Jay, op. cit., II:45); JJ to George Washington, 26 April 1779 (JP #8417, William Jay, op. cit., II:48); JJ to George Washington, 14 October 1779 (William Jay, op. cit., II:52).

  65William Jay, op. cit., I:39–41.

  66A. R. Riggs, The Nine Lives of Arthur Lee, Virginia Patriot (Williamsburg: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1979), pp. 47–49, 51.

  67UP I:507–8, Conrad Alexandre Gérard to Congress, 6 January 1779 (UP I:521).

  68JJ, Extracts from Mr. Jay’s History of His Spanish Mission (William Jay, op. cit., I:100).

  69William Livingston to Sarah Jay, 7 October 1779 (SL, p. 61).

  70Sarah Jay to Susanna French Livingston, 12–16 December 1779 (SL, pp. 65–68); Stahr, op. cit., p. 125.

  71Sarah Jay to Peter Jay, 9 January 1780 (SL, pp. 70–73).

  72UP I:649–50, 715, 824; JJ, Extracts from Mr. Jay’s History of His Spanish Mission (William Jay, op. cit., I:96–101).

  73Sarah Jay to her sister Susan, 28 August 1780 (SL, pp. 87–88); Sarah Jay to William Livingston, 23 May 1780 (SL, p. 84).

  74JJ to Margaret C. Meredith, 12 May 1780 (SL, p. 77); Sarah Jay to her sister Kitty, 22 July 1781 (SL, p. 113); JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 23 May 1781 (SL, p. 81); Sarah Jay to Susanna French Livingston, 28 August 1780 (SL, pp. 90–91); William Jay, op. cit., I:120.

  75UP I:716–18; Benjamin Franklin to JJ, 2 October 1780 (William Jay, op. cit., II:63).

  76UP I:824; UP II:96–97; JJ to Gouverneur Morris, 28 September 1781 (UP II:108–9); UP II:146–47.

  77JJ to Robert Morris, 25 April 1782 (JP #12335, William Jay, op. cit., II:96–98).

  78Sarah Jay to Susanna French Livingston, 28 August 1782 (SL, p. 121).

  79Ketchum, op. cit., p. 77.

  80JJ, Extracts from Mr. Jay’s History of His Spanish Mission (William Jay, op. cit., I:100); William Jay, op. cit., I:128.

  81UP II:5.

  82William Jay, op. cit., I:140.

  83JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:471–72).

  84Ibid., pp. 473–74; M. de Rayneval’s Memoir respecting the Right of the United States to the Navigation of the Mississippi (in JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:476–80, JP #4230).

  85JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:458–61, 463); Richard Oswald, Conversations with Franklin and Jay, 7-9 August 1782 (UP II:292).

  86JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:493–95, JP #4230).

  87William Jay, op. cit., I: 156.

  88Oswald, op. cit., 7–9 August 1782 (UP II:289); Oswald, op. cit., 11–13 August 1782 (UP II:298–99).

  89François Barbé-Marbois to the Count de Vergennes, 13 March 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., I:491–92, JP #6407).

  90JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:483–84).

  91UP II:334.

  92JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:484–87, JP #4230).

  93Benjamin Vaughan to Lord Shelburne, 24 August 1782 (UP II:324).

  94UP II:437; John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, John Jay to Robert R. Livingston, 13 December 1782 (UP II:442); William Jay, op. cit., I:155.

  95UP II:519.

  96JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 19 July 1783 (William Jay, op. cit., I:175–78, JP #2748, 4230); JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 17 November 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:493–94).

  97JJ to Robert Gooloe Harper, 19 January 1796 (William Jay, op. cit., II:262–63, JP #90212).

  98Alexander Hamilton to JJ, 25 July 1782 (William Jay, op. cit., II:122–23).

  99Thomas Jefferson to JJ, 11 April 1783 (William Jay, op. cit., I:171, JP #10093).

  100JJ to Robert R. Livingston, 12 September 1783 (William Jay, op. cit., II:128, JP #846).

  101Sarah Jay to JJ, 27 November 1783 (SL, p. 154).

  102Stahr, op. cit., p. 203.

  103William Jay, op. cit., I:238–42.

  104JJ to Judge Lowell, 10 May 1785 (William Jay, op. cit., I:190, JP #1642).

  105JJ to George Washington, 7 January 1787 (William Jay, op. cit., I:256, JP #8424).

  106JJ to George Washington, 16 March 1786 (William Jay, op. cit., I:242, JP #8420).

  107William Jay, op. cit., I:261–62.

  108JJ to Governor Livingston, 19 July 1783 (William Jay, op. cit., II:122, JP #90225).

  109JJ to Rufus King, 20 January 1803 (SL, p. 283, JP #700); JJ to William Wilberforce, 8 November 1809 (William Jay, op. cit., II:320, JP #9281).

  110JJ to his children [extracts] (William Jay, op. cit., II:429, JP #6363).

  111JJ to Major General Henry Lee, 11 July 1795 (William Jay, op. cit., I:370, JP #12870).

  112JJ to General Washington, 27 June 1786 (William Jay, op. cit., I:246, JP #8422).

  113JJ to William P. Beers, 18 April 1807 (William Jay, op. cit., II:310, JP #12578); JJ to Judge Lowell, 29 February 1796 (William Jay, op. cit., II:265, JP #2959).

  114JJ to General Washington, 27 June 1786.

  115JJ to Thomas Jefferson, 27 October 1786 (William Jay, op. cit., II:190, JP #5280); JJ to the Marquis de Lafayette, 16 June 1786 (William Jay, op. cit., II:186–87).

  116JJ to Judge Lowell, 29 February 1796 (William Jay, op. cit., II:265, JP #12871).

  117JJ to William Wilberforce, 25 October 1810 (William Jay, op. cit., II:331, JP #9278).

  118JJ to Judge Richard Peters, 24 July 1809 (William Jay, op. cit., II:315, JP #1155).

  119JJ to William Wilberforce, 25 October 1810 (William Jay, op. cit., II:330, JP #9278).

  120Cicero, De Officiis, II:24, 85.

  121JJ to Judge Richard Peters, 29 March 1811 (William Jay, op. cit., II:338–39, JP #4050).

  122JJ to John Bristed, 23 April 1811 (William Jay, op. cit., II:347, JP #8709).

  123JJ to Silas Deane, 1 November 1780 (William Jay, op. cit., I:119, JP #7783).

  124JJ to Sarah Jay, 18 June 1792 (SL, p. 213).

  125JJ to Sarah Jay, 21 July 1776 (SL, p. 40).

  126JJ to Thomas Jefferson, 14 December 1786 (William Jay, op. cit., I:251, JP #5860); JJ to William Bingham, 31 May 1785 (William Jay, op. cit., II:166, JP #7480); JJ to Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, 6 April 1784 (William Jay, op. cit., II:154, JP #9450); cf. JJ to Dr. Rush, 24 March 1785 (William Jay, op. cit., II:162).

  127Stahr, op. cit., pp. 233, 4, 378.

  128JJ to Rufus King, 20 January 1803 (William Jay, op. cit., I:431, JP #700).

  129JJ to William Vaughan, 26 May 1796 (William Jay, op. cit., II:272).

  130JJ to George Hammond, 15 June 1796 (William Jay, op. cit., II:273, JP #8964).

  131JJ to Benjamin Vaughan, 31 August 1797 (SL, p. 262).

  132Stahr, op. cit., pp. 254, 265–67.

  133Abigail Adams Smith to Abigail Adams, 20 May 1788 (SL, p. 16
7).

  134Stahr, op. cit., pp. 273–80.

  135JJ to Sarah Jay, 12 December 1790 (SL, p. 196); JJ to George Washington, 14 April 1789 (William Jay, op. cit., I:277); Stahr, op. cit., pp. 277, 279.

  136Sarah Jay to JJ, 13 November 1791 (SL, p. 201).

  137Hamilton had foreseen just such a role for the “SUPREME TRIBUNAL” in Federalist 22 (Hamilton LoA, pp. 249–50).

  138Stahr, op. cit., pp. 281, 291, 297–300.

  139JJ to William Wilberforce, 14 April 1806 (William Jay, op. cit., II:308, JP #9284).

  140William Jay, op. cit., I:317–20; Stahr, op. cit., pp. 302–3.

  141William Jay, op. cit., I:305–6; Alan Taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 2007), pp. 283, 287.

  142JJ to Sarah Jay, 15 April 1794 (SL, pp. 220–21).

  143JJ to Sarah Jay, 20 April 1794 (SL, p. 223).

  144Sarah Jay to JJ, 22 April 1794 (SL, p. 224).

  145JJ to George Washington, 21 July 1794 (William Jay, op. cit., II:218–19, JP #8449).

  146JJ to George Washington, 5 August 1794 (William Jay, op. cit., II:221, JP #8450).

  147George Washington to JJ, 30 August 1794 (William Jay, op. cit., II:226–27, JP #7255); Taylor, op. cit., p. 287; George Washington to JJ, 30 August 1794 (GW LoA, p. 880).

  148George Washington to JJ, 1 November 1794 (William Jay, op. cit., II:233); George Washington, Sixth Annual Message to Congress, 19 November 1794 (GW LoA, p. 888).

  149JJ to George Washington, 25 February 1795 (William Jay, op. cit., II:243–44); George Morgan, The Life of James Monroe (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1921), p. 183.

  150JJ to George Washington, 6 March 1795 (William Jay, op. cit., II:246–47, JP #8456).

  151JJ to Edmund Randolph (William Jay, op. cit., I:325).

  152JJ to Peter Van Schaack, 28 July 1812 (William Jay, op. cit., I:445, JP #9440).

  153William Jay, op. cit., I:326, 328, 378.

  154JJ to Lord Lansdown, 20 April 1786 (William Jay, op. cit., II:185, JP #8171).

  155JJ to Edward Randolph (William Jay, op. cit., I:334); JJ to Oliver Ellsworth, 19 November 1794 (William Jay, op. cit., II:235).

  156JJ to James Duane, 16 September 1795 (William Jay, op. cit., I:375–76).

  157Stahr, op. cit., pp. 336–37.

  158JJ to Robert Gooloe Harper, 19 January 1796 (William Jay, op. cit., II:261, JP #7260).

  159Stahr, op. cit., p. 338.