Valley Forge
Page 52
Lee, William, 207, 208
Lee, William “Billy” (GW’s slave), 153, 325
Lefkowitz, Arthur S., 152n
Legion of the United States, 339–40
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 251n
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 187
Levering, Jeremiah, 37
Lexington and Concord, Battle of, 26, 36
Liberty Bell, 38
Life of Washington (Marshall), 217
Lives (Plutarch), 84
Livingston, William, 56, 91, 145, 176–77, 224
Locke, John, 155
London Chronicle, 303
Long Island, Battle of, 19, 48, 54, 88, 119, 260
Louis XVI, King of France, 25, 27, 28, 101, 150, 151, 205, 206, 210–11, 233, 290, 334, 349
Louis XVIII, King of France, 351
Lovell, James, 79, 100
Loyalists, 8, 22, 41, 77, 202, 242, 258, 265
as British Army volunteers, 202, 283, 324
in British southern strategy, 258, 341
in Chester County, 179, 216, 218
in evacuation from Philadelphia, 306, 309, 313
as informers, 16–17, 45, 122, 179, 215, 217, 255, 283, 303
in Philadelphia, 5, 186, 200, 299–300, 302, 311–12
smuggling of provisions into Philadelphia by, 116, 121, 175–76, 177, 184, 199, 215, 283, 284
vigilante gangs of, 119, 122, 175, 177, 184, 200, 215, 284
McClane, Allan, 302
McDougall, Alexander, 57, 233, 260, 273, 276–77
McKean, Thomas, 65
Madison, James, 3, 348
Magyars, 269
Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France, 25–26
Marshall, Christopher, 76
Marshall, John “Silverheels,” 217
Martin, Joseph Plumb, 80, 95, 96, 97, 99, 109, 116, 153, 215, 228, 270, 303, 305, 317, 326
Knox’s land dispute with, 338
later career of, 337–38
on march to Valley Forge, 107–8
Marx, Karl, 277n
Maryland, 12, 13, 217, 258, 261, 276, 277, 307
Maryland militia, 35, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48–49, 158, 190, 276
Massachusetts militia, 71
Massey, Gregory D., 84
Mawhood, Charles, 216
Maxwell, William, 281, 291–92, 293, 307, 313–14, 315
Meade, Richard Kidder, 82, 114–15
Merlin, HMS, 91
Mifflin, Thomas, 145, 162, 163, 222, 229, 231, 236–37, 240, 264
attempted undermining of GW by, 142, 145, 146
GW’s relationship with, 87–88
later career of, 334
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
and plan to restrict quartermaster general’s role, 225
resignation of, 132
vanity of, 87
militias:
army’s dependence on, 37
see also specific militias
Milsop, John, 153
Minden, Battle of, 25
Miranda, Lin-Manuel, 347
Mohawk Valley, 69
“Molly Pitcher,” legend of, 326n
Monmouth Court House, Battle of, 243, 317–20, 321
British counterattack in, 318, 322, 325–26
British retreat in, 326, 327
casualties in, 327
GW’s rallying of troops at, 322–25, 328
GW’s report to Congress on, 328
impact of Valley Forge sacrifice on, 329
Lee’s retreat in, xi–xii, 318–20, 327
as longest engagement of Revolutionary War, 325
Point of Woods in, 322, 323
as turning point in Revolutionary War, 328, 345
Monroe, James, 24, 352
Montgomery County, 184, 283
Moore Hall, 188, 213, 221, 231
Morgan, Daniel, 68–69, 73, 93, 99, 115, 123–24, 126, 194, 290, 300, 301
Clinton’s New Jersey march shadowed by, 314, 315, 327
in Cowpens battle, 341, 345
guerrilla tactics of, 69
in Lafayette’s intelligence-gathering expedition, 301, 304
in patrols west of Schuylkill, 179, 199, 216–17
in Saratoga battle, 70
Morris, Gouverneur, 13, 34–35, 163, 188n, 224, 293, 307, 354
Morris, Robert, 243
Morristown, N.J., 5, 169
Moylan, Stephen, 275, 314, 327
Muhlenberg, Peter, 278, 281, 293
Napoleon, Emperor of the French, 351–52
Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, A (Martin), 338
Narrative of the Campaign of 1781 in North America (Clinton), 332
Native Americans:
forced removal from homelands of, 338–39
GW’s proposed recruiting of, 193, 221, 261
see also French and Indian War; specific tribes
Nelson, Thomas, 232, 331
Netherlands, 342–43
Nevis, 56
Newcastle, Duke of, 255
New England:
British plan to isolate, 6, 68, 306
planned British attacks on coast of, 258
supplies for Continental Army from, 159, 164, 260, 294, 295
Newfoundland, 258
New Jersey:
British raids in, 256
Clinton’s march through, 307–8, 311, 313–14, 321, 322–29
Wayne’s foraging party in, 215–16, 256
New Jersey militias, 313, 315
New York, N.Y.:
British occupation of, 76, 235–36
consolidation of Clinton’s forces in, 299, 307
departure of British troopships from, 274
GW’s obsession with recapturing, 330
GW’s retreat from, 5, 54
as possible target of GW’s spring offensive, 259, 281, 292–93
New York Society for the Manumission of Slaves, 348
Noailles, Adrienne de, see Lafayette, Adrienne, Marquise de
Noailles, Louis-Marie, Vicomte de, 344
North, Frederick, Lord, 75, 257, 332
conciliation proposals of, 256, 279–80
Gen. Howe removed from command by, 203
North Carolina, Revolutionary War in, 258, 330
Northwest Indian War, 338–39
Nova Scotia, 258
Ohio Country, 9, 110
Old Northwest Territories, 340
Oneidas, in Continental Army, 261, 301, 304
Paine, Thomas, 54, 57, 81, 117, 139, 344
Paoli, Pasquale, 44, 57
Paoli Massacre, 45–51, 49, 285, 339
paper money, American, worthlessness of, 100, 121, 162, 184, 185
Paris, Franklin in, 149–51
Paris, Treaties of (1783), 330–31, 343
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 137, 206
Patterson, John, 223, 281, 293
Patterson, John J., 257n
Paxton Boys, 95, 185
Peace Commission, British, 257–58, 300, 309–10, 311
Penn, William, 183
Pennington, N.J., 177, 262
Pennsylvania:
cache of food and supplies in interior of, 11, 15
Committee for Public Safety of, 186
founding of, 183
gangs of Continental deserters in, 118, 119–20
ironworks of, 41
Pennsylvania militia, 9, 22–23, 157
desertions from, 63–64, 199
hostility between regular army and, 177–78
in patrols east of Schuylkill, 175–76, 177–78
Pennsylvania state assembly, 186, 225
GW’s conflicts with, 9
and provisioning of Valley Forge, 146, 160, 161–62, 164
Pershing, John “Black Jack,” 352
Peter III, Czar of Russia, 247
Peters, Richard, 146
Pettit, Charles, 230
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Arnold as military commander of, 312, 333
British abando
nment of, 306, 311
British burning and looting in, 76
British capture of, 202, 209
British occupation of, 52–53, 57, 60, 76, 89, 101
British troops’ complacency in, 199–201
British troop strength in, 274
Clinton ordered to withdraw from, 259, 290, 298–300
Continental Army’s parade through, 2–5
evacuation of legislators and civilians from, 38–39
GW’s planned surprise attack on, 126–28, 134
Howe’s sluggish advance on, 11–13, 40
Loyalists’ evacuation from, 306, 309, 313
Loyalists in, 5, 186, 200, 299–300, 302, 311–12
Loyalists’ smuggling of supplies into, 116, 121, 175–76, 177, 184, 199, 215, 283, 284
as possible target of GW’s spring offensive, 259, 281, 292–93
Royal Navy’s relief of, 97
surrender of Valley Forge deserters in, 218–19
Pickering, Timothy, 146
Pitt, William (the Younger), 332
Plutarch, 84
Ponceau, Pierre Étienne du, 250, 268, 272
Pontière, Louis de, 250
Poor, Enoch, 70, 73, 93, 143, 167, 170, 181, 281, 293, 301
Potter, James, 291
Potts, Isaac, 239–40
Prayer at Valley Forge, A (Friberg), 241
presidential election of 1800, 348
Princeton, Battle of, 9, 18, 28, 54, 246, 267
Province Island, 92, 95
Prussia, military prowess of, 246
Pulaski, Casimir, 22, 100, 158, 194, 216, 263
Continental Cavalry commanded by, 158, 261, 262
death of, 334
in winter garrison at Trenton, 158, 176–77, 262
Putnam, Israel, 1, 58–59, 65, 67
and GW’s request for reinforcements, 38, 58, 74
relieved of Hudson Highlands command, 260
Quakers, 179, 182, 284
antislavery views of, 183, 187
GW and, 186–87
hostility between American soldiers and, 183–84, 185
Loyalist smugglers aided by, 184
nonviolent doctrines of, 183, 185
Quartermaster Department, 190
War Board’s attempted co-opting of, 225–27
see also Greene, Nathanael, as quartermaster general
Quebec, failed American attack on, 69
Queen’s American Rangers, 283, 324
Radnor, Pa., 124, 125, 133
Reading, Pa., 52, 103
Red Bank, Battle of, 90, 93
Red Bank, N.J., 89–90
Reed, John, 163
Reed, Joseph, 55, 87, 138, 188n
Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (Steuben), 268–69, 344–45
Representation to the Committee of Congress, A, 188–94, 221, 224
Reprisal (American warship), 149, 205, 206
Revolutionary War:
British southern strategy in, 341
causes of, 27n
France’s formal entry into, 205, 210–11, 256–57, 258, 266, 286, 287, 288, 290
French aid to, 26–28, 101, 150, 204, 206, 211, 250
middle states theater of, xiii
Monmouth battle as turning point in, 328
privateers in, 206
revised British strategy for, 255, 258
Valley Forge as crucible of, xi, xii
see also specific battles
Rhode Island, all-black battalion of, 155, 263
Rhode Island militia, 16
Roberdeau, Daniel, 161
Robespierre, Maximilien, 350
Rogers’ Rangers, 59
Royal Engineering School, French, 32
Royal Highlands Regiment (Black Watch), 48
Royal Navy, 6, 7, 26, 39, 43, 90, 96–97, 157, 257
Rush, Benjamin, 78–79, 148, 167
Saint Croix, 74, 84
Saint-Germain, Comte, 249
Saint Lucia, 258
Saint Petersburg, 247
Sandy Hook, 7, 314, 327
Saratoga, Battle of, 67, 70, 72, 149, 150, 202, 209
British surrender at, 71, 73, 74, 79, 101, 331
Savannah, Ga., 157, 171, 340
scabies, 228, 308
Schuyler, Elizabeth, 348
Schuyler, Philip, 68, 69, 104, 222, 224, 348
nominated as quartermaster general, 222, 224, 225, 227
Schuylkill River, 34, 38, 39, 40, 128
Second Punic War, 13
Sergeant, Jonathan Dickinson, 100
Servant of Two Masters, A (Goldoni), 145
Seven Years’ War, 6, 25, 27, 79, 205, 246
see also French and Indian War
Shakespeare, William, 13
Shippen, Margaret “Peggy,” 201
Arnold’s marriage to, 333
Shreve, Israel, 307
Simcoe, John Graves, 283–85, 286, 304, 324
slaves, slavery:
Constitution and, 336–37
cotton gin and, 342
Dunmore’s enlistment of, 154
fear of revolts among, 153
Gates’s freeing of, 335
GW and, 153, 154
Jefferson and, 154
J. Laurens’s antipathy to, 83, 84, 154–55
J. Laurens’s attempt to raise regiment of, 343
Quaker opposition to, 183, 187
smallpox, 167, 169, 265–66
Smallwood, William, 40, 44, 46, 61
and Clinton’s Philadelphia evacuation, 307–8
in Delaware and Maryland, 115, 126, 141, 162, 269, 275, 276, 307
in Germantown battle, 63
in Paoli Massacre, 48–49
Society of Friends, see Quakers
South Carolina, Revolutionary War in, 138, 157, 171, 258, 330, 334, 340, 341, 343
Spain, and French aid to American Revolution, 150, 151
Stamp Act (1765), 27n
Stanislaw II, King of Poland, 137
Stanton, Charles, 352
Stephen, Adam, 18–19, 62–63, 99
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron von:
background of, 246
inflated military résumé of, 249, 270–71
in meeting with Franklin and Deane, 248–49
as prisoner in St. Petersburg, 247
at Prussia war college, 247, 248, 268
in Seven Years’ War, 246
supposed homosexuality of, 247
in trip to America, 250
unconventional warfare experience of, 269
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron von, in Continental Army, 232, 245–46, 282, 353
appointed inspector general, 289
arrival at Valley Forge of, 251
and attack on Clinton’s march, 314, 316, 317
attention to detail of, 268, 270, 272
Blue Book compiled by, 268–69, 344–45
captain’s commission of, 250–51
constitutional monarchy advocated by, 347
death of, 346
delayed pension of, 346, 347
field command as greatest desire of, 346–47
Grand Review and, 287, 288–89
growing influence of, 270, 271, 280
GW’s praise of, 346
Hamilton and, 268–69, 271, 346, 347
J. Laurens and, 251, 253, 267, 268–69, 271
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
model company of, 267, 272
in Monmouth battle, 324–25, 326, 327
recommended for inspector general post, 272–73
in southern theater, 345
training and discipline as major responsibility of, 252, 253–54, 260–61, 266–70, 274, 295, 300, 305, 345–46
Valley Forge inspection tour of, 252
Valley Forge latrines and, 252–53
at Yorktown battle, 345
Steuben, N.Y., 346
Stirling, Kitty, 238, 239, 272
Stirling, Sarah,
238–39
Stirling, William Alexander, Lord, 57, 100, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 165, 281, 288
at Brandywine battle, 18–19
foraging parties dispatched by, 124–25, 157
in Germantown battle, 64
Howe’s foraging expedition harassed by, 123
Lee’s court-martial presided over by, 335
in May Council of War, 293, 294–95
in Monmouth battle, 319, 324
Valley Forge recommended as winter camp site by, 103
Stony Point, Battle of, 339
Stormont, Lord, 210
Sullivan, John, 19, 24, 32, 61, 62, 80, 81, 127–28, 164
Sullivan’s Island, Battle of, 138
Symmetry, HMS, 141, 162
Talmadge, Benjamin, 64
Tarleton, Banastre, 139, 180–81, 341
Taylor, Alan, 41
Tea Act (1763), 27n
Thoughts of a Freeman, The (anonymous), 189, 191
Three Rivers, Battle of, 45
Thucydides, 37
Tilghman, Tench, 64, 82, 126, 145, 219, 311
Townshend Revenue Act (1767), 27n
Trenton, Battle of, 9, 12, 18, 28, 54, 90, 101, 125–26, 140, 246, 267, 291
Trenton, N.J., 158, 176–77, 262
Trenton Falls, 253, 292
Trumbull, Joseph, 146, 147
Turtle (Bushnell’s submarine), 172–74
typhoid, 168
typhus, 168–69
United States:
French treaties with, 205, 210–11, 256–57, 258, 266, 286, 287, 288, 290, 298, 299
George III’s recognition of, 330–31
Valley Creek, 40, 128
Valley Forge:
as American supply depot, 40
British ravaging of, 40–41
as center of revolutionary sentiment, 41
GW’s 1796 visit to, 354–55
Howe’s encampment at, 44, 49
ironworks of, 41
Valley Forge, winter encampment at, 105, 135, 146
abandonment of, 312
Addison’s Cato performed at, 296
artillery officers at, 195
boredom as problem at, 140–41, 164, 195–96
cavalry recalled to, 275
chain-of-command disruptions at, 123–24
chosen as winter encampment site, 103–4
Christmas blizzard at, 128
congressional delegation at, see Camp Committee
construction of living quarters at, 117–18, 129, 151, 156, 164
courts-martial at, 196
as crucible of Revolutionary War, xi, xii, 329
death toll at, 228, 329
desertions from, 164–66, 217–18
disease at, 123, 166, 167–68, 214, 228, 252, 262
disintegration of officer corps at, 156–57
fear of riot at, 213
February blizzard at, 212–13
February food crisis at, 212–20, 221, 223–24, 227, 228, 240, 241–42, 251
first fatality at, 129
“flying hospitals” constructed at, 168, 308
French engineers at, 114, 118, 120, 164, 253