The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735-1817

by Myron Magnet

160Ibid., pp. 340–41.

  161Ibid., p. 345; William Jay, op. cit., I:396; O. F. Lewis, The Development of American Prisons and Prison Customs, 1776–1845 (Albany: Prison Association of New York, 1922), pp. 43–44.

  162JJ to Egbert Benson, 18 September 1780 (JP #7513).

  163William Jay, op. cit., I:407–8.

  164Alexander Hamilton to JJ, 7 May 1800 (AH LoA, pp. 923–25, JP #5635); William Jay, op. cit., I:412–14.

  165Stahr, op. cit., pp. 362–63.

  166William Jay, op. cit., I:461.

  167Ibid., I:442–43.

  168JJ to Peter A. Jay, 25 April 1792 (SL, p. 205).

  169Sarah Jay to JJ, 13 July 1801 (SL, pp. 277–78).

  170Sarah Jay to Maria Jay Banyer, 2 December 1801 (SL, p. 278).

  171Sarah Jay to Maria Jay Banyer, 5 May 1802 (SL, p. 281).

  172JJ to Rufus King, 20 January 1803 (SL, p. 283, JP #700).

  173William Jay, op. cit., I:462.

  174Ibid., I:434.

  175Cicero, De Officiis, Book III: I, 2; XVI, 67; V, 26; X, 40.

  176JJ to Philip Schuyler, 25 July 1804 (William Jay, op. cit., II:300).

  177JJ to Judge Richard Peters, 9 January 1811 (William Jay, op. cit., II:336, JP #1156).

  CHAPTER 7: Alexander Hamilton and the American Dream

  1GW to David Humphreys, 25 July 1785, in George Washington, Writings, John Rhodehamel, ed. (Library of America, 1997), pp. 579–80.

  2AH to William Jackson, 26 August 1800, in Alexander Hamilton, Writings, Joanne B. Freeman, ed. (Library of America, 2001 [LoA]), p. 930; John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 25 January 1806.

  3AH to William Jackson, 26 August 1800 (LoA, p. 931).

  4Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 8, 10–11, 16–17, 20.

  5AH to William Jackson, 26 August 1800 (LoA, p. 931); AH to William Hamilton, 2 May 1797 (LoA, p. 880).

  6Chernow, op. cit., pp. 21, 580.

  7Ibid., pp. 22–26.

  8Ibid., pp. 27–28.

  9Richard Brookhiser, “Alexander Hamilton: New Yorker,” City Journal, Autumn 1996.

  10John C. Hamilton, The Life of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Appleton, 1840), I:6.

  11AH to Nicholas Cruger, 27 February 1772 (LoA, pp. 4–5).

  12AH to Edward Stevens, 11 November 1769 (LoA, p. 3).

  13“Account of a Hurricane,” Royal Danish American Gazette, 6 September 1772 (LoA, pp. 6–9).

  14Chernow, op. cit., pp. 37–78, 47–48.

  15E. Digby Baltzell, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia (New York: Free Press, 1979), pp. 34–38; David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

  16David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 25.

  17Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World (New York: Vintage, 2005), pp. 96, 274–76.

  18Ibid., p. 272.

  19Ibid., pp. 268, 61, 271, 194–95.

  20Ibid., pp. 28, 3, 270, 304–5.

  21Gouverneur Morris to Robert Livingston, Jr., 20 March 1802, The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, Minister of the United States to France; Member of the Constitutional Convention, Anne Cary Morris, ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1888), II, Ch. 42 (Liberty Fund: Online Library of Liberty).

  22Chernow, op. cit., p. 55; AH, A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress, 15 December 1774 (LoA, pp. 15, 19–20, 29, 41); The Farmer Refuted, 23 February 1775 (Liberty Fund: Online Library of Liberty).

  23Catherine Drinker Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), p. 108.

  24Chernow, op. cit., pp. 63, 72–73, 81, 92.

  25AH, Eulogium on Major-General Greene, Presented to the Society of Cincinnati, 4 July 1789 (Liberty Fund: Online Library of Liberty).

  26AH to Tobias Lear, 2 January 1800.

  27Chernow, op. cit., p. 88.

  28GW to John Adams, 25 September 1798 (LoA, p. 1013).

  29Chernow, op. cit., p. 90.

  30Ibid., p. 95.

  31AH to John Laurens, April 1779 (LoA, p. 61).

  32AH to John Laurens, 8 January 1780 (LoA, p. 66).

  33Chernow, op. cit., pp. 86–87.

  34AH to Philip Schuyler, 18 February 1781 (LoA, pp. 93–95).

  35Ibid.

  36Chernow, op. cit., pp. 110–11.

  37AH to James Duane, 3 September 1780 (LoA, pp. 70–87).

  38Chernow, op. cit., pp. 128–30, 147–48; Shorto, op. cit., p. 310.

  39Chernow, op. cit., pp. 168–69.

  40Ibid., pp. 184–85, 206, 109–201, 189.

  41Bowen, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

  42Ibid., p. 208; AH, “Speech in the Constitutional Convention,” recorded by James Madison, 18 June 1787 (LoA, p. 151); AH, “Speech in the Constitutional Convention,” recorded by Robert Yates, 18 June 1787 (LoA, pp. 159, 165); AH, “Plan of Government,” 18 June 1787 (LoA, pp. 149–50).

  43AH, “Speech in the Constitutional Convention,” recorded by James Madison, 18 June 1787 (LoA, p. 155).

  44Ibid., p. 156.

  45Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, enlarged edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 276, 283–84, 288–90; Records of the Federal Convention, Max Ferrand, ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911), III:413.

  46AH, “Speech in the Constitutional Convention,” recorded by James Madison, 18 June 1787 (LoA, pp. 156–57) and as recorded by Robert Yates (LoA, p. 164); Bailyn, op. cit., p. 346.

  47AH, “Speech in the Constitutional Convention,” recorded by James Madison, 18 June 1787 (LoA, p. 158) and as recorded by Robert Yates (LoA, p. 165).

  48Chernow, op. cit., pp. 63–64, 68–69.

  49AH to John Jay, 26 November 1775 (LoA, p. 44).

  50Federalist 6 (LoA, pp. 178–79); Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1973), p. 100: “We are afraid to put men to live and trade each on his own private stock of reason; because we suspect that this stock in each man is small, and that the individuals would do better to avail themselves of the general bank and capital of nations, and of ages.”

  51Federalist 15 (LoA, p. 223).

  52Federalist 6 (LoA, p. 181).

  53Federalist 9 (LoA, p. 197).

  54Federalist 1 (LoA, p. 171).

  55Federalist 23 (LoA, p. 256).

  56Federalist 8 (LoA, pp. 194–95).

  57Federalist 1 (LoA, p. 173).

  58Federalist 11 (LoA, p. 204); Federalist 23 (LoA, p. 253).

  59Federalist 24 (LoA, p. 262).

  60Federalist 30 (LoA, p. 290); Federalist 31 (LoA, p. 298).

  61Federalist 21 (LoA, p. 241).

  62Federalist 23 (LoA, pp. 254–55).

  63Federalist 78 (LoA, pp. 422–23).

  64Chernow, op. cit., pp. 263–64, 268–69.

  65Ibid., p. 286.

  66Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), pp. 120–21.

  67Daniel Webster, “A Speech Delivered at a Public Dinner in New York,” 10 March 1831, in The Works of Daniel Webster, 20th edition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1890), I:200.

  68AH, Report on Manufactures, 5 December 1791 (LoA, pp. 662, 656, 659, 663–64).

  69Ibid., p. 660.

  70Ibid., p. 666.

  71Ibid., pp. 668–69.

  72AH, Report on Public Credit, 9 January 1790 (LoA, pp. 533, 535).

  73Ibid., pp. 569–71; Chernow, op. cit., p. 382.

  74Report on Public Credit (LoA, pp. 537–40).

  75Ibid., pp. 542, 544, 547.

  76Chernow, op. cit., pp. 328–30; Brookhiser, op. cit.

  77Report on Public Credit (LoA, p. 560).

  78AH, Report on a National Bank, 13 December 1790 (LoA, p. 576).

  79Ibid., pp. 577–78.

  80Ibid., p. 604.

  81AH, Federalist 11 (LoA, p. 205).

  82AH to James Duane, 2 September 1780 (LoA, p. 81).

  83Report on a National Bank
(LoA, pp. 578, 585); Chernow, op. cit., p. 356.

  84Webster, op. cit., p. 200.

  85Report on a National Bank (LoA, pp. 582, 592, 601–3).

  86Chernow, op. cit., p. 346.

  87Jefferson, Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank, 15 February 1791 (TJ LoA, p. 416).

  88Bailyn, op. cit., p. 345.

  89Chernow, op. cit., p. 350.

  90George Morgan, The True Patrick Henry (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1907), p. 353.

  91Bowen, op. cit., pp. 200–204.

  92Chernow, op. cit., pp. 213–14.

  93Samuel Johnson, Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Resolutions and Address of the American Congress, 1775, in Works (New York: Harper, 1846), II:437; AH to Lafayette, 6 October 1789 (LoA, p. 521).

  94Federalist 6 (LoA, pp. 176, 181).

  95AH to Lafayette, 6 October 1789 (LoA, p. 521).

  96AH to John Jay, 26 November 1775 (LoA, p. 44); Federalist 15 (LoA, p. 223).

  97Records of the Federal Convention, III:85.

  98AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States, 24 October 1800 (LoA, p. 970).

  99Chernow, op. cit., p. 245.

  100Madison, “A Candid State of the Parties,” National Gazette, 26 September 1792 (JM LoA, p. 531).

  101AH, An American No. 1, 4 August 1792 (LoA, pp. 756, 759).

  102Thomas Jefferson to Dr. Walter Jones, 5 March 1810 (Bernard Mayo, ed., Jefferson Himself: The Personal Narrative of a Many-Sided American [Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1942], p. 186); Chernow, op. cit., p. 390; AH, Observations on Certain Documents Contained in No. V & VI of “The History of the United States for the Year 1786,” In Which the Charge of Speculation Against Alexander Hamilton, Late Secretary of the Treasury, is Fully Refuted. Written by Himself (“Reynolds Pamphlet,” LoA, pp. 884–85).

  103Ibid. (LoA, pp. 894–95).

  104AH to Elizabeth Schuyler, 25 September 1780 (LoA, pp. 89–91).

  105AH, “Reynolds Pamphlet,” (LoA), pp. 895–99.

  106Ibid. (LoA, p. 906).

  107Ibid. (LoA, pp. 898–99, 909).

  108Ibid. (LoA, pp. 891, 888, 901–3).

  109Ibid. (LoA, p. 904).

  110Chernow, op. cit., pp. 529–31, 549.

  111Ibid., p. 535.

  112AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, 24 October 1800 (LoA, pp. 940–43); Chernow, op. cit., pp. 510, 515, 554, 525, 612.

  113AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States, 24 October 1800 (LoA, pp. 935, 937, 960, 970–71).

  114Chernow, op. cit., pp. 626, 628.

  115David Garrard Lowe, “The Triumph of Rockefeller Center,” City Journal, Summer 1995; Chernow, op. cit., pp. 641–44.

  116Chernow, op. cit., p. 650.

  117Ibid., pp. 674, 169.

  118AH to an Unknown Correspondent, 26 September 1792 (LoA, p. 794).

  119AH, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, 24 October 1800 (LoA, pp. 951–52).

  120AH to Benjamin Rush, 29 March 1802 (LoA, p. 987); Thomas Fleming, The Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and the Future of America (New York: Basic Books, 1999), pp. 7–9, 21, 303.

  121Chernow, op. cit., p. 655.

  122Ibid., pp. 674–77.

  123Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, Albany Register, 24 April 1804 (LoA, pp. 1009–10).

  124Aaron Burr to AH, 23 April 1804 (LoA, p. 1008).

  125AH to Aaron Burr, 20 June 1804 (LoA, pp. 1011–12).

  126Aaron Burr to AH, 22 June 1804 (LoA, pp. 1014–15).

  127“Statement by Nathaniel Pendleton,” 18 July 1804 (LoA, p. 1029).

  128Chernow, op. cit., pp. 691–92.

  129Ibid., p. 700.

  130“Statement by William P. Van Ness,” 21 July 1804 (LoA, p. 1030); “Statement by Nathaniel Pendleton,” 18 July 1804 (LoA, pp. 1029–30).

  131Chernow, op. cit., pp. 704, 708.

  132AH, “Statement Regarding Financial Situation,” 1 July 1804 (LoA, pp. 1016–17).

  133AH to Elizabeth Hamilton, 19 November 1798 (LoA, p. 912).

  134Personal communication from Stephen Spaulding and Steve Laise, National Park Service.

  135George Washington to AH, 21 August 1797 (Papers of George Washington, Digital Edition, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008).

  CHAPTER 8: Thomas Jefferson: Monticello’s Shadows

  1R. B. Bernstein, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 62–64; Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), p. 29.

  2TJ to Maria Cosway, 12 October 1786, Thomas Jefferson, Writings, Merrill D. Peterson, ed. (Library of America, 1984 [LoA]), pp. 872, 874.

  3Ibid. (LoA, p. 870).

  4Jack McLaughlin, Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder (New York: Henry Holt, 1998), pp. 34, 154–55.

  5TJ to John Adams, 11 April 1823 (LoA, pp. 1466–67).

  6Bernstein, op. cit., p. 178.

  7TJ to Samuel H. Smith, 21 September 1814 (LoA, pp. 1353–54).

  8TJ, Autobiography (LoA, p. 3); TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, Query VI (LoA, pp. 169–77); Antonello Gerbi, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900, Jeremy Moyle, trans. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010), pp. 3–9; Hugh Honour, The New Golden Land: Images of America from the Discoveries to the Present Time (New York: Pantheon, 1976), p. 51.

  9TJ, Sixth Annual Message, 2 December 1806 (LoA, p. 527).

  10Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 141–44; TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, Query VI (LoA, pp. 184–85, 187–88).

  11TJ to William Ludlow, 6 September 1824 (LoA, pp. 1496–97).

  12TJ to James Jay, 7 April 1809 (Bernard Mayo, ed., Jefferson Himself: The Personal Narrative of a Many-Sided American [Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1942], p. 293).

  13Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 144–45.

  14TJ to Rev. James Madison, 19 July 1788 (LoA, p. 925).

  15TJ to Robert Fulton, 17 March 1819 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 289).

  16TJ to Charles Thomson, 11 November 1784 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 124); TJ to John Jay, 30 August 1785 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 124).

  17TJ to Charles W. Peale, 13 June 1815 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 289).

  18Bernstein, op. cit., p. 118.

  19TJ to Edward Rutledge, 18 July 1788 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 146).

  20TJ to Major John Cartwright, 5 June 1824 (LoA, p. 1491).

  21TJ, A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled (LoA, p. 19).

  22TJ, A Summary View of the Rights of British America (LoA, p. 121).

  23TJ to Richard Price, 8 January 1789 (LoA, p. 936).

  24TJ, Autobiography (LoA, p. 5); TJ to Robert Fulton, 17 March 1810 (Mayo, op. cit., pp. 289–90).

  25TJ to Dr. Benjamin Rush, 23 September 1800 (LoA, p. 1082).

  26TJ to Roger C. Weightman, 24 June 1826 (LoA, p. 1517).

  27TJ, Autobiography (LoA, pp. 34–35, 44).

  28TJ, A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (LoA, p. 347).

  29TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, Query XIV (LoA, p. 272); TJ, Autobiography (LoA, p. 32).

  30TJ to George Wythe, 13 August 1786 (LoA, pp. 859–60).

  31TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, Query XVII (LoA, p. 285).

  32TJ to Samuel Kercheval, 12 July 1816 (LoA, p. 1401); TJ to Major John Cartwright, 5 June 1824 (LoA, p. 1494); TJ to James Madison, 6 September 1789 (LoA, p. 963).

  33Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 173–75.

  34TJ to A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy, 26 December 1820 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 327).

  35TJ to Dr. William Thornton, 9 May 1817 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 325).

  36Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 176–77.

  37McLaughlin, op. cit., p. 256.

  38TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, Query XIV (LoA, pp. 265–67, 270).

  39Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 87–88.<
br />
  40TJ, A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled (LoA, p. 22).

  41TJ to Henri Gregoire, 25 February 1809 (LoA, p. 1202).

  42TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, Query XVIII (LoA, p. 289).

  43Ibid. (LoA, p. 288).

  44TJ to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, 26 June 1786 (LoA, p. 592).

  45TJ to James Madison, 25 April 1784; TJ to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, 22 June 1786 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 109).

  46TJ to John Holmes, 22 April 1820 (LoA, p. 1434).

  47Thomas Moore, To Thomas Hume, Esq., M.D. from the City of Washington.

  48Lucia Stanton, Free Some Day: The African-American Families at Monticello (Monticello: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2000), pp. 114–15.

  49Ibid., p. 103.

  50Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (January 2000). http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation

  -and-slavery/report-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings provides the report, the minority report, and further discussion.

  51Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 66–67, 111.

  52Robert F. Turner, ed., The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy: Report of the Scholars Commission (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011). An excellent summary of the controversy is Maura Singleton, “Anatomy of a Mystery: The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy in the Post-DNA Era,” University of Virginia Magazine, Fall 2007.

  53Bernstein, op. cit., pp. 155–56.

  54Ibid., pp. 110–11; Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, s.v. Sally Hemings (http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/sally-hemings).

  55Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), p. 230; McLaughlin, op. cit., p. 200.

  56Brodie, op. cit., pp. 32, 228; Gordon-Reed, op. cit., pp. 122, 285–86.

  57TJ to Francis Eppes, 30 August 1785 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 117); TJ to Francis Eppes, 11 December 1785 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 118).

  58McLaughlin, op. cit., pp. 14, 153.

  59TJ to Madame de Tessé, 20 March 1787 (LoA, p. 891).

  60McLaughlin, op. cit., pp. 248, 289–90, 373, 258.

  61TJ to Dr. Benjamin Rush, 16 January 1811 (LoA, p. 1236).

  62TJ to William Short, 3 January 1793 (Mayo, op. cit., p. 185).

  63Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1973), p. 91.

  64TJ, The Anas (LoA, p. 666).