Valley Forge
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Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus, 13
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 339
Federalist Party, 348
Ferguson, Adam, 310–11
feu de joie, 288
fire discipline, 266–67
Fitzgerald, John, 231, 318
Fleming, Thomas, 240
Flemington, N.J., 177, 262
Fleury, François de, 96
Floridas, British troops in, 258, 298
Folsom, Nathaniel, 163, 188n
Forbes, John, 112
Fort Clinton, 260
Fort Duquesne, 111, 112
Fort Greenville, 340
Fort Mercer, 85, 89–91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 176
Fort Mifflin, 85, 90, 92, 96–97, 176
British assaults on, 90–91, 94, 95–97
Fort Montgomery, 260
Fort Moultrie, 138n
Fort Schuyler, 69
Fort Ticonderoga, 6, 67, 71, 77
Fort Ticonderoga, Battle of, 137
France:
aid to American Revolution by, 26–28, 101, 150, 204, 211, 250
British wars with, 277, 330, 331, 332
Franklin’s negotiations in, 28, 149–51, 204, 205, 208–10
in treaties with U.S., 205, 210–11, 256–57, 258, 266, 286, 287, 288, 290, 298, 299
Francis II, Emperor of Austria, 351
Franklin, Benjamin, 83, 101, 172, 200
American privateers encouraged by, 206
Arthur Lee’s dislike of, 208–9
and French officers in Continental Army, 32
in French treaty negotiations, 28, 149–51, 204, 205, 208–10
on Howe’s capture of Philadelphia, 57–58
and inflation of Steuben’s résumé, 249
Lafayette recommended by, 28, 30
Steuben’s meetings with, 248–49
Wentworth’s meeting with, 151, 203, 210, 257
Fraser, Simon, 70, 71
Frederick II, King of Prussia, 246–47, 248, 253, 268
free blacks, 152
citizenship denied to, 336
in Continental Army, 153, 154, 155, 156, 193, 263, 336–37
Freeman’s Farm, Battle of, 68–69
French and Indian War, 59, 67, 75, 136, 170
GW in, 1, 9–10, 17–18, 30–31, 59, 110–11, 291
see also Seven Years’ War
French navy:
America-bound fleet of, 282, 299, 316
in arrival at Delaware Bay, 330
French Revolution, 332, 334, 350
Friberg, Arnold, 241
Friedrich II, King of Prussia, 245
Gates, Horatio, 36, 60, 78, 99, 109, 136, 139, 163, 192n, 222, 229, 240, 281, 308
Adams’s friendship with, 226, 335
Arnold and, 69–70, 73
attempted undermining of GW by, 145–46, 147–48, 237
background and character of, 67–68
as Board of War president, 146, 224
Burgoyne’s surrender to, 71, 73, 74, 79, 101, 331
Camden battle cowardice of, 237, 334, 340
Canadian expedition plan of, 196–99, 225, 232–36, 273
commander-in-chief appointment as goal of, 146, 149, 197
GW’s orders for reinforcements from, 91, 93
insubordination of, 79–80, 91, 93
Lafayette’s meeting with, 233–34
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
in plan for War Board to co-opt Quartermaster Department, 225–31
post-Camden career of, 335
in Saratoga battle, 67, 71
self-regard of, 224–25
slaves freed by, 335
George III, King of England, xii, 6, 7n, 12, 26, 139–40, 150, 203, 255, 256
Caribbean invasion ordered by, 258
conciliation strategy of, 277
and plot to discredit GW as spy, 310n
U.S. recognized by, 330–31
Georgia, Revolutionary War in, 157, 171, 258, 330, 340, 341
Germain, George, Lord, 8, 12, 76
Philadelphia withdrawal ordered by, 259, 290, 298–99, 310
replacement of Howe brothers desired by, 202–3, 256
and revised British strategy, 258
Germantown, Battle of, 61–65, 66, 74–75, 79, 101, 127, 158, 185, 267
casualties in, 64–65
failed assault on Chew House in, 80–81, 84
friendly fire at, 62–63, 80
Germantown, Pa., 34, 38, 59, 60
British camp at, 53, 61
Gerry, Elbridge, 161n
Gifford, William, 181–82
Gloucester, N.J., skirmish at, 98
Gloucester, Prince William Henry, Duke of, 26
Great Britain, in wars with France, 277, 320, 331, 332
Greene, Catharine Littlefield “Caty,” 16, 23, 238–39, 272, 342
Greene, Christopher, 96–97
Greene, Nathanael, 16, 23, 32, 35, 81, 97, 99, 143, 185, 194
attack on Clinton’s march favored by, 314, 315
at Brandywine battle, 21
Chester County foraging expeditions led by, 214–15, 218, 227–28, 242
on Congress’s sluggish response to Camp Committee proposals, 279
death of, 341–42
in Germantown battle, 61, 62
in Guilford Courthouse battle, 341
and GW’s planned attack on Philadelphia, 127–28
and Lafayette’s victory at Gloucester, 98
in Monmouth battle, 319
nominated as quartermaster general, 227–30
overall command of southern theater given to, 340–41, 345
renewed attack on Howe urged by, 75
as West Point commandant, 340
Greene, Nathanael, as quartermaster general, 259, 263
and Clinton’s New Jersey march, 308
delay in spring offensive urged by, 282, 292, 293, 294
network of supply caches ordered by, 275, 308
and reprovisioning of Valley Forge, 265
and supply system reform, 264–65
Grey, Charles, in Paoli Massacre, 45–46, 48, 50, 304
Guilford Courthouse, Battle of, 341, 345–46
Hale, Nathan, 14
Halley, Edmond, 172
Hamilton, Alexander, xii, 4, 13, 34–35, 40, 56–57, 74, 82, 187, 188, 191, 219, 327n, 335
attack on Clinton’s march favored by, 315
Burr’s enmity toward, 348–49
and Clinton’s New Jersey march, 308
Congress blamed for shortages by, 214, 262
on Conway’s promotion, 142–44
death of, 349
Elizabeth Schuyler’s marriage to, 348
in escape from Philadelphia, 53–54
Federalist Papers co-authored by, 348
and GW’s orders for reinforcements from Gates, 91, 93
as GW’s principle aide, 55–56, 57, 347
GW’s relationship with, 54, 57, 156, 187
idealism of, 84–85
Laurens’s friendship with, 84, 344, 348
in Monmouth battle, 319, 323
multiple roles of, 347
and presidential election of 1800, 348
in procurement of provisions, 42
Steuben and, 268–69, 271, 346, 347
as Treasury secretary, 348
at Yorktown battle, 347
Hamilton, Allan McClure, 187
Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler, 348
Hancock, John, 4, 23, 28, 30, 32, 54, 55, 98n, 250, 338
army’s seizure of provisions authorized by, 42
GW’s letters to, 23, 32, 55, 65, 79, 80, 88, 139, 158
Hamilton’s letters to, 53–54
retirement of, 160
Hannibal, 13
Harlem Heights, Battle of, 54
Harrison, Benjamin, 30
Harrison, Robert Hanson, 82, 146, 318
Harvie, John, 163, 188n
Hay, Udney, 162–63
Hayes, Mary Ludwig, 326n
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Henry, Patrick, 14, 148
GW’s letters to, 30, 101–2
Henry, Prince of Prussia, 247, 347
Henry V (Shakespeare), 13
Hessians, 7n, 19, 40, 54, 67, 70, 98, 123, 184
in assault on Fort Mercer, 90–91
at Chadds Ford, 17, 21–22
desertions by, 314
in Germantown battle, 63
Hopkinson, Francis, 174–75, 200, 304
hospital fever, 168
House of Burgesses, 37
House of Commons, British, sympathy for American rebels in, 257
Howard, John, 345
Howe, George, 75
Howe, Richard, Lord, 6, 7, 39, 58, 95, 96, 97, 122, 282
death of, 331–32
later career of, 332
and planned attacks on New England coast, 258
pro-American leanings of, 75
retirement of, 203, 298
and revised British strategy, 259
as semiofficial peace commissioner, 255–56, 310
Howe, William, 7, 67, 126, 186, 187, 209, 216
and abandonment of Philadelphia, 299–300
in advance on Philadelphia, 40
attack on Lacey’s camp ordered by, 283, 286
in attack on Lafayette’s bivouac, 303–4
bounty on captured officers offered by, 179
in Brandywine battle, 18–19, 21–24
cautious nature of, 12
Chesapeake Bay landing of, 8, 11
Continental Army deserters and, 165
criticisms of, 202
in decision not to press home Brandywine advantage, 22
in departure from Sandy Hook, 7
and failure of Fort Mercer attack, 93–94
farewell gala for, 301–3
feints by, 5–6, 52, 125
in flanking maneuver around Chadds Ford, 17–18
foraging expeditions of, 122–23, 124, 131, 134, 199, 256
in Germantown battle, 63, 75
increased raids in Bucks County ordered by, 199
later career of, 331–32
licentiousness of, 200
and loss of Boston, 12
and Paoli Massacre, 50
Philadelphia occupied by, 52–53, 60
in plan to link up with Burgoyne, 12
in probe of GW’s forces at Whitemarsh, 99
recall to England requested by, 76, 202, 203, 256, 275
relieved of command, 203, 281, 291, 301
and second assault on Fort Mifflin, 94, 95, 97
as semiofficial peace commissioner, 255–56
sluggish advance on Philadelphia by, 11–13, 14
supply shortages of, 58, 60, 89, 93, 122
Valley Forge assault ruled out by, 256
Valley Forge encampment of, 44, 49
war-ending battle as goal of, 8
Hudson River Highlands, 6, 38, 58, 59, 65, 74, 260, 273, 276–77
importance of, 7, 38, 294
Huntington, Jedediah, 74, 100, 143, 147, 164, 223, 275
Independence Hall, American POWs held at, 53
Instructions to His Generals (Frederick II), 253
ironworks, 41
Italy, unification of, 352–53
Jackson, Andrew, 352
Jay, John, 272, 348
Jefferson, Thomas, 5, 31, 240, 334, 338
in presidential election of 1800, 348
slavery and, 154
Jethro (free black), 129
Johnson, Thomas, 224
Jones, John Paul, 207
Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 13
Kalb, Johann, Baron de, 28–29, 32, 120, 237, 288
appointed second in command of Canadian expedition, 233
death of, in Camden battle, 334, 345
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
King’s College (Columbia University), 56
Knox, Henry, 32, 112, 127, 143, 220, 261, 281, 287, 353
artillery retrieved from Fort Ticonderoga by, 77–78
background of, 76–77
and Clinton’s New Jersey march, 308
and fears on British assault on Valley Forge, 309
and founding of West Point and naval academies, 338
in Germantown battle, 80
Indian removal and, 338–39
Martin’s land dispute with, 338
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
in Monmouth battle, 324–25
as secretary of war, 338–39
standing army favored by, 338
Knox, Hugh, 56, 74
Knox, Lucy, 238–39
Knyphausen, Wilhelm von, 17, 21–22, 126
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 89, 170, 337
Lacey, John:
in Crooked Billet battle, 284–85, 286
in patrols east of Schuylkill, 175–76, 177–78, 199, 283–84
Lafayette, Adrienne, Marquise de, 25, 28, 29, 35, 97, 121, 286–87, 349
death of, 351
French Revolution and, 350–51
husband joined in prison by, 351
Lafayette, Georges Washington, 349, 350–51, 352
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, xi, xii, 4, 16, 79, 83, 97, 102, 129, 288, 337
in Albany, 234–35
attack on Clinton’s march favored by, 3143
background of, 25–26
Barren Hill bivouac of, 303–4, 316
on Board of War’s duplicity, 147–48
at Brandywine battle, 19, 24
command of attack on Clinton’s march relinquished by, 316
Congress’s concern for safety of, 30
Conway’s removal from Canadian expedition demanded by, 233
death of, 352
in 1824 trip to U.S., 352
European imprisonment of, 350–51
and French entry into war, 286
French Revolution and, 350
and Gates’s Canada expedition plan, 197, 232–36, 280
given command of Virginia division, 98–99
in Gloucester skirmish, 98
GW’s first meeting with, 29
on GW’s rallying of troops at Monmouth, 325
on GW’s rebuke of Lee, 320
GW’s relationship with, 24, 30–31, 57, 156, 187, 197
in illegal voyage to U.S., 28–29
intelligence-gathering expedition led by, 300–301, 303–5
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
in meetings with Congress, 232
in Monmouth battle, 317, 318
in release from prison, 351
in returns to France, 349
rumored death of, 33, 35
in southern theater fighting, 350
on spring offensive options, 282
on Valley Forge shortages, 120–21
wounding of, 19, 24, 33, 35
at Yorktown battle, 350
Lancaster, Pa., 11, 103, 104
Laurens, Frances, 343
Laurens, Henry, 35, 40, 79, 81, 115, 147, 163–64, 189, 221, 227, 235, 273, 304
as ambassador to Netherlands, 342
antislavery sentiment of, 156
British assault on Valley Forge feared by, 309
death of, 343
drawn-out war foreseen by, 289
and Gates’s Canadian expedition plan, 236
GW’s letters to, 102, 125, 130–34, 276, 277, 287, 289
Lafayette’s meeting with, 232–33
as president of Congress, 98, 160
and provisioning of Valley Forge, 160
and reform of supply system, 264
and rejection of Bills of Conciliation, 311
son’s correspondence with, 142–43, 155–56, 198, 213, 251–52, 271, 273, 288, 296, 310, 318–19
and son’s death, 344
son’s military career and, 82–83, 84
Tower of London imprisonment of, 342–43
and War Board’s attempted co-opting of Quartermaster Department, 228–29
Laurens, John, 4, 79,
99, 129, 134, 145, 171, 180, 208, 219, 235, 263, 275, 299, 304, 327n
all-black regiment proposed by, 154–56
antislavery principles of, 83, 84, 154–55
appointed as aide to GW, 81–82
on army’s supply shortages, 103
and attack on Clinton’s march, 316, 317
in attempt to raise regiment of slaves, 343
background and character of, 82–83
on British defenses at Philadelphia, 101
on character of Continental soldiers, 251–52
in Charleston area battles, 343–44
on Conway, 142, 143, 198
death of, 344
in duel with Lee, 335, 343
father’s correspondence with, 142–43, 155–56, 198, 213, 251–52, 271, 273, 288, 296, 310, 318–19
on French entry into war, 286
on Gates’s Canadian plan, 198
in Germantown battle, 81, 84
GW’s relationship with, 57, 83, 156, 187
Hamilton’s friendship with, 84, 344, 348
idealism of, 84–85
on Lee’s retreat from Monmouth, 318–19
luxury tax proposal of, 277n–78n
in mission to France, 344
in Monmouth battle, 323
on poor state of army at Valley Forge, 262
on prospect of riots at Valley Forge, 213
Steuben and, 251, 253, 267, 268–69, 271
at Yorktown battle, 344
Laurens, Martha Manning, 82, 83, 343
La Victoire, 28
Lee, Arthur:
Deane’s conflict with, 207–8
Franklin disliked by, 208–9
in French treaty negotiations, 207–9, 210
Lee, Charles, 36, 55, 138, 145, 330
attack on Clinton’s march led by, 315–16
attack on Clinton’s march opposed by, 314–15
background of, 136–37
and British retreat at Monmouth, 326
capture of, 139
commander-in-chief appointment as goal of, 136, 137, 138
Congress’s cashiering of, 335
court-martial of, 335
death of, 336
Delaware foraging party led by, 217
in deliberate delay in supporting GW’s troops, 136, 138–39
egotism of, 136, 306–7, 335
GW criticized by, 79
GW’s rebuke of, 319–20
J. Laurens’s duel with, 335, 343
in Monmouth battle, 317–18, 322–23
Monmouth retreat ordered by, xi–xii, 318–20, 335
in New Jersey march, 312
as proposed replacement for GW, 79
in return to Continental Army, 280
traitorous letter to Gen. Howe from, 336
Lee, Ezra, 173–74
Lee, Henry, III “Light Horse Harry”:
bonds with local farmers fostered by, 180
Delaware foraging party led by, 216, 217, 261
in patrols west of Schuylkill, 179–80, 199
in skirmish with Tarleton, 180–81
Lee, Richard Henry, 79–80, 143