Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent
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United States, 157–69, 217–18, 243
Uruguay, 160–61
Venezuela, 92, 136, 157, 159, 165–70
Philippines, 23, 71
Philip II, 24, 25, 26, 38
Philip III, 39
Philip IV, 27, 39
Pinochet, Augusto, 270–71, 273, 274, 285
Pizarro, Francisco, 15, 16, 19, 20, 35, 45
Plan de Ayala, 122–23
Plasmaféresis, 272
Polo, Marco, 11–12
Portugal, 15, 29, 38, 56, 61, 84, 117, 132
Methuen Treaty, 55
slave trade, 79
Potosí (Bolivia), 14, 20–22, 46, 53, 56, 60, 140, 166
coca, 47
development, 20–22
Indians, 39–40
ruin of, 31–37
Poverty: statistics, 282
urban, 250–51
Prebisch, Raú, 246, 254–55
Prices: wages and, 279–81
Priestley, J.B., 88
Protectionism. See Free trade and protectionism
Protestantism, 25
Puerto Rico, 59, 65, 71
Pyrochlore, 139
Quadros, Jânio, 135
Quinine, 102
Railroads, 199–202
Raleigh, Walter, 14
Reader’s Digest, 105n, 112
Repression: endemic nature of, 283–84
Restrepo, Lleras, 99
Ribeiro, Darcy, 18, 44, 131, 279
Rockefeller, David, 232
Rockefeller, Nelson, 159, 229
Rockefeller, Peggy, 232–33
Rockefeller family: Foundation, 6
oil interests, 158, 215
Rodríguez de Campomames, Pedro, 118
Roman Catholicism, 12, 25, 30, 31
in Brazil, 53, 86
fees, 67
land ownership in Mexico, 31
Mayan religion and, 50
Potosi, 33–35
Roosevelt, Theodore, 107
Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 185–86, 191
Royal African Company, 80
Royal Dutch/Shell. See Shell Oil Company
Rubber, 3, 49, 61, 86, 87–91
Salt, 12, 29
Saltpeter, 139
Sandino, Augusto César, 110–11
San Salvador, 13
Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), 59, 61, 65, 78, 83
Sanz de Santamaría, Carlos, 228
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 187
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 73
Schilling, Paulo, 128
Schnerb, Robert, 198
Shell Oil Company, 157–60, 166, 268
Shipping, 260–61
Silver, 29
Amazonian, 137
Andean altiplano, 15
Bolivian, 14, 20–22, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 44, 136, 145
German, 36
Mexican, 14–15, 22, 37
Slaves, 30, 31, 34, 38, 48, 52, 53–54
Central America, 107
cotton plantations, 94
revolts, 83
sugar plantations, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 79
Slave trade, 28
Angola-Brazil, 54
Dutch, 56, 62, 80
English, 56, 79–82, 174
French, 28
Guinea-Brazil, 54
sugar plantation, 79
United States, 202
Smith, Adam, 79, 180
Smith, Earl, 72
Smith, Walter Bedell, 113
Solano López, Francisco, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195
Somoza, Anastasio, 110–11, 270
South Sea Company, 80
Soviet Union, 75n, 159, 160, 209
Spain, 12, 15, 22–28, 29, 115, 132
Spices, 12, 14
Standard Oil of California, 158, 162
Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), 136, 157–61, 162, 165–66, 168, 268
Standard Oil of New York (Mobil), 158
State: terrorism and, 274–75
Strikes, 285
Stroessner, Alfredo, 194, 195, 196
Sugar, 3, 29, 109
Brazil, 50, 52, 54, 56, 61–65, 130
Caribbean, 65–67
Cuba, 67–78, 176
development, 59–61
“sugar islands,” 65
Sulphur, 136n
Sweezy, Paul, 226, 267
Taft, William H., 107
Tantalite, 137, 139
Taxes, 1, 157, 165, 168, 174, 239
Technocrats, 227–37
Technology: dependency, 277–78
foreign ownership and control, 243–47
Tenochtitlán, 19, 44
Terrorism: state and class and, 274–75
in system of repression, 283–84
Texaco, 158, 161, 166
Textiles, 175–78, 201, 239
Thorium, 137, 138
Thornton, Edward, 191, 192
Timber, 51, 68
Tin, 33, 147–52
Tires, 88
Titanium, 137
Tobacco, 54, 68, 67, 79, 91, 102
Torres, Juan José, 274
Torture, 283–84
Toussaint L’Ouverture, 66
Transport system: for commodities, 250–61
Trías, Vivian, 186
Trinidad-Tobago, 65, 174
Triple Alliance, 188, 195, 197, 200
Tupac Amaru, 44–45
Turner, John Kenneth, 121
Ubico Castañeda, Jorge, 110, 112–13, 114
Underdevelopment, 245, 285
Union Carbide, 217
United Fruit Company, 100, 106, 108–10, 206
United Nations, 3
Economic Mission for Latin America (ECLA), 93, 101, 207, 216, 251n, 278
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 64
UNESCO, 73
United States, 4–8, 49, 261
cacao, 93
and Central America, 107–10, 113–14
CIA, 136–37
coffee, 100–101, 105, 110
cotton, 95
and Cuba, 70–75, 77
family planning, 5
foreign aid, 228–29
foreign banking, 223–27
and Haiti, 66
industrial development, 202–4
investments, 205–10, 218–19, 276
and LAFTA, 252–58
Latin American interventions, 272–73
Marine Corps, 77, 111, 123
and Mexico, 121
mineral imports, 134–38, 144–46, 149, 153–56
mineral need, 134–35, 137–38
petroleum, 157–69
protectionism, 200–4
railroads, 106
shipping, 202–3
slavery, 79
technology investment and development, 245
textiles, 202–3
westward expansion, 131–32
U.S. Steel, 91, 153
Uranium, 139
Uruguay, 6–7, 48, 128, 188, 191, 211, 230n
agrarian reform, 117–20
debt, 276–77
military and police budget, 271
petroleum, 160–61
repression in, 283, 284
rice, 95
wages and prices, 279
Varela, Felipe, 184
Vargas, Getulio, 99, 154, 210–13, 216n
Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 95, 136, 164, 220n, 269
Venezuela, 6, 14, 31
agrarian reform, 128
cacao, 91
imports, 268–69
Indians, 49
iron, 153–56
nationalization of oil, 268
petroleum, 91, 136, 157, 159, 165–70
Vespucci, Amerigo, 14
Videla, Jorge, 273, 275, 276
Vietnam, 6
Villa, Francisco (“Pancho”), 123
Vinhas de Queiroz, Mauricio, 216
Volkswagen: Brazilian production, 267–68, 279
Wages, 250, 251
prices and, 279–81
Walker, William
, 107
Walsh, Rodolfo, 276
War of the Triple Alliance, 188–97
Washington, George, 203
Washington Post, 115
Watt, James, 81, 94
Webb, James Watson, 178
West Germany, 4, 93
West Indies, 65
Wickham, Henry, 89
Wilhelm (Kaiser), 274
Wilson, Henry Lane, 123
Wilson, Woodrow, 2
Wood, Leonard, 71
Woods, George D., 235
Working class. See Class; Labor
World Bank, 5–6, 221, 235–36, 239, 273. See also International Monetary Fund
World Coffee Information Center, 100
World Market, 237–43
Yaqui Indians, 48, 61, 121
Yucatán (Mexico), 48, 61, 121
Zander, Arnold, 136
Zapata, Emiliano, 120, 122–24
Zavala, Maza, 126
Zavaleta, René, 163
Zinc, 134, 136, 137
Zuazo, Alonso, 83
Zumbi (Indian chief), 84