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Ancient Iraq

Page 58

by Georges Roux


  Shamshi, 309

  Shamshi-Adad I (Samsi-Addu), 189, 190 – 91, 192, 193 – 4, 198, 219, 220, 241, 289, 299, 338

  Shamshi-Adad V, 299, 300, 303, 340

  Shamshi-ilu, 302

  Shanidar, 33, 35, 37 – 9, 40 – 41

  Shapur I, 421

  Shar-kali-sharri, 158, 159, 176

  Shara*, 131, 142

  Shatt el-Gharraf, 6, 122

  Shatt-el-'Arab, 5, 95

  Shattuara, 263

  Shaushatar, 256

  Shehrizor, 156

  Sherif Khan, 339

  Shibanniba, 419

  Shibtu, 198, 370

  Shilak-In-shushinak, 277, 278

  Shimshara, Tell, 45, 50, 53, 208

  Shipak*, 247

  Shiraz, 383

  Shitti-Marduk, 277 – 8

  Shu-ilishu, 182

  Shu-Sin, 175, 176, 186

  Shubat-Enlil, 14, 198, 219

  Shulgi, 162, 168 – 70, 174, 176, 182, 383

  Shumalia*, 247

  Shumuqan*, 99

  Shuqamuna*, 247

  Shuriash* (Surya), 247

  Shuruppak, 6, 109, 111, 112, 113, 131, 132 – 3, see also Fara, Tell

  Shush, 15, see also Susa

  Shushtar, 141

  Shutarna I, 256, 257

  Shutarna II, 259

  Shutruk-nahhunte, 264 – 5

  Sialk, Tepe, 78

  Sib'e, 312

  Sicily, 271

  Sidka, 320

  Sidon (Sidunu), 269, 270, 279, 298, 309, 320, 326, 379

  Siduri, 120

  Sil-bêl, 24

  Silli-Adad, 184

  Simalites, 188 – 9

  Simanum, 175

  Simirria, Mt, 313

  Simurrum, 169

  Sin*, 87, 115, 250, 275, 356, 382, 384, see also Nanna

  Sin-muballit, 24, 194, 197

  Sin-shar-ishkun, 373, 374, 375, 376

  Sin-shum-lishir, 373

  Sinai, 238, 267, 268, 328

  Sinidinnam, 183 – 4

  Sinjar, Jabal, 10, 79, 125, 192, 198, 199

  Sippar, 6, 14, 94, 109, 131, 182, 209, 281, 322, 333, 387, 400, 416

  Sivas, 232

  Sogdia, 385

  Solomon, 268, 269, 274 – 5, 379 – 80

  Sotto, Tell, 51

  Spain, 13, 226, 227, 271

  Subarians, see Assyria

  Subartu, 155, 200

  Subat-Enlil, 190

  Suhu, 279

  Suleimaniyah, 33, 37, 38, 289

  Sulili, 187

  Sultan Tepe, 356

  Sumer-and-Akkad, see Babylonia

  Sumerians agriculture and industry, 9, 83, 168, 172 – 5

  culture, 29, 75 – 82,

  passim, 124 – 30,

  passim, 142, 151, 158 – 9, 162, 164, 169, 182, 196, 251, 271, 276, 355, 358 – 9, 417, 420, 426

  history, 66, 67, 77 – 80, 122 – 8, 138 – 46

  passim, 152 – 3, 155, 159, 161, 169 – 70, 176 – 8, 179, 241, 244, 248, 298, 334

  origins, 9 – 12, 61, 80 – 84, 104 – 5, 165

  religion, 85 – 103, 105, 107, 166, 180, 209, 249, 275, 308, 382

  ruling system and King List, 107 – 8, 114, 115, 123 – 5, 130 – 8, 142, 158, 160, 161, 171, 181, 205

  Sumu-Ebuh, 190

  Sumu-El, 183, 184

  Sumu-Iaman, 190

  Sumuabi, 24

  Sumuabum, 184

  Sumulail, 24

  Suppiluliumas, 257, 260 – 61, 272

  Sûri (Sûr), 269, see also Tyre

  Sûru, 289

  Susa culture, 78, 157, 167, 249, 265

  history, 15, 153, 169, 170, 176 – 7, 183, 185, 263, 334 – 5

  Sutaeans, 243

  Sutû, 193, 267, 278, 280, 281

  Syria archaeology, 31, 41, 46, 48, 50, 124 – 5, 271

  culture, 9, 53, 65, 78, 218, 233, 235, 236 – 7, 322, 353 – 4

  geography, 2, 10, 34, 148, 175, 191, 234, 237, 261, 270, 273

  history (to 12th C. B.C.), 144, 150, 156, 158, 180, 190, 200 – 201, 238 – 9, 241, 253, 255, 258, 260 – 61

  (from 12th C. B.C.), 267, 269, 279, 289 – 90, 296 – 9, 302, 304, 312, 378 – 80, 403, 410, 413

  Tabal, 272, 304, 314, 320, 326, 332

  Tadmar, see Tidmur

  Tadu-Hepa, 257, 258

  Taha Baqir, Tell, 30

  Taharqa, 328 – 9, 330, 331

  Taliya, 340

  Tammaritu, 333

  Tammuz*, 92 – 3, 119, see also Dumuzi

  Tanuatamûn, 331, 332

  Tarbisu, 339

  Tarsus, 230

  Taurus mountains geography, 5, 10, 13, 14, 34, 36, 64, 153 – 4 history, 156, 267, 272, 285 – 6, 304

  Taya, Tell, 125, 126

  Tayanat, Tell, 272

  Tebiltu river, 323 – 4

  Teisbaini, 304

  Teispes, 383

  Telloh, see Lagash

  Telul ath-Thalathat, 31,51

  Temâ (Teima), 386

  Tept-Humban (Teumman), 332 – 3

  Terqa, 189, 219

  Teshup*, 185, 234, 235

  Teushpa, 326

  Teye, 258

  Thebes (Egypt), 256, 257, 282, 331

  Thebes (Greece), 427

  Thrace, 266, 413

  Tiamat*, 95 – 6, 97, 108, 397

  Tidmur (Tadmar), 14, 279, see also Palmyra

  Tidnum (Amurrum), 175

  Tiglathpileser I, 274, 278 – 80, 285

  Tiglathpileser II, 280

  Tiglathpileser III, 303, 305 – 11, 314

  Tigris river geography, 2, 4 – 8, 10, 11 – 12, 16, 31, 36, 187, 244, 322, 423

  trade and settlement, 13, 14, 53, 61, 64, 129, 169, 187, 318, 415, 416, 425 – 6

  Til-Barsip, 272, 275, 297, 302, see also Ahmar, Tell

  Tiriqan, 161

  Tishpak*, 185

  Toprak Kale, 304, 353

  Trajan, 418, 421

  Troy, Trojan War, 78, 230, 231, 266

  Tudia, 187

  Tudkhaliyas II, 256

  Tukulti-Ninurta I, 263 – 4, 274, 285

  Tukulti-Ninurta II, 283

  Tulliz, 333

  Tummal, 140

  Tûr-‘Abdin mountain, 280, 283, see also Kashiari mountains

  Turkestan, 266, 385, 418

  Turkey, 2, 34, 39, 48, 50, 78, 84, 175, 230 – 32, 304, see also Anatolia

  Turukkû, 193

  Tushamilki, 332

  Tushhan, 290

  Tushpa, 309

  Tushratta, 235, 257, 259 – 60, 368

  Tut-ankh-Amôn, 260

  Tuthmosis I, 254

  Tuthmosis III, 255, 256

  Tuthmosis IV, 256

  Tutub, 126, 186, see also Khafaje

  Tutul, 153, see also Hit

  Tyre, 269, 270, 298, 309, 326, 328, 331, 335, 379, 380

  Uabu (Wahab), 328

  Uate', 334

  Ubaid, al-, 30, 48, 54 – 5, 57, 59 – 65,67 – 8, 70, 82 – 3, 123, 131, 230

  Ubar-Tutu, 109

  Ugarit, 50, 215, 239, 256, 258, 261, 269, 353, 427, see also Ras-Shamra

  Ukin-zêr, 310

  Ulaia river, 278

  Ulamburiash, 248

  Ulysses, 427

  ‘Umar, Tell, see Seleucia

  Umm Dabaghiya, 31, 51, 53, 83

  Umma, 131, 140, 141 – 2, 143 – 3, 152

  Umman-menanu (Humban-nimena), 322

  United Arab Emirates, 15

  Untash-napirisha, 263

  Unzi, see Zuzu

  Upâ (Opis), 322, 387, 415

  Upêri, 314

  ‘Uqair, Tell, 30, 69 – 70, 77, 127

  Ur archaeology, 18, 21, 27, 30, 31, 68, 71, 163, 208 – 9, 220 – 21

  culture, 65, 77, 129, 131, 136 – 8, 140, 153, 163 – 5, 169, 171 – 2, 195, 220 – 24, 248, 369 – 70, 382

  dynasties, 13, 60, 79, 123, 140, 162, 172, 180 – 81, 204, 235, 249

  geography, 4 – 5, 6, 15, 64, 111 – 12, 131, 140

  history, 3, 141, 143 – 4, 152, 161 – 7
8, 179, 182, 183, 243, 410, 416

  Ur-Nammu, 68, 71, 161 – 3, 165, 168, 170, 177, 185, 202

  Ur-Nanshe, 135, 140, 141

  Ur-Ninurta, 183

  Ur-Zababa, 152

  Urartu, 234, 263, 282, 287, 296, 300 – 305, passim, 308, 309, 311, 313 – 14, 319, 374, 411, see also Armenia

  Urbêl, 194, see also Arba‘il; Erbil

  Urfa, 289, 419

  Urmiah, Lake, 14, 266, 296, 303, 313

  Urshanabi, 120

  Urshu, 245

  Urtaki, 327, 332

  Uruadri, 263, see also Urartu

  Uruinimgina (Urukagina), 138, 143, 202

  Uruk, see also Gilgamesh archaeology, 21, 22, 30, 31, 61, 68 – 9, 163, 416, 419, 421

  culture, 68 – 76, 77, 78, 82 – 3, 86, 88, 92, 126, 127, 129, 131, 248, 358, 401, 402, 409, 416 – 17, 420

  geography, 6, 125, 131

  history, 3, 48, 68, 82, 115 – 16, 117 – 20, 123, 140, 141, 144, 152, 158, 161, 183, 243, 410

  ruling system, 134, 135, 140, 143

  Ushanaharu, 328

  Ushpia, 187

  Ut-napishtim, 109 – 11, 119 – 20

  Utu*, 88, 89, 101, 116, see also Shamash

  Utuhegal, 161, 162

  Van, Lake, 5, 279, 296, 303, 313

  Varuna* (Arunasil), 235

  Vindafârna, 407 – 8

  Wadi al 'Arish, 327

  Warad-Sin, 184 – 5

  Warahshe, 153, 169

  Warka, 68, 69, 117, 350, see also Uruk

  Washukkanni, 255, 256, 258, 259

  Xenophon, 27, 410

  Xerxes, 408 – 10, 411, 412, 421

  Yaba, 340

  Ya'diya, 272, 308

  Yarim Tepe, 31, 50 – 51, 53, 55, 56

  Yemen, 148

  Zab rivers, 11, 33, 36, 37, 45, 141, 156, 194, 291

  Zababa*, 152

  Zabalam, 131

  Zabibê, 308

  Zagros mountains geography, 11, 13, 14, 15, 34, 36, 64

  history, 146, 158, 175, 229, 279, 282, 285 – 6, 309, 314

  Zakir, 343 – 4

  Zakkalas, 267

  Zamua, 289

  Zanqu, 283

  Zarzi, 38

  Zawi Chemi Shanidar, 40 – 41

  Zedekiah (Mattaniah), 379

  Zencirli, 272, see also Sam'al

  Zikirtu, 266, 312

  Zimri-Lim, 90, 198, 199, 200, 217, 218, 219 – 20, 238, 370

  Ziusudra, 111

  Ziwiyeh, 353

  Zophyrus, 408

  Zuzu (Unzi), 142

  * The fact that all the ancient capital cities of Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria are in Iraqi territory and that Iraq covers about three-quarters of the Tigris-Euphrates valley justifies the title of this work. It must be clearly understood, however, that several important sites mentioned are, in fact, situated in Syria or Turkey. I apologize to the Syrians and Turks and hope that they will feel no more offended than would the Belgians if part of their country was included in a history of Gaul entitled ‘Ancient France’.

  * The figures in this list were compiled from damaged inscriptions and are often erroneous. The correct figures are given in brackets.

  * One of Dumuzi's names.

  * All these priestesses were forbidden to bear children.

  * The word ‘dynasty’ in Mesopotamian history should not be taken as meaning a royal family, but a succession of kings ruling over the same city-state for a period of time. The Sumerian King List mentions only the dynasties which ruled, over the whole country of Sumer.

  * Me-barage-si, for instance, means: ‘the me (powers inherent in nature and human institutions) fill the throne’.

  * E-anna-tum: ‘worthy of the E-anna’ (temple of Inanna in Lagash).

  * En-temena: ‘lord of the (temple) platform’.

  * Lugal-zage-si: ‘king who fills the sanctuary’.

  * ‘Warrior of the goddess Nammu’.

  *‘the one called (to power)’

  * This name, which probably means ‘noble young man’, was formerly read Dungi.

  * The name, formerly read Bur-Sin, is sometimes transcribed Amar-Su'en. It means ‘bull calf of (the god) Sin’.

  † It must be noted that neither the word nor even the concept of ‘empire’ has ever existed in the ancient Near East.

  * Or Shu-Su'en, ‘The one of (the god) Sin’.

  * ‘Sin has called’.

  * In ancient texts the city, the kingdom and their god are all called Ashshur. To avoid any ambiguity we have used throughout this work the spellings Assur for the city and Ashur for the god, keeping the traditional Latin name Assyria for the kingdom.

  * ‘The god Adad (the rain-god) is my sun’.

  * The name – which should be written Hammurapi – probably means ‘the god Hammu (a western Semitic god) is a healer’.

  * Zimri-Lim: ‘(the god) Lim is my protection’.

  * The term Syria is taken here in its broadest sense and includes Syria proper, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan.

  * Nabû-kudurri-usur: ‘O Nabû, protect my offspring’.

  * Tiglathpileser is the Hebraic form of Tukulti-apil-Esharra: ‘My trust is in the son of Esharra (i.e. the god Ashur)’.

  * The exact spelling of the name is Ashshur-nâsir-apli, meaning ‘the god Ashur is guardian of the heir’.

  * Shulanu-asharedu, ‘the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent’.

  * ‘The god Marduk has given me an heir’.

  * Ashur-aha-iddin, ‘The god Ashur has given a brother’.

  * Ashur-ban-apli, ‘The god Ashur is the creator of the son’.

  * The goddess Ninlil, originally the female counterpart of Enlil, was the spouse of the god Ashur.

  * Most tablets found in Sennacherib's palace, belonged in fact, to Ashurbani-pal, this monarch having used his grandfather's residence in his earlier years.

  * ‘Ashur, hero of the gods.’

  † ‘The god Sin has appointed the King.’

  * ‘O Nabû, protect (my) son!’

  * ‘The god Nabû has exalted' (the king).

  * Respectively the temples of Marduk in Babylon and his son Nabû in Barsippa.

  * Small balls of clay attached by a string to official documents on papyrus or parchment.

  * Classically, the Neo-Assyrian period begins with the reign of Ashurnasirpal II (883 – 859) noted on table VI.

 

 

 


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