Open Veins of Latin America
Page 39
Notes to Chapter 5: The Contemporary Structure of Plunder, pp. 205-61
1. OAS Secretariat-General, El financiamiento externo para el desarrollo de la America Latina (Washington, 1969); restricted document of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council at the Ministerial Level.
2. J.-J. Servan-Schreiber, The American Challenge (New York: Atheneum, 1968), p. 3.
3. Quoted in Alfredo Parera Dennis, "Naturateza de las relaciones entre las clases dominantes argentinas y las metropolis," Fichas de investigacion economica y social (Buenos Alres), December 1964.
4. Ministry of Planning and Economic Coordination, A industrializacao brasileira: diagnostico e perspectivas (Rio de Janeiro, 1969).
5. Maria de Conceicao Tavares, 0 processo de substituicao de importacoes, como modelo de desenvolvimento recente na America Latina (Rio de Janeiro: ECLA/ILPES, n.d.),
299
6. Reply of the Minister of Economic Affairs to a representative of the magazine Vision, 27 November 1953; quoted in Parera Dennis, "Naturaleza de las relaciones."
7. Quoted in Octavio Ianni, 0 colapso do populismo no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1968).
8. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Politica e desenvolvimento em sociedades dependentes: ideologies do empresariado industrial argentine e brasileiro (Sao Paulo, 1968).
9. For irrefutable examples, see Ricardo Lagos Escobar, La concentration del poder economico. Su teoria. Realidad chilena (Santiago de Chile, 1961); and Vivian Trias, Reforma agraria en el Uruguay (Montevideo, 1962).
10. Alonso Aguilar Monteverde, in Alonso Aguilar Monteverde et al., El milagro mexicano (Mixico, 1970).
11. See Dardo Cuneo, Comportamiento y crisis de la clase empresaria (Buenos Aires, 1967).
12. Speech by Minister He1io Beltrao to the Asociacion Comercial de Rio de Janeiro, as reported in Correio do Povo, May 24,1969.
13. ECLA/BNDE, Quince anos de politica economica en el Brasil (Santiago de Chile, 1965).
14. Paulo Schilling, Brasil para extranjeros (Montevideo, 1966).
15. Mauricio Vinhas de Queiroz, "Os grupos multibilionarios," Revista do Instituto de Ciencias Sociais (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), January 1965.
16. New York Times, 19 January 1969, p. 12E.
17. Sergio Nicolau, La inversion extranjera directa en los paises de la ALALC
(Mexico, 1968).
18. ECIA, Economic Survey of Latin America 1968 (New York: United Nations, 1969).
19. Vision, 3 February 1967.
20. Jose Luis Cecena, Los monopolios en Mexico (Mexico, 1962).
21. 0 Globo, 25 February 1969.
22. Fernando Gasparian in Correio da Manha 1 May 1968.
23. Journal of Commerce, International Banking Survey, 25 February 1968.
24. Ministry of Planning and Economic Coordination, Programa de Acao Economica do Governo, Rio de Janeiro, November 1964.
25. International Commerce, 24 April 1967, p. 26.
300
26. V.I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism in Selected Works, Vol. V (New York, n.d.), p. 56.
27. Speech to the AFL-CIO Congress in Miami, as reported in the New York Times, 8 December 1961, p.18.
28. ECLA, Estudio economico de America Latina 1968 (New York/Santiago de Chile, 1969).
29 . Fichas de investigacion economica y social June 1965.
30. International Commerce, 3 February 1963, p. 2 1.
31. Ibid., 17 July 1967, p. 10.
32. This document was published in the daily Ya (Montevideo), 28 May 1970.
33 . Panorama (Centro de Estudios y Documentacion Sociales, Mexico), November-December 1965.
34. Irving Pflaum, Arena of Decision: Latin American Crisis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964); John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York: Macmillan, 1965).
35. Georgie Anne Geyer, in Miami Herald, 24 December 1966.
36. Statement to a House of Representatives subcommittee, cited in Nelson Werneck Sodre, Historia militar do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1965).
37. Frederick B. Pike, The Modern History of Peru (New York: Praeger, 1967), p. 319,
38. Hickenlooper Amendment, Section 620 of the Foreign Assistance Act.
39 . International Commerce, 10 April 1967, p. 44.
40. NACLA Newsletter (New York), May-June 1970.
41. ADELA Annual Report, quoted in ibid.
42. Harry Magdoff, The Age of imperialism (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1968), pp. 145-46.
43. World Bank, IFC, IDA, Policies and Operations (Washington, D.C., 1962).
44. Eugene R. Black, "The Domestic Dividends of Foreign Aid," Columbia Joournal of World Business, no. 1, 1965, p. 23.
45. ECLA, Fconomic Survey of Latin America, 1968, 1969.
46. Ibid.
47. Pablo Gonzalez Casanova, La democracia en Mexico (Mexico, 1965).
48. Marco D. Pollner, in INTAL/BID, Los empresarios y la integracion de America Latina (Buenos Aires, 1967).
49. Central Unica de Trabajadores de Chile, America Latina, un rnundo que ganar (Santiago de Chile, 1968).
301
50. Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972).
51. Samir Amin, L'accumulation a l'ec helle mondiale (Paris, 1970).
52. New York Times, 3 April 1968.
53. OAS Secretariat-General, El financiamiento externo.
54. Miguel S. Wionczek, "La inversion extranjera privada en Mexico: problemas y perspectives," Comercio exterior (Mexico), October 1970.
55. Aldo Ferrer in INTAL/BID, Los empresarios.
56. Jornal do Comercio (Rio de janeiro), 23 March 1950.
57. Celso Furtado, Um projeto para o Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1968).
58. International Commerce, 24 April 1967.
59. Ismael Vinas and Eugenio Gastiazoro, Economia y dependencia, 1900-1918 (Buenos Aires, 1968).
60. Antonio Garcia, "Las constelaciones del poder y el desarrollo latinoamericano," Comercio exterior, November 1969.
61. Guillermo Bernhard, Los monopolies y la industria ftigorifica (Montevideo, 1970).
62. Statement made by President Salvador Allende as reported in Agence France Presse dispatch, 12 December 1970.
63. La Rzon (Buenos Aires), 2 March 1970, 64. "Resultados de industria automobilistica," special study in Conjuntura economica, February 1969.
65. NACL,4 Newsletter, April-May 1969.
66. Miguel S. Wionczek, "La trasmision de la tecnologia a los paises en desarrollo:proyecto de un estudio sobre Mexico," Comercio exterior, May 1968.
67. Manuel Sadosky, "America Latina y la computacion," Gaceta de la Universidad (Montevideo), May 1970.
68. Quoted in Gustavo Lagos et al., Las inversiones multinacionales en el desarrollo y la integracion de America Latina (Bogota, 1968).
69. Raul Prebisch, "La cooperacion internacional en el desarrollo latinoamericano," Desarrollo (Bogota), January 1970.
70. Leo Fenster in The Nation, 2 July 1969.
71. F.S. O'Brien, The Brazilian PopuLation and Labor Force in 1968, Ministry of Planning and Economic Coordination document for internal discussion.
302
72. ECLA, Estudio economico de America Latina, 1967 (New York/Santiago de Chile, 1968).
73. Ibid.
74. Raimundo Ongaro, "Letter from Prison," De Frente (Buenos Aires), 25
September 1969.
75. ECLA, Estudio sobre la distribucion del ingreso en America Latina (Santiago de Chile, 1967).
76. Vinhas de Queiroz, "Os grupos multibilionarios."
77. Lagos et al., Las inversiones multinacionales.
78. "LAFTA: Key to Latin America's 200 Million Consumers." Business international, June 1966.
79. "A Latin-American Common Market Makes Common Sense--for U.S.
Business Too," Fortune, June 1967, p. 56.
80. Raul Prebisch, "Problemas de la integracion economica," Actualidades economicas financieras (Montevideo), Januar
y 1962.
81. Raul Prebisch et al., Proposiciones para la creacion del Mercado Comun Latinoamericano, document presented to President Frei in 1966.
82. United States Department of State, Office of External Research, The Multinational Corporation (Washington, D.C., 1969).
83. "LAFTA: Key to Latin America's 200 Million Consumers."
84. Roger Hansen, "Time of Trial for the 'Other' Common Market," Columbia Journal of World Business (September-October 1967), cited in NACLA Newsletter, January 1970.
85. Paul N. Rosenstein-Rodan, Reflections on Regional Development, cited in Lagos et al., Las inversiones multinacionales.
86. LAFTA Permanent Executive Committee, Extraordinary Sessions, July and September 1969, Apreciaciones sobre el proceso de integracion de la ALALC [LAFTA] (Montevideo, 1969).
87. Sidney Dell, "Obstacles to Latin American Integration," in The Movement Toward Latin American Unity, ed. Ronald Hilton (New York:Praeger, 1969).
88. LAFTA, La industria automorri. z en la ALALC [LAFTA] (Montevideo, 1969).
89. Vivian Trias, Imperialismo y geopolitica en America Latina (Montevideo, 1967).
303
90. Golbery do Couto e Silva, Aspectos geopoliticos do Brasil (Fio de Janeiro, 1952).
91. Gregorio Bustamante Maceo Historia militar de El Salvador (San Salvador, 1951).
92. ECLA, Los fletes maritimos en el comercio exterior de America Latina (Santiago de Chile, 1968).
93. Enrique Angulo H., in Integracion de America Latina: experiencias y perspectives (Mexico, 1964).
94. Sidney Dell, Latin American Common Market (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966).
Additional Bibliography for Chapter 5
Aguilar Monteverde, Alonso, and Carmona, Fernando. Mexico, riqueza y miseria. Mexico, 1968.
Baptista Gumucio, Mariano, et al. Guerrilleros y generates sobre Bolivia.
Buenos Aires, 1968.
Baran, Paul A., and Sweezy, Paul M. Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966.
Bourricaud, Francois; Bravo Bresani, Jorge; Favre, Henri; and Piel, Jean. La oligarquia en el Peru. Lima, 1969.
Canelas, Amado. Radiografia de la
Alianza para el atraso. La Paz. 1963.
Cecena, Jose Luis. Mexico en la orbita imperial. Mexico, 1970.
Cheprakov, V.A. El capitalismo mono-polista de estado. Moscow, n.d.
ECLA. El financiamiento externo de America Latina. New York/Santiago de Chile:United Nations, 1964.
Frank, Andre Gunder. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America.
New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1967.
Garcia Lupo, Rogelio. Contra la ocupacion extranjera. Buenos Aires, 1968, Gunther, John. Inside South America. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Instituto Latinamericano de Planificacion Economica y Social. La brecba commercial y la integracion Latinoamericana. Mexico/Santiago de Chile, 1967.
Inter-American Development Bank. Annual Report, 1969. Washington, 1970.
Jalee, Pierre. The Pillage of the Third World. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1968.
304
Lichtensztejn, Samuel and Couriel, Alberto. El FMI y la crisis economica nacional Montevideo, 1967.
Lizano F., E. "El problema de las inversiones extranjeras en Centro America."
Revista del Banco Central (Costa Rica), September 1966.
Maggiolo, Oscar J. In Hucia una politica cultural autonoma para America Latina. Montevideo, 1969.
Martins, Luciano. Industrializacao,burguesia nacional e desenvolvimento. Rio de Janeiro, 1968.
Quijano, Carlos. "Las victimas del sistema." Marcba (Montevideo), 23 October 1970.
Romanova, Z. La expansion economica de Estados Unidos en America Latina.
Moscow, n.d.
Trias, Vivian. La crisis del imperio. Montevideo, 1970.
Urquidi, Victor L. In Obstacles to Change in Latin America, edited by Claudio Ve1iz, et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Notes to Part III: Seven Years After pp. 265-87
1. Interview with Jean-Pierre Clerc, Le Monde (Paris), 8-9 May 1977.
2. The Nation (New York), 28 August 1976.
3. The crime occurred in Washington on 21 September 1976. Various Uruguayan, Chilean, and Bolivian political exiles had previously been murdered in Argentina. Most noteworthy among them were General Carlos Prats, key figure in the Allende government's military setup, whose car blew up in a Buenos Aires garage on 27 September 1974; General Juan Jose Torres, who had headed a short-lived anti-imperialist government in Bolivia and was riddled with bullets on 15 June 1976; and the Uruguayan legislators Zelmar Michelini and Hector Gutierrez Ruiz, kidnapped, tortured, and murdered in Buenos Aires between 18 and 21 March 1976.
4. The agrarian reform, started under the Christian Democratic government and deepened by Popular Unity, was also destroyed. See Maria Beatriz de Albuquerque W., "La agriculture chilena: modernizacion capitalists o regresion a formas tradicionales? Comentarios sobre la contra-reforma en Chile," Ibero-Americana, vol. 6, no. 2, 1976, Institute of Latin American Studies, Stockholm.
5. Three months later there were elections in the university. They were the only elections remaining. The dictatorship's candidates got 2.5 percent of 305
the university votes. So to defend democracy, the dictatorship added substantially to the jail population and handed over the university to the 2.5
percent.
6. Veja no. 444 (Sao Paulo), 9 March 1977.
7. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Appropriations for 1963, Hearings 87th Congress, 2nd Session, Part 1.
8. Declaration de Lourdes (October 1976).
9. Le Nouvelliste (Port-au-Prince, Haiti), 19-20 March 1977. Data cited by Agustin Cueva in El desarralle del capitalismo en America Latina (Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1977).
10. Ida May Mantel, Sources and Uses of Funds for a Sample of Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, 1966-1972, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, July 1975.
11. United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America, El desarrollo economico y social y las relaciones externas de America Latina (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), February 1977.
12. Money, which has its little wings, travels without a passport. A sizable part of the profits generated by the exploitation of our resources escapes to the United States, Switzerland, Federal Republic of Germany, or other countries where it performs a circus somersault and returns to our shores converted into loans.
13. Agustin Cueva, El desarrollo.
14, Ibid.
15. United Nations, ECLA, El desarrollo economico.
16. UNCTAD, The Marketing and Distribution System for Bananas, December 1974.
17. "Reflexiones sobre la desnutricion en Mexico," Comercio Exterior, Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.A., Vol. 28, no. 2 (Mexico), February 1978.
18. Roger Burbach and Patricia Flynn, "Agribusiness Targets Latin America,"
NACLA Report, Vol. 13, no. I (New York), January-February 1978.
19. Ibid.
20. Data from trade union and journalism sources published in Uruguay Informations, nos. 21 and 25 (Paris).
21. United Nations, ECLA, El desarrollo economico.
306
22. Ibid.
23. ILO, Empleo, crecimiento y necesidades esenciales (Geneva, 1976).
24. United Nations, ECLA, El desarrollo economico.
25. In Uruguay the inquisitors have modernized themselves: an odd mixture of Middle Ages and capitalist business sense. The military don't burn books: now they sell them to paper factories, which shred and convert them into pulp for return to the consumer market. It isn't true that Marx is not available to the public. True, not in the form of books, but in the form of paper napkins.
26. Press conference of President Aparicio Mendez, 21 May 1977 in Paysandu.
"We are saving the country from the tragedy of political passion," said the President, "Good folk don't ta
lk about dictatorships, don't think about dictatorships, and don't claim human rights."
307
INDEX
Abbink, John, 241
Abercromby, Ralph, 174
Acevedo, Manuel Antonio, 184
ADELA (investment consortium), 233-34
Africa, 1 5, 28. See also Slave trade Agency for International Development (AID),221,230
Agrarian reform: Artigas uprising, 115-20; Guatemala, 113-15; Paraguay, 195; Zapata, 120-25 Agricultural products, 59-133. See also specific products Aguilar, Alonso, 125, 180, 216n
Alamin, Lucas, 37, 179-82
Allende, Salvador, 130, 144, 145,272-73, 274
Alliance for Progress, 5, 7, 127, 152, 228, 230,231,233
Aluminum, 134, 137, 145. See also Bauxite Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), 137
Alvarado, Pedro de, 16, 18, 19
Alvim, Panasco, 195
Amado, Jorge, 93n
Amazonia. See Brazil
American Coffee Corporation, 96
American Cordage Trust, 121
American Smelting and Refining, 146, 147
Amin, Samir, 239
Anaconda (Wire and Cable), 144, 146, 147
ANCAP (Uruguayan state refinery), 160-61
Andean Group, 244
Anderson, Clayton and Company, 95, 96,125
Angola, 54
Animal products, 69, 176,177,178, 184
308
Antilles, 15, 28, 38, 62, 86
Arabs, 12, 25
Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo, 113, 114
Arevalo, Juan Jose, 113
Argentina, 4, 32, 43, 48, 48n, 61, 128-30, 188, 193-94,199, 210, 226, 246, 271, 275; American aid to, 273; censorship, 284; civil wars, 182-86; disappearance in, 276; foreign capital, 218; importation of technology, 278; industrial output, 208; nineteenth century British relations, 177-78, 185; petroleum, 136, 162; repression in, 283; strikes, 285; textiles, 177; wages and prices, 279; wheat, 95
Artigas, Jose,115-20, 124,184,186, 259
Atahualpa, 17, 19
Atlantic Oil Company, 161
Aztecs, 18-20, 43-44
Bagu, Sergio, 44, 79
Bahamas, I 1
Bairoch, Paul, 127
Balaguer, Joaquin, 78n
Ball, George W, 5
Balmaceda, Jose Manuel, 142
Bananas, 94, 100, 107; "bananization," 108-11